基于单通道算法的HJ-1B与Landsat 5 TM地表温度反演一致性研究

针对传感器参数与Landsat 5 TM较为相近的环境减灾卫星HJ-1B的热红外数据是否能达到与TM6反演地表温度同样的效果的问题,作者获取了2009年4月15日覆盖北京地区相同范围的HJ-1B影像和Landsat 5 TM影像,采用Ji m啨nez-Mu oz和Sobrino的普适性单通道算法,通过遥感数据获取反演参数,对研究区的地表温度进行反演,并对两类数据反演结果的一致性进行了分析和评价。通过对反演结果的统计分析和分级填图表明,基于普适性单通道算法的HJ-1B与TM的热红外波段反演的地表温度在数值上和空间分布趋势上一致性较高。因此,具有较高时间分辨率和较大幅宽等优势的HJ-1B IRS数据在地表温度反演方面具有更大的潜力和应用范围。     

基于CHRIS数据的新型植被指数的LAI估算研究

叶面积指数(LAI)作为重要的植被冠层结构参数,对其进行正确估算一直是遥感应用研究的重点。CHRIS/PROBA是目前具有较高分辨率(17 m)的高光谱多角度数据,该数据在反演LAI方面有着重要的应用价值。本次研究应用辐射传输ACRM模型来模拟一系列LAI在不同观测天顶角(-80°～+80°)情况下的植被光谱数据,在此基础上利用红波段和近红外波段构建了一个新型高光谱多角度植被指数HDVI,并成功地应用于CHRIS/PROBA数据对LAI的估算。结果表明：(1)相比光谱指数NDVI和多角度指数HDS,新指数能更好地利用光谱和多角度双重信息,与研究区LAI有着更好的相关性,决定系数R2高达0.734 7。(2)利用LAI-HDVI最优拟合方程关系来估测LAI值,得到了研究区的LAI分布图,LAI估算精度均方根误差RMSE为0.619 8。     

基于光谱分析的草地叶绿素含量估测植被指数

对现有叶绿素遥感估测研究方法进行比较,确定植被指数法是其中最实用、普适性最强的研究方法。近年来,草地退化问题日益严峻,需要进一步从光谱分析、植物生化参数估测的角度加以研究,因而亟需建立一种用于反演草地植被叶绿素含量的植被指数。首先对四川省松潘草原和内蒙古自治区贡格尔草原的草地实测反射率光谱曲线及其一阶微分曲线进行分析,通过这两种光谱与叶绿素含量的相关性分析,找到红边区域（red-edge position, REP）与草地叶绿素含量之间的规律,即叶绿素含量越高,反射率一阶微分曲线的红边拐点（red-edge inflection point, REIP）取值越高,由此构建草地叶绿素含量估测植被指数（grassland chlorophyll index, GCI）,选取最适宜反演的波段,最后采用卫星高光谱影像计算GCI,将计算结果与野外试验观测的叶绿素含量数据进行精度分析验证。结果证明,对于草地叶绿素含量来说,GCI比其他叶绿素指数的敏感性更强,具有较高的草地叶绿素含量估测精度。GCI是第一个针对草地叶绿素含量估测而被提出的植被指数,其对遥感反演草地叶绿素含量具有广泛应用潜力。同时这种基于光谱分析的草原植被叶绿素含量估测方法为其他的草原植被生化参数估测、草原植被生长状况评价以及草地生态环境变化大面积监测提供了新的研究思路。     

阴影植被指数SVI的构建及其在四种遥感影像中的应用效果

阴影是遥感影像中普遍存在的干扰因素,如何有效去除阴影已成为共识,寻找一个有效的阴影检测指标是实现影像阴影去除的基础工作。以Landsat TM,ALOS AVNIR-2,CBERS-02B CCD及HJ-1 CCD影像为试验数据,立足于进一步增大阴影区植被与明亮区植被、水体间的差异,实现影像阴影的有效检测,构建了一个新的植被指数——阴影植被指数SVI,该指数既可保证明亮区植被、阴影区植被、水体区在近红外波段的绝对差异,又能对NDVI进行放大,消除可能存在的混淆现象,改变NDVI直方图的“偏态”现象,使植被指数值更接近于正态分布,更符合地面实际;该指数适用于近红外波段辐射特征差异较大的地物。采用精度评估法验证SVI对明亮区植被、阴影区植被、水体区三类地物的识别效果,结果显示,四幅影像总分类精度依次高达98.89%,100%,97.78%,97.78%,总Kappa系数依次为0.983 3,1,0.966 7,0.966 7, 说明SVI对明亮区植被、阴影区植被及水体区具有极好的检测效果;对子影像、SVI与NDVI的统计指标对比亦说明,SVI可靠、有效,可以将其应用于影像阴影去除。     

基于NIR-Red光谱特征空间的作物水分指数

水分含量是表征作物水分胁迫生理状况的重要指标,及时有效地监测作物水分含量对于评估作物水分亏缺平衡,指导农业生产灌溉具有重要意义。基于NIR-Red二维光谱特征空间,尝试构建一种新的作物水分监测指数PWI来估算作物水分含量。以冬小麦作物植被水分含量估算为尝试对象。首先,利用地面实测小麦冠层高光谱数据,结合对应卫星光谱响应函数,模拟当前常用卫星HJ-CCD和ZY-3多光谱数据;然后,对基于NIR-Red二维光谱特征空间的现有植被指数PDI(垂直干旱指数)和PVI(垂直植被指数)进行改进,通过比值变换的方法构建新的指数PWI来估算冬小麦植株含水量(VWC)。结果显示：基于模拟的HJ-CCD和ZY-3卫星宽波段多光谱数据生成的PWI估算小麦VWC具有良好的效果,R2分别达到0.684和0.683, 均达到了极显著水平。利用检验样本得到冬小麦VWC估算的R2和RMSE分别为0.764和0.764,3.837%和3.840%,这表明应用提出的新指数PWI估测作物含水量具有一定可行性。同时,也为当前利用主要国产卫星遥感数据HJ-CCD和ZY-3开展作物水分遥感监测应用提供了一种新方法。     

基于CASI高光谱数据的作物叶面积指数估算

叶面积指数(LAI)的快速估算对于及时了解作物长势、病虫害监测以及产量评估具有重要意义。利用2012年7月7日在黑河流域张掖市获取的CASI高光谱数据,精确提取出了不同作物的光谱反射率,同时结合地面实测数据,对比分析了宽波段和“红边”植被指数在估算作物LAI方面的潜力,在此基础上,基于波段组合算法,筛选出作物LAI估算的敏感波段,并构建了两个新型光谱指数NDSI和RSI,最后对研究区域作物LAI的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明,在植被覆盖度较低的情况下,宽波段植被指数NDVI对LAI具有较好的估算效果,模型的精度R2与RMSE分别为0.52,0.45(p<0.01);对于“红边”植被指数,由于CI_{red edge}充分考虑了不同的作物类型,其对LAI的估算精度与NDVI一致;利用波段组合算法构建的光谱指数NDSI_{(569.00, 654.80)}和RSI_{(597.6, 654.80)}对LAI估算的效果要优于NDVI与CI_{red edge},其中,NDSI_{(569.00, 654.80)}主要利用了植被光谱“绿峰”和“红谷”附近的波段,模型估算的精度R2可达0.77(p<0.000 1);根据LAI与NDSI_{(569.00, 654.80)}之间的函数关系,绘制作物LAI的空间分布图,经分析,研究区域的西北部LAI值偏低,需增施肥料。研究结果,可为农业管理部门及时掌握作物长势信息、制定施肥策略提供技术支持。     

基于Sentinel-2A影像的玉米冠层叶绿素含量估算

农作物叶片中的叶绿素通过吸收光能参与光合作用产生化学能,及时、准确地估算叶绿素含量对于农作物长势、养分含量监测、品质评价和产量估算具有重要意义。Sentinel-2卫星的重访周期为5 d,空间分辨率为10 m,具有13个光谱波段,其中包括三个波宽仅为15 nm对叶绿素含量变化敏感的红边波段,是叶绿素含量估算的理想数据源。植被指数是基于农作物在不同波段的反射特性,通过不同波段组合方式刻画长势和叶绿素含量的差异,可用于大区域范围内的玉米冠层叶绿素含量快速、精确估算。以Sentinel-2A影像为数据源,开展基于多种植被指数的玉米冠层叶绿素含量估算方法研究。课题组于2016年8月6-11日在河北省保定市（115°29′-116°14′E,39°5′-39°35′N）进行玉米冠层叶绿素含量的实地测量,并在每个采样位置上采用中绘i80 智能RTK(real-time kinematic)测量系统进行定位。Sentinel-2A影像预处理工作包括几何校正、辐射定标和大气校正,其中大气校正使用Sen2Cor模型和SNAP模型。首先,基于预处理后的Sentinel-2A遥感影像,分别计算CI_green(green chlorophyll index), CI_red-edge(red-edge chlorophyll index), DVI(difference vegetation index), LCI(leaf chlorophyll index), MTCI(MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index), NAVI(normalized area vegetation index), NDRE(normalized difference red-edge), NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index), RVI(ratio vegetation index), SIPI(structure insensitive pigment index)植被指数。然后,建立样方位置上实测叶绿素含量与各植被指数的统计关系,从而构建玉米冠层叶绿素含量估算模型,并以野外实测玉米冠层叶绿素含量为依据,对基于各植被指数的估算结果进行精度评价。最后,利用筛选出的最优叶绿素含量估算模型,估算研究区内的玉米冠层叶绿素含量。研究的目标为：（1）通过比较分析,构建合适的玉米冠层叶绿素含量估算模型,估算精度以决定系数R2、均方根误差RMSE以及相对误差RE作为评价指标;（2）确定最优波段组合方案：在红边波段中选择与可见光、近红外波段组合效果更优的波段组合方案;（3）确定参与植被指数计算的红边波段的最优数量。精度评价结果表明：（1）选用的植被指数与玉米冠层叶绿素含量呈多项式拟合关系,其中使用红边波段计算的植被指数的估算结果明显优于未使用红边波段的估算结果;红边波段引入后明显提高了可见光、近红外波段对叶绿素含量的拟合的精度,CI_{green(560, 705)}指数比CI_{green(560, 842)}的回归模型R2提高0.516,红边波段参与计算的DVI相对于RVI来说,估算结果更稳定。（2）对于不同的植被指数,参与运算的Sentinel-2A影像的两个红边波段,估算精度的提高程度不同。对于可见光波段参与计算的植被指数来说,在红边波段1（中心波长为705 nm）的估算精度较高,如LCI,CI_green,DVI和RVI等;对于近红外波段参与计算的植被指数来说,在红边波段2（中心波长为740 nm）的估算精度较高,如CI_red-edge,NDRE和NAVI等。（3）对于Sentinel-2A影像来说,两个红边波段共同参与叶绿素含量估算时能取得最高的的估算精度。选用的植被指数中,MTCI_{(665, 705, 740)}指数与玉米冠层叶绿素含量估算精度最高,回归模型拟合精度R2为0.803,模型验证R2为0.665,RMSE为3.185,相对误差RE为4.819%。MTCI_{(665, 705, 740)}指数计算中使用了两个红边波段,突出红边波段反射率差值变化,与玉米冠层叶绿素含量表现出很好的相关性。最后,利用优选出的基于MTCI指数的叶绿素含量估算模型,对研究区范围内的叶绿素含量进行估算并完成空间制图。     

基于环境星CCD数据的环境植被指数及叶面积指数反演研究

利用PROSAIL前向模型模拟的植被冠层光谱,在植被指数构造时,引入修正大气、土壤背景影响的蓝、绿波段,构建了避免过早饱和的环境植被指数(environmental vegetation index,EVI)。基于多个典型冬小麦生育期的地面观测数据,建立基于EVI-LAI长时间序列反演模型,并对模型进行不同品种间的交叉检验。研究表明,EVI建立的叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)反演模型精度优于同类植被指数模型,并具有较好的普适性,能应用于冬小麦遥感多时相长势监测及LAI反演。     

黄浦江上游遥感监测溶解氧模型与时空变化

溶解氧含量是反映水体有机污染的重要水质指标。文章选择黄浦江上游水源中的典型水质参数——溶解氧为研究对象,利用地面高光谱遥感数据、多光谱遥感数据和现场水质监测数据来研究水体反射光谱特征与水质参数浓度之间的关系,发现溶解氧含量与641 nm波段的光谱反射率相关性最高,由Landsat5 TM第3和4波段的遥感反射率比值变量所建立的对数模型相关性最高,达到0.829。在此基础上,基于多时相遥感影像对溶解氧模型的通用性和准确性进行验证,并探讨了溶解氧的时空变化规律。结果表明,该模型具有较高精度,估测值与地面实测值在时间变化规律上保持一致,同时根据该模型得出的黄浦江上游溶解氧含量空间分布规律与该区域的有机污染实际分布情况是相互吻合的。     

无人机高光谱波段选择的叶面积指数反演

叶面积指数（LAI）是评价作物长势和作物产量的重要参数。为有效利用高光谱信息,优选出最佳波段进而构建新型双波段指数来提高LAI估测精度,以冬小麦为研究对象,获取冬小麦孕穗期无人机高光谱数据和实测地面LAI数据,开展冬小麦LAI反演研究。首先采用连续投影算法（SPA）、最佳指数法（OIF）以及逐波段组合法（E）分别进行无人机高光谱数据最佳波段筛选,进而将所选最佳波段构建新型双波段指数（VI_OIF,VI_SPA,VI_E）;然后将构建的新型双波段指数和常规双波段指数（VI_F）与LAI进行相关性对比分析,最后结合支持向量回归（SVR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和随机森林回归模型（RFR）进行LAI估算,并对比分析常规双波段指数的估算精度,验证最佳波段选择方法构建新型双波段指数的最佳回归模型反演LAI的可行性。结果表明：（1）新构建双波段指数VI_OIF,VI_SPA,VI_E和VI_F与冬小麦LAI的相关性均达到0.05的显著水平,其中VI_SPA和VI_E与LAI的相关系数高于0.65,且RSI_SPA和RSI_E与LAI的相关性较高（r>0.71）;（2）对比分析VI_OIF、VI_SPA、VI_E和VI_F构建的SVR模型、PLSR模型和RFR模型的冬小麦LAI估测精度,VI_SPA_PLSR模型估测精度最高,R2和RMSE分别为0.75和0.90。该方法可为无人机高光谱数据波段选择以及冬小麦LAI反演提供技术支持和理论参考。     

Mesomorphic, dielectric, and optical properties of fluorosubstituted biphenyls, terphenyls, and quaterphenyls

Compounds with moderate and large negative dielectric anisotropy (Δɛ) are very attractive liquid crystal (LC) for vertical alignment mode (VA). Materials with such properties can be achieved by lateral substitution of a polar group into a mesogenic molecule. We synthesized some new LC materials with a negative value of Δɛ, a moderately high birefringence (Δn), and a low viscosity. The mesomorphic and physical behaviour of the novel biphenyls, terphenyls and quaterphenyls fluorosubstituted in the rigid core and also with fluorinated alkyl and alkoxy chains are investigated. The prepared series of four LC compounds are promising for new LC mixtures for various applications. Examples of nematic mixtures with Δɛ∼−3.25 will be presented.     

Structural, energetic, and electronic properties of Sin, Gen, and SinGen clusters

Results of a theoretical study of the properties of Si_n, Ge_n, and Si_nGe_n clusters are presented. An approximate density-functional method in combination with genetic algorithms have been used in an unbiased determination of the structures of the lowest total energy. The resulting structural, energetic, and electronic properties are analysed and compared with each other for the different systems.     

Solution absorption and luminescence studies of tetraphenylboron, -carbon, -silicon, -germanium, -tin, -lead, -phosphorus, -arsenic,and -antimony

The lowest absorption band of the tetraphenyl compounds resembles that of the lowest absorption band of benzene with the following difference. In benzene the electronic origin is strictly forbidden, and all intensity is associated with a symmetric progression built on one mode of asymmetric vibration. In the tetraphenyl compounds the intensity associated with the asymmetric vibration is relatively unaffected; however, there is increasing intensity associated with the electronic origin and a symmetric progression built on it along the series

$\text{φ}{}_4\text{Pb}\text{< φ}{}_4\text{Sn}\text{< φ}{}_4\text{Ge}\text{< φ}{}_4\text{Si}\text{< φ}{}_4\text{C}\text{? φ}{}_4\text{B}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{< φ}{}_4\text{Sb}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{< φ}{}_4\text{As}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{< φ}{}_4\text{P}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$

. For the cations it is the electronic origin and the progression built on it that are the primary source of intensity. This effect is attributed to an inductive perturbation. A similar effect is observed in the fluorescence spectrum. In phosphorescence, the relative enhancement of the electronic origin and the progression built on it is far less marked. The phosphorescence emission of φ₄Pb and φ₄Sb⁺ are red shifted from the others by ～0.5 eV, an effect attributed to formation of a triplet excimer. Increasing spin-orbit coupling in the triplet due to a heavy atom effect can be seen in the decreasing phosphorescence lifetime (range 4 sec to 4 msec) and decreasing ratio of $\text{φ}{}_{\mathrm{f}}\text{φ}{}_{\mathrm{p}}$ (fluorescence to phosphorescence quantum yields) in the order

$\text{φ}{}_4\text{C}\text{> φ}{}_4\text{B}\text{> φ}{}_4\text{Si}\text{> φ}{}_4\text{P}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{> φ}{}_4\text{Ge}\text{> φ}{}_4\text{As}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{> φ}{}_4\text{Sn}$

In all cases nonexponential decay of phosphorescence is observed.     

Cointegration of output, capital, labor, and energy

Cointegration analysis is applied to the linear combinations of the time series of (the logarithms of) output, capital, labor, and energy for Germany, Japan, and the USA since 1960. The computed cointegration vectors represent the output elasticities of the aggregate energy-dependent Cobb-Douglas function. The output elasticities give the economic weights of the production factors capital, labor, and energy. We find that they are for labor much smaller and for energy much larger than the cost shares of these factors. In standard economic theory output elasticities equal cost shares. Our heterodox findings support results obtained with LINEX production functions.     

Sonochemical synthesis of carbon dots,mechanism, effect of parameters,and catalytic,energy, biomedical and tissue engineering applications

Carbon-based nanomaterials are gaining more and more interest because of their wide range of applications. Carbon dots (CDs) have shown exclusive interest due to unique and novel physicochemical, optical, electrical, and biological properties. Since their discovery, CDs became a promising material for wide range of research applications from energy to biomedical and tissue engineering applications. At same time several new methods have been developed for the synthesis of CDs. Compared to many of these methods, the sonochemical preparation is a green method with advantages such as facile, mild experimental conditions, green energy sources, and feasibility to formulate CDs and doped CDs with controlled physicochemical properties and lower toxicity. In the last five years, the sonochemically synthesized CDs were extensively studied in a wide range of applications. In this review, we discussed the sonochemical assisted synthesis of CDs, doped CDs and their nanocomposites. In addition to the synthetic route, we will discuss the effect of various experimental parameters on the physicochemical properties of CDs; and their applications in different research areas such as bioimaging, drug delivery, catalysis, antibacterial, polymerization, neural tissue engineering, dye absorption, ointments, electronic devices, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. This review concludes with further research directions to be explored for the applications of sonochemical synthesized CDs.     

Fabrication,Microstructure, and Properties of Nanoporous Pd,Ni, and Their Alloys by Dealloying

Nanoporous metals can be fabricated by dealloying, which is one of the reactions that occur during the corrosion of alloys. Nanoporous gold has been widely investigated for several decades, and it has recently been found that other metals, such as platinum, palladium, nickel, and copper, can form nanoporous structures through the dealloying of binary alloys. This article mainly shows fabrication and properties of nanoporous palladium and nickel after introduction of nanoporous metals by referring to nanoporous gold as an example. It is necessary to select binary alloys with suitable elements, in which the dissolution of the less noble element and the aggregation of the nobler element at the solid/electrolyte interface are simultaneously allowed. Postprocessing by thermal or acid treatment alters the nanoporous structure. Various properties of nanoporous metals (including mechanical, catalytic, piezoelectric, hydrogenation, and magnetic ones) are different from those of bulk and nanocrystalline materials and nanoparticles because of their specific three-dimensional network structures consisting of nanosized pores and ligaments. Hydrogenation and magnetic properties are reviewed in terms of lattice strain at curved surfaces. These new metallic nanomaterials are now being investigated from the viewpoint of functional applications, and provide much room for study in various fields.     

Density functional theory study of structural,electronic,and thermal properties of Pt,Pd, Rh,Ir, Os and PtPdX(X= Ir,Os, and Rh) alloys

The structural, electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os metals and their alloys Pt Pd X(X= Ir, Os and Rh) are studied systematically using ab initio density functional theory. The groundstate properties such as lattice constant and bulk modulus are calculated to find the equilibrium atomic position for stable alloys. The electronic band structure and density of states are calculated to study the electronic behavior of metals on making their alloys. The electronic properties substantiate the metallic behavior for all studied materials. The firstprinciples density functional perturbation theory as implemented in quasi-harmonic approximation is used for the calculations of thermal properties.We have calculated the thermal properties such as the Debye temperature, vibrational energy, entropy and constant-volume specific heat. The calculated properties are compared with the previously reported experimental and theoretical data for metals and are found to be in good agreement. Calculated results for alloys could not be compared because there is no data available in the literature with such alloy composition.     

Intrinsic and Zn-, Ce-, Tb-, Er-, Sm-, and Eu-Activated photoluminescence of pseudoamorphous GaN and InGaN thin films

Thin films of pseudoamorphous GaN (a-nc-GaN), as well as of its alloys with indium, In_xGa_1−x N (x=0.04, 0.16), were prepared by magnetron sputtering of a metallic target in the plasma of a reactive nitrogen and argon mixture. The a-nc-GaN films were codoped by the Zn acceptor impurity and a set of rare-earth metal (REM) dopants, namely, Ce, Tb, Er, Sm, and Eu. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra excited by a nitrogen laser with wavelength λ=337 nm at room temperature and 77 K were measured for all compositions and a set of impurities. It was shown that the high-energy PL edge of the pseudoamorphous (a-nc) GaN matrix lies at the same energy as that of the crystalline (epitaxial) c-GaN. As in c-GaN, the Zn acceptor impurity stimulates blue luminescence; however, the PL spectrum is substantially more diffuse, with practically no temperature quenching of the PL present. Indium doping in an amount of 16 at. % results in strong PL with a diffuse peak at 2.1–2.2 eV; the PL of the alloy exhibits temperature quenching as high as a factor of three to four in the interval 77–300 K. The decay time of the PL response increases up to 50 μs. RE impurities enter the amorphous GaN host as trivalent ions and produce narrow-band (except Ce) high-intensity spectra, thus indicating both a high solubility of RE impurities in a-nc-GaN and the generation of an effective crystal field (by the GaN anion sublattice) whose local symmetry makes the intracenter f-f transitions partly allowed. __________ Translated from Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2003, pp. 395–402. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2003 by Andreev.