声悬浮现象的研究

分析了声波在垂直谐振腔内使物体悬浮于空中的条件与位置,给出了运用声悬浮现象测量声速的方法并实测了声速.     

驻波声场中悬浮临界密度及稳定性研究

本文以声场中物体为研究对象,理论上得到行波和驻波场中的声辐射压力方程.在驻波声场中引入临界悬浮密度概念,可作为物体能否在非线性声场中悬浮的判据,同时给出谐振腔移动速度的最大范围.更进一步,以实验参数作为数值计算的输入来指导实验,并结合实验结果讨论了驻波声场中样品密度和大小、发射面和反射面形状以及两者之间的距离、反射面的尺寸等因素对物体悬浮稳定性的影响,发现当物体尺寸和密度确定时,调控好谐振腔的长度,增加波腹处的声压是提升声悬浮稳定性的有效手段.     

具有环形限位夹持力的单轴式超声悬浮系统

基于超声悬浮原理,通过改变单轴式超声悬浮系统的反射和发射端的几何形状,利用凸状发射、反射面在悬浮区域周围产生环形声辐射力势阱作为限位夹持力,提高悬浮样品在驻波声场中的悬浮稳定性。基于时域有限差分法,研究不同谐振腔内的声辐射力分布,以及影响声辐射力大小的因素,优化环形限位夹持力和悬浮力。理论及实验研究结果表明,具有环形限位夹持力的超声悬浮系统可以提高普通单轴式超声悬浮装置对悬浮样品的稳定性。      

声悬浮过程的格子Boltzmann方法研究

采用轴对称多弛豫时间格子Boltzmann(LB)方法,研究了圆柱形封闭谐振腔中圆盘形样品的声悬浮过程.模拟结果表明,(001)模式下谐振腔的共振长度L=0.499λ,在谐振腔中心引入样品后共振漂移量δL≈-0.9,这与线性声学理论计算结果基本相符.声悬浮力的LB模拟过程包含了黏滞性效应和共振漂移效应,所获得的模拟结果与理论公式计算值在量值上一致,而且其在细节上更符合实验现象.此外,LB模拟还揭示出了声悬浮过程中的声压波形畸变、声流和声辐射压等非线性声学效应.     

光电反馈式静电悬浮与静电悬浮力测定

本文提出光电反馈式静电悬浮的新方法,简要讨论静电悬浮的原理、装置及其光电反馈控制过程.采用铝片和CD光盘作为悬浮体,测定了不同静电电压和不同悬浮间距时的静电悬浮力,揭示了它们之间的相互关系.结果显示这两种悬浮体均可获得足够的静电悬浮力,证明了静电悬浮的可行性.静电悬浮方法的显着特点是既适用于导电体与非导电体的悬浮,又适用于磁性体与非磁性体的悬浮,克服了传统磁悬浮技术仅适用于磁性体的局限性,可广泛应用于精密元器件的悬浮与非接触无损操作.     

运用声悬浮现象测量声速的演示实验

介绍一个新颖的运用声悬浮现象测量声速的演示实验,详细分析讨论了声波在垂直谐振腔内使物体悬浮于空中的条件与位置。     

基于静力悬浮原理的单晶硅球间微量密度差异精密测量方法研究

单晶硅球间微量密度差异测量是阿伏伽德罗常数量子基准定义的重要研究内容, 也是半导体产业中高纯度单晶硅制备工艺质量控制的主要方法. 为了改善现有非接触相移干涉法测量装置复杂和静力称重法测量不确定度低的特点, 根据单晶硅密度精密测量需要, 实现了一种基于静力悬浮原理的单晶硅球密度相对参比测量方法. 通过改变静压力和温度进行三溴丙烷和二溴乙烷混合液体密度的微量调节, 分别使两个待测单晶硅球在液体中悬浮, 根据悬浮状态时的液体温度和悬浮高度计算出待测单晶硅球密度差值. 通过双循环水浴和PID温度控制系统实现±100 μK的恒温液体测量环境. 通过图像识别和迭代拟合算法实现单晶硅球悬浮高度的测量. 使用PID静压力控制系统实现单晶硅球的稳定悬浮控制, 同时减少Joule-Thomson效应引起的液体温度改变. 利用静力悬浮模型中的温度变化和静压力变化线性关系准确测量出标准液体的压缩系数. 试验结果表明, 这种测量方法可以避免液体液面张力的影响, 测量相对标准不确定度达到2.1×10^-7, 能够实现单晶硅球密度差值的精密测量.     

多分量胶体悬浮系统转动扩散张量的反射理论

研究多分量胶体悬浮系统的反射理论,给出用反射理论推导转动扩散张量的方法.计算了流体力学相互作用对转动扩散张量的二体贡献和首项三体贡献. 关键词： 反射理论 扩散 胶体悬浮系统 流体力学作用     

永磁体在磁流体中的磁力学建模及自悬浮位置可控性

以球形永磁体和球形容器为对象,推导出永磁体磁浮力模型,分析磁导率、永磁体的剩余磁化强度和永磁体半径、容器半径以及永磁体相对于容器中心位置的位移对磁场力的影响,结论具有一定普遍性.计算结果表明各参数均遵循一定规律对磁场力产生影响,始终有满足自悬浮现象的条件存在.通过对悬浮平衡位置特征分析,论述各变化参数与自悬浮位置的关系,并讨论实现自悬浮位置的可控性途径. 关键词： 磁流体 磁场力模型 自悬浮     

基于换能器阵的三维多粒子悬浮及操控装置

针对目前三维声操作技术悬浮粒子数量少、悬浮空间局限的问题,本文提出了一种由三对相对换能器阵列组成的声悬浮装置的设计方案,通过改变换能器阵列的相位差,成功实现了粒子的三维操纵.该装置可用于测量声速,相对误差一般在2%~5%左右,对测量环境要求比较严格.     

A setup for synchrotron‐radiation‐induced total reflection X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure recently commissioned at BESSY II BAMline

An automatic sample changer chamber for total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) analysis in TXRF geometry was successfully set up at the BAMline at BESSY II. TXRF and TXRF‐XANES are valuable tools for elemental determination and speciation, especially where sample amounts are limited (<1 mg) and concentrations are low (ng ml^?1 to µg ml^?1). TXRF requires a well defined geometry regarding the reflecting surface of a sample carrier and the synchrotron beam. The newly installed chamber allows for reliable sample positioning, remote sample changing and evacuation of the fluorescence beam path. The chamber was successfully used showing accurate determination of elemental amounts in the certified reference material NIST water 1640. Low limits of detection of less than 100 fg absolute (10 pg ml^?1) for Ni were found. TXRF‐XANES on different Re species was applied. An unknown species of Re was found to be Re in the +7 oxidation state.     

储罐底板声源辨识及定位方法研究

储罐底板腐蚀是多声源问题,即在不同位置的腐蚀源可能同时发射应力波。这些声源信号有时会重叠被传感器接收,从而影响定位的可靠性。为此本文基于平面声发射源能量定位方法的基本理论,进行了模拟储罐底板定位实验,提出了能量定位系数的修正方法。同时通过对实验数据分析,发现快速独立分量分析(FastICA)方法可以将同种声源混合信号进行有效分离,并且基本保持原有波形特征,相干系数法可以实现对分离后的同源信号进行聚类,进而应用改进能量定位方法对声发射源进行定位,从而对声源辨识,判断事件集中度提供依据。     

基于球面反射温阑的红外探测器变f数设计

制冷型红外探测器f数由冷阑尺寸和位置决定,在冷阑附近加温阑可以改变探测器f数,但是会引入大量杂散辐射.为解决这一问题,提出一种基于球面反射温阑的红外探测器变f数设计方法.建立了温阑红外辐射模型,分析普通平面温阑引入的杂散辐射及其对探测器性能的影响.在此基础上提出球面反射温阑的设计方法,通过改变表面形状和发射特性,降低温阑引入的杂散辐射,以保证探测器变f数后的性能.为验证本文方法,设计球面反射温阑和普通平面温阑改变某制冷型探测器f数,在高低温试验箱内进行辐射定标实验测量两种温阑引入的杂散辐射,比较二者对探测器的影响.分析和实验结果表明,球面反射温阑引入的杂散辐射远小于普通平面温阑,引入的噪声等效温差也较小,能够更好地保证红外系统的成像性能.     

Roughness-trapped shear horizontal surface acoustic waves

Shear horizontal surface acoustic waves do not exist on the flat surface of a semi-infinite elastic medium. It has been shown by several authors recently that such waves can exist on a periodically corrugated, planar surface. We show here on the basis of the Rayleigh method that shear horizontal surface acoustic waves exist on a randomly rough planar surface of an isotropic elastic medium. These waves are only weakly localized to the surface and they have a lifetime that is long due to their roughness-induced scattering into other surface acoustic waves and into bulk waves.     

Visualization of acoustic radiation from a vibrating bowling ball.

This paper presents visualization of acoustic radiation from a vibrating bowling ball using the Helmholtz equation least squares (HELS) method. In conducting the experiments, the ball is excited by a vibration shaker using stationary random signals. The radiated acoustic pressures are measured using two microphones and taken as input to the HELS formulations. The reconstructed acoustic pressures on the bowling ball surface are compared with those measured at the same locations. Also shown are comparisons of the reconstructed and measured acoustic pressure spectra at various locations on the bowling ball surface. Results demonstrate that the accuracy of reconstruction based on measurements over a conformal surface is much higher than that over a finite planar surface. This is because the latter often extends beyond the near-field region, making the accuracy of measurements inconsistent. Nevertheless, satisfactory reconstruction of acoustic pressure fields over the entire bowling ball surface can still be obtained based on the measurements taken over a finite planar surface on one side of the source. In a similar manner, the normal component of the surface velocity is reconstructed. Once these acoustic quantities are determined, the time-averaged acoustic intensity is calculated. Also presented are the formulations for estimating a priori the numbers of expansion functions and measurements required by the HELS method and the guidelines for determining the reconstruction error and optimum measurement locations, given the overall dimensions of the source and the highest frequency of interest in reconstruction.     

Reconstructing the vibro-acoustic quantities on a highly non-spherical surface using the Helmholtz equation least squares method

This paper presents helpful guidelines and strategies for reconstructing the vibro-acoustic quantities on a highly non-spherical surface by using the Helmholtz equation least squares (HELS). This study highlights that a computationally simple code based on the spherical wave functions can produce an accurate reconstruction of the acoustic pressure and normal surface velocity on planar surfaces. The key is to select the optimal origin of the coordinate system behind the planar surface, choose a target structural wavelength to be reconstructed, set an appropriate stand-off distance and microphone spacing, use a hybrid regularization scheme to determine the optimal number of the expansion functions, etc. The reconstructed vibro-acoustic quantities are validated rigorously via experiments by comparing the reconstructed normal surface velocity spectra and distributions with the benchmark data obtained by scanning a laser vibrometer over the plate surface. Results confirm that following the proposed guidelines and strategies can ensure the accuracy in reconstructing the normal surface velocity up to the target structural wavelength, and produce much more satisfactory results than a straight application of the original HELS formulations. Experiment validations on a baffled, square plate were conducted inside a fully anechoic chamber.     

Strategies for single particle manipulation using acoustic and flow fields

Acoustic radiation forces have often been used for the manipulation of large amounts of micrometer sized suspended particles. The nature of acoustic standing wave fields is such that they are present throughout the whole fluidic volume; this means they are well suited to such operations, with all suspended particles reacting at the same time upon exposure. Here, this simultaneous positioning capability is exploited to pre-align particles along the centerline of channels, so that they can successively be removed by means of an external tool for further analysis. This permits a certain degree of automation in single particle manipulation processes to be achieved as initial identification of particles’ location is no longer necessary, rather predetermined. Two research fields in which applications are found have been identified. First, the manipulation of copolymer beads and cells using a microgripper is presented. Then, sample preparation for crystallographic analysis by positioning crystals into a loop using acoustic manipulation and a laminar flow will be presented.     

Two-Dimensionally Self-Holding Deflection Mirror Using Surface Acoustic Wave Motor

We have developed a two-dimensionally deflecting mirror actuating system with a deflection angle of 20°, which takes full advantage of the characteristics of a two-dimensional surface acoustic wave (SAW) motor. A magnetic slider moves with frictional drive by the Rayleigh mode of the SAW and deflects the mirror by the force of magnetic attraction. For the actuation of a 20° deflection angle, only a 10 ms duration of driving voltage is required owing to the high-speed characteristic of the motor, followed by an additional 10 ms for damping of the mirror structure produced in order to complete holding of the angle. No power supply is necessary to hold the angle. Furthermore, the resolution of the angle is 0.0015° because of the high-resolution capability of the motor. The mirror deflection system showed a 10⁴ dynamic range of angle positioning ability.     

基于能量强度测量的多声源目标位置线性估计方法

基于能量强度的多声源定位模型,本文提出了一种声源发射能量强度未知下的多声源目标位置线性估计方法。将多声源定位模型转化为线性最小二乘估计问题,估计方法以代数解形式表示多声源目标位置初始值。对初始估计值进一步优化,得到了精确的多声源目标位置估计值。该定位计算方法将定位结果以代数解形式表示,避免了数值计算过程中因初始解选择不当而导致的局部最优问题。仿真测试了所设计算法的定位精度,并由此分析了噪声及声音能量强度增益对定位误差的影响。结果表明优化后的计算结果较初始估计值有较大改进,在一定噪声范围内其定位精度可以接近于克拉美罗（CRLB）下界值。     

半空间球面波函数叠加法重构声源直接辐射声场

提出了基于半空间球面波函数叠加的声场重构方法,以重构含有限声阻抗边界半空间中声源直接辐射的声场。在半空间中多极子声源声压场的解析解的基础上,构造出以边界声阻抗为参量的半空间球面波函数的正交基;通过求逆获得半空间总声压解的基函数系数,同时也获得声源直接辐射声场即自由空间中的基函数系数,进而重构出声源直接辐射的声场。在边界声阻抗已知和边界声阻抗未知两种条件下,对该方法进行了仿真验证和参数分析,并在全消声室内进行了实验验证。结果表明,所提方法能重构出半空间中典型声源即球形声源和平面声源的直接辐射声场;该方法在边界声阻抗已知时的重构精度与稳定性高于在边界声阻抗未知时的情形。