在小型制冷机中测量薄片交流磁化率以决定超导转变温度的装置

本文介绍了一种利用电磁感应原理和超导磁效应,在小型制冷机中测量超导体转变温度的装置.本装置包括密闭的真空室、压缩制冷机、真空泵、真空计、锁相放大器、温控仪、计算机、线圈绕组.其中,线圈绕组置于真空室内,由初级线圈和次级线圈组成,初级线圈和次级线圈分别绕制在两个线圈骨架上;被测超导薄片材料放置于初级线圈和次级线圈之间;压缩制冷机用来为超导材料制冷;真空泵用来对真空室抽真空;温控仪用来测量和控制真空室内的温度;锁相放大器为初级线圈提供交流电压信号,并测量次级线圈的电信号以得到交流磁化率值;计算机记录温控仪测得的温度数据和锁相放大器测得的次级线圈的电压信号,并显示锁相放大器测得的次级线圈的电压信号随温度变化的曲线.实验证明该装置可以通过测量超导体交流磁化率的变化测得超导转变温度,具有自动化测量及测试成本低等特点.     

提高锁相放大器测量交流磁化率精度的方法

在交流磁化率的测量实验中,互感法是常用方法,通常是利用线圈绕组和锁相放大器组合来测量样品在线圈中引起的电感变化.但这种方法其背景信号随绕组的增加而增大.本文采用2对线圈绕组并把两初级线圈反绕、两次级线圈同向绕的设计,减小背景信号,实际使用证明,经改进后测量灵敏度和测试精度都有很大提高.     

基于小型低温制冷机的高温超导材料超导转变温度测量装置

高温超导材料的超导转变温度是判断超导材料性能优劣的一个重要指标,而超导材料转变温度的测量一般采用输运方法进行电阻随温度变化来确定.本文介绍一种新近研制的基于低温制冷机的高温超导材料超导转变温度测量装置,能有效的将样品温度从室温连续均匀的降至35K,通过Lab VIEW编写的数据采集系统人机界面,采用电流换向技术消除热电势,可以准确测量出超导材料的超导转变温度.经实验验证,该测量装置测量精确和重复性良好,可作为有效判定高温超导材料性能优劣的一种手段.     

Nb_3Sn CICC导体接头电阻测试

介绍了用于测试大电流Nb3Sn管内电缆导体接头电阻的超导变压器系统。该超导变压器包括初级线圈和次级线圈,其中初级线圈采用Nb Ti超导股线绕制;次级线圈采用Nb3Sn CICC导体绕制。初级线圈和次级线圈均浸泡在液氦中冷却。利用超导变压器对Nb3Sn CICC导体超导接头的测试结果表明,所设计的超导接头电阻满足设计要求。     

一种高温超导薄膜临界电流密度感应法无损测量装置

临界电流密度(Jc)是超导薄膜、块材、带材等材料的基本性能参数,决定了超导器件及设备的性能和稳定性,简易、准确的无损Jc测量方法对超导材料特性研究及超导器件的性能保障具有重要意义。本文介绍一种基于三次谐波测量的高温超导薄膜局部临界电流密度测量方法和测量装置。研究显示,在一定幅值的初级线圈交流磁场激励下,Ⅱ型超导体会产生非线性响应,通过分析次级线圈中三次谐波分量的幅值变化,可以推算超导体的局部临界电流密度。我们搭建了一套基于此原理、适用于液氮条件的测量装置。通过对比实验,对测量的准确性进行了验证,尤其针对微弱的微纳伏量级被测信号,采取了必要的噪声抑制措施,并通过对测量数据的校正,提高了测量的准确度。实验研究显示,基于三次谐波测量的方法对于超导薄膜的临界电流密度的测量准确度较高,进行误差修正后,测量装置的误差小于10%。超导薄膜感应法测量装置的搭建十分方便,而且应用灵活,对于大面积超导薄膜的临界电流密度分布测量具有十分显著的优势。     

一种高温超导材料临界电流密度测试的方法

临界电流密度(J_c)是超导材料的重要特征参数之一,精确的测量临界电流密度对研究超导材料特性及超导器件稳定性具有重要意义.本文介绍了一种基于经典电磁感应理论和超导技术理论测量YBCO超导薄膜临界电流密度的方法和测试装置.研究显示,在液氮环境下,将超导薄膜加入初级线圈和次级线圈中间会明显影响次级线圈的接收效果.我们根据此测量方法搭建了一种测量YBCO薄膜临界电流密度的实验装置.在分析实验测量误差后,通过实验的对比,得到了加入超导薄膜对次级线圈的感应电压的影响,并分析感应电压与线圈互感之间的关系,从而算出超导薄膜的临界电流密度.实验通过噪声抑制和数据校正,准确地测量了超导薄膜的临界电流密度.     

实用的高Tc超导特性测试仪的研制

研制了实用的高温超导材料电阻-温度特性测试设备.该设备利用液氮容器梯度温度法控制温度,釆用四探针法利用温差电偶测试超导的转变温度,最后利用计算机采集与样品相连的电压表和与温差电偶相连的电压表数值,最终实现超导材料的电阻-温度特性的测量.     

转变宽度为1K的YBaCuO超导体

用Y_2O_3,BaO_2和Cu的粉末为原料备制出性能很好的Y_xBa_(1-x)CuO_(3-y)超导体。用电阻法和交流磁化率法测量了样品的超导性质。x=1/3的样品的超导起始转变温度,零电阻温度和转变宽度分别为97K,93K和1K。而x=0.6的样品分别为95K,90.5K和1K。作者还用持续电流法测量了样品的临界电流与温度的关系。     

Ba-La-Cu-O 70K以上超导电性

1986年12月,制备出了Ba-La-Cu-O超导体,其中有两个样品A和B的零电阻温度分别达到53K和67K。流体静压下电阻温度关系的测量结果表明:在10Kbar下,样品B的起始超导转变温度为94K。两个月以后,用新的测量系统,测量了这两个样品的交流磁化率,结果表明:抗磁性的起始转变温度分别为83K和79K。     

TiO薄膜的制备及电输运性质

利用磁控溅射技术,通过改变氧分压在MgO (001)单晶基片上外延生长了一系列TiO薄膜,并对薄膜的结构、价态和电输运性质进行了系统研究. X射线衍射结果表明,所制备的薄膜具有岩盐结构,沿[001]晶向外延生长. X射线光电子能谱结果表明,薄膜中Ti元素主要以二价形式存在.所有样品均具有负的电阻温度系数,高氧分压下制备的薄膜表现出绝缘体的导电性质,低温下电阻与温度的关系遵从变程跳跃导电规律.低氧分压下制备的薄膜具有金属导电性质,并具有超导电性,超导转变温度最高可达3.05 K.所有样品均具有较高的载流子浓度,随着氧分压的降低,薄膜的载流子类型由电子主导转变为空穴主导.氧含量的降低可能加强了TiO中Ti—Ti键的作用,从而使低氧分压下制备的样品显现出与金属Ti相似的电输运性质,薄膜超导转变温度的提升可能与晶体结构或电子结构突变相关联.     

基于补偿法的超导单元交流损耗测量系统设计

交流损耗是影响超导电力装置运行稳定性和成本的关键因素之一.本文提出了一种基于电压补偿法的大载流超导单元交流损耗测量方法,通过串联在回路中的大电流补偿线圈,抵消超导单元的感性电压来实现.在系统设计上,通过数据采集卡和运动控制器,获取超导单元、补偿线圈的电压信号,同时控制步进电机拖动补偿线圈.通过相位的对比计算,实现精确定位补偿,从而测量超导单元的交流损耗.最后,在不同频率下,测量了0.2 m长、110 kV/1.5 kA的高温超导电缆样缆的交流损耗,得出的交流损耗曲线与计算结果基本吻合.实验结果表明,采用补偿线圈的交流损耗测量系统具有自动检测、定位和测量功能,可以实现具有大电流容量超导单元交流损耗的准确测量.     

一种铁基超导带材交流损耗的测量

近年来铁基超导材料的发现掀起了又一轮新型超导材料研究的热潮,各种配方的铁基超导材料不断被制备出来,转变温度也不断提高,中国科学家在该领域取得了十分突出的成果,制备出了多种铁基超导材料,但对其交流损耗特性研究鲜有报道,而实际应用中交流损耗的特性又十分重要,因此搭建了一套采用探测线圈法的交流损耗测量平台,测试了一种中国科学院电工研究所采用PIT工艺制作的单芯铁基超导带材的交流损耗。该文介绍了采用探测线圈法测量超导材料交流损耗的一种测量平台的搭建与标定,以及采用标定过的测量平台在液氦温度下测量的一种采用PIT工艺制作的单芯铁基超导带材的交流损耗;并与计算得到的铁基带材超导芯的磁滞损耗和包套的涡流损耗进行了比较分析,得出了其交流损耗与背景磁场频率成正比,其涡流损耗可以忽略的结论。     

A simple electromagnetic method of cyclic loss measurement for superconducting wires in a combined alternating transverse magnetic field and transport current

We measured cyclic losses in a superconducting wire, carrying alternating transport current, simultaneously exposed to an alternating transverse magnetic field. Samples of Bi-2223 Ag-sheathed tapes have configuration of a double-layer non-inductive coil, which itself is a pickup coil to measure the AC losses. Potential taps were attached to both terminals of the sample coil. The external field was applied along the axis of the sample coil. In this procedure, we can estimate an averaged Poynting's vector on a cylindrical surface between the two layers by means of signals from a pair of the potential taps and from pickup coils for the external magnetic field and the transport current. We can also measure a magnetization and an extended transport-current components of AC losses in addition to a total cyclic loss for a combined alternating external field and transport current. Obtained results are compared with numerical predictions of the critical state model taking into account the magnetic field dependence of critical current density.     

AC loss in a high-temperature superconducting coil

In a typical superconducting coil made of BSCCO/Ag tape, both amplitude and direction of the magnetic field determine the critical current, resistive voltage and AC loss. The distribution of the magnetic field along and across the superconducting tape in a coil is rather complex. This gives rise to the question: how accurate can one predict the critical current, V–I characteristic and AC loss of the AC coil from results of short sample measurements? To answer this question, we have measured and compared the characteristics of a short sample and a small coil employing 14 m of the same tape at 77 K. The comparison is performed as follows. First, a short sample is characterised with regard to the field dependence of the critical current, V–I characteristic and the AC loss. Second, the distribution of the magnetic field along the tape in a coil is accurately calculated. From the data, the voltage along the tape and the loss of the tape in the coil are found. Finally, the resistive voltage and the AC loss of the complete coil are calculated and compared to measured AC losses in the frequency range of 0 to 160 Hz, typical for power applications.     

Numerical modelings of superconducting wires for AC loss calculations

Superconducting properties of superconducting wires as well as the influence of their composite structure and twisting should be taken into account for their numerical modeling for AC loss calculations. Furthermore, complicated electromagnetic conditions in electrical apparatuses under which superconducting wires are used influence their AC loss properties; superconducting wires carry their transport current and are exposed to the external magnetic field whose direction and magnitude vary spatially. A series of numerical models of superconducting tapes based on the finite element method has been developed. In each model, some of the above-mentioned factors that could influence the AC loss properties are taken into account. The models are formulated with the current vector potential and the scalar magnetic potential (T–Ω method). Superconducting property is given by the E–J characteristic represented by a power law. The current distributions in non-twisted and twisted superconducting tapes carrying their transport current and/or exposed to the external magnetic field are calculated with these models to estimate their AC loss. The current distribution in a short piece of superconducting tape exposed to AC magnetic field is also calculated.     

Magnetic measurement of transport AC losses in Bi-2223/Ag tapes

Magnetic nature of the losses in superconducting wire carrying AC current implies that it should be possible to determine these losses in a contactless way. Ribbon-like samples are quite favorable for such an experiment, because a notable portion of magnetic flux related to losses ‘escapes' the sample volume and can be detected by an appropriate pick-up coil. In this case, a model describing the AC current penetration into the tape, based, e.g., on the critical state model, allows one to derive the losses from the pick-up coil signal. Because this signal is proportional to the number of coil turns, extension of the accessible range of measured voltages (and losses) can be achieved. We demonstrate the data obtained on a 1 cm long portion of a low-loss multifilamentary tape carrying AC current with frequency 35 Hz. The pick-up coil technique allowed us to reach loss level more than one order below the experimental limit for direct measurements.     

Vortex dynamics in Pb-doped Hg-1234 superconductor by AC susceptibility response

The general equation that describes the AC magnetic susceptibility response of the superconducting system due to the change of varying AC field has been reviewed. By using the AC susceptibility measurements, the temperature, magnetic field and current density dependence of the effective pinning potential U(T, H, J) for our Pb-doped Hg-1234 superconductor has been determined. It is found that the fast drop of the effective pinning potential with current density is due to the large value of the characteristic exponent μ which depends on the existing types of non-superconducting phases that form the intergrowth structures with the dominant matrix. The characteristic curve of electric field E(J) against the current density J has been obtained from the AC susceptibility technique. For consideration of current relaxation due to the presence of giant flux creep, we have studied and determined the temperature dependence of the critical current density J_c for our specimen.     

Calculating transport AC losses in stacks of high temperature superconductor coated conductors with magnetic substrates using FEM

In this paper, the authors investigate the electromagnetic properties of stacks of high temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductors with a particular focus on calculating the total transport AC loss. The cross-section of superconducting cables and coils is often modeled as a two-dimensional stack of coated conductors, and these stacks can be used to estimate the AC loss of a practical device. This paper uses a symmetric two dimensional (2D) finite element model based on the H formulation, and a detailed investigation into the effects of a magnetic substrate on the transport AC loss of a stack is presented. The number of coated conductors in each stack is varied from 1 to 150, and three types of substrate are compared: non-magnetic weakly magnetic and strongly magnetic. The non-magnetic substrate model is comparable with results from existing models for the limiting cases of a single tape (Norris) and an infinite stack (Clem). The presence of a magnetic substrate increases the total AC loss of the stack, due to an increased localized magnetic flux density, and the stronger the magnetic material, the further the flux penetrates into the stack overall. The AC loss is calculated for certain tapes within the stack, and the differences and similarities between the losses throughout the stack are explained using the magnetic flux penetration and current density distributions in those tapes. The ferromagnetic loss of the substrate itself is found to be negligible in most cases, except for small magnitudes of current. Applying these findings to practical applications, where AC transport current is involved, superconducting coils should be wound where possible using coated conductors with a non-magnetic substrate to reduce the total AC loss in the coil.