Study on pulse compression in tapered holey fibres

This paper proposes three kinds of tapered holey fibres with a multi-layer of holes whose pitch of air holes at the end of untapered and tapered are 5.8 μm and 1.8 μm. The central wavelength which locates in the anomalous dispersion region is 1.55 μm. An adaptive split-step Fourier method is numerically used to study the pulse propagation in tapered holey fibres. For the considered convex tapered holey fibre, at a wavelength of 1.55 μm, a compression factor of 136.7 can be achieved by initial width of 800 fs propagation through a length of 0.8 m. It demonstrates that in anomalous dispersion region, pulse can be compressed with the increase of nonlinearity coefficient and the decrease of dispersion coefficient.     

Design and fabrication of GeAsSeS chalcogenide waveguides with thermal annealing

We reported a chalcogenide glass-based rib waveguide fabricated using photolithography and dry etching method. A commercial software(COMSOL Multiphysics) was used to optimize the waveguide structure and the distribution of the fundamental modes in the waveguide based on the complete vector finite component. We further employed thermal annealing to optimize the surface and sidewalls of the rib waveguides. It was found that the optimal annealing temperature for Ge As Se S films is 220℃, and the roughness of the films could be significantly reduced by annealing. The zero-dispersion wavelength(ZDW) could be shifted to a short wavelength around ~2.1 μm via waveguide structural optimization, which promotes supercontinuum generation with a short wavelength pump laser source. The insertion loss of the waveguides with cross-sectional areas of 4.0 μm×3.5 μm and 6.0 μm×3.5 μm was measured using lens fiber and the cut-back method. The propagation loss of the 220℃ annealed waveguides could be as low as 1.9 d B/cm at 1550 nm.     

Analysis of erbium doped holey fiber using fundamental space filling mode

Erbium-doped holey fiber with hexagonal lattice was modeled by using effective index method.In order to calculate the equivalent step index of the periodic structure of the cladding holey optical fiber,all-vectorial fundamental space filling mode approach was utilized.By using EH_(11)mode,we have numerically solved the rate equations of a three-level pumping scheme for a fiber laser.The obtained results have shown a good agreement with the other experimental results,recently.The results have predicted amplifiers with gain efficiencies as high as 10 dB/mW.     

Characteristics of holey fibers fabricated at different drawing speeds

The effects of high drawing speeds on parameters of holey fibers are presented. A holey fiber preform structure was made by using tube-in-tube method and was drawn at high speeds with an aim of mass production to meet the demand of next generation communication systems. Transmission parameters such as numerical aperture and normalized frequency of the fabricated holey fibers have been measured and compared with theoretical values based on effective index method. Although the fabricated holey fibers were not of high quality, the analyses of the parameters have shown promising outlook for fabrication of such fibers.     

An All-Fiberized Chirped Pulse Amplification System Based on Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Stretcher and Compressor

We report an all-fiberized chirped pulse amplification system without any bulk devices. The stretcher and compressor are chirped fiber Bragg gratings inscribed in a 6/125 μm single-mode fiber and a 30/250 μm largemode-area fiber. The fabrication system of chirped fiber Bragg gratings was designed and built by ourselves. The width of the linear exposure spot was controlled according to the different fiber sizes to improve the fabrication quality, and the parameters of chirped fiber Bragg gratings...     

Octagonal dual-concentric-core photonic crystal fiber for C-band dispersion compensation with low confinement loss

A novel kind of octagonal dual-concentric-core photonic crystal fiber （PCF） is calculated with the finite element method （FEM） and proposed for broadband compensation. In order to realize highly negative dispersion, the hole diameter of the second ring is reduced relative to conventional PCFs. Numerical simulation results show that when the diameters of large holes and small holes are 0.77 pm and 0.5 #m, respectively, and the pitch of the adjacent rings is 1.1 μm, the negative dispersion can achieve about 840 ps.nm^-1.km^-1 at 1 550 nm and the dispersion slope can match with single mode fiber （SMF-28） perfectly. This PCF can compensate the positive dispersion and also its slope of about 50 times its length of SMF-28 fiber, which is suitable for C-band optical fiber telecommunication as a dispersion compensation fiber.     

Design of Nearly Zero Dispersion Flattened Photonic Crystal Fiber with Double Cladding

A novel design of nearly zero dispersion flattened photonic crystal fiber （PCF） with double cladding is proposed. To employ traditional stack and draw technology, the cladding is composed of a traditional triangular lattice of air-holes and silica. The dispersion of the fiber is mainly engineered by the small air holes in the inner cladding, which are easily preserved in the fiber drawing procedure. The large air-holes in the outer cladding are mainly for light confinement. Thus, the dispersion property of the PCF is insensitive to the deformation of the air holes in the outer cladding. Using 8 layers of air-hole ring, the loss of the fundamental mode for the PCF is as low as 0.13dB/km at 1.55μm. The dispersion of the PCF fluctuates from -0.023 to 0.021ps·km^-1nm^-1 in the range 1.45-1.625 μm.     

Design of a High-Nonlinearity Single-Mode Holey Fiber with Flattened Dispersion around 800 nm

We numerically demonstrate a high-nonlinearity single-mode holey fiber with flattened dispersion around the Ti-Za laser band at 800 nm. The dispersion profile of the fiber has the shape of a quadratic curve, which reaches its maximum 5.96 ps·km^-1·nm^-1 at 800hm and its minimum -0.897 ps·km^-1·nm^-1 at both 750 and 850 nm. The nonlinear coefficient is 170 W^-1 km^-1 at 800nm and no higher order modes exit. A six-layer air-hole cladding ensures a loss less than 0.067 db/m in the 750 to 850 nm range. Two more air-hole rings will reduce the loss to below 0.1 db/km.     

Monolithic all-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum source based on a step-index two-mode As_2S_3 fiber

We demonstrate efficient supercontinuum generation extending into mid-infrared spectral range by pumping a twomode As_2S_3 fiber in the normal dispersion regime. The As_2S_3 fiber is fusion spliced to the pigtail of a near-infrared supercontinuum pump source with ultra-low splicing loss of 0.125 dB, which enables a monolithic all-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum source. By two-mode excitation and mixed-mode cascaded stimulated Raman scattering, a supercontinuum spanning from 1.8 μm to 4.2 μm is obtained. Over 70% of the supercontinuum power is converted to wavelengths beyond2.4 μm. This is the first experimental report with respect to the multimode mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a step-index two-mode chalcogenide fiber.     

Generation of a mid-infrared broadband polarized supercontinuum in As₂Se₃ photonic crystal fibers

A simplified structure of birefringent chalcogenide As 2 Se 3 photonic crystal fiber(PCF) is designed.Properties of birefringence,polarization extinction ratio,chromatic dispersion,nonlinear coefficient,and transmission are studied by using the multipole method,the finite-difference beam propagation method,and the adaptive split-step Fourier method.Considering that the zero dispersion wavelength of our proposed fiber is about 4 μm,we have analysed the mechanism of spectral broadening in PCFs with different pitches in detail,with femtosecond pulses at a wavelength of 4 μm as the pump pulses.Especially,mid-infrared broadband polarized supercontinuums are obtained in a 3-cm PCF with an optimal pitch of 2 μm.Their spectral width at 20 dB reaches up to 12 μm.In the birefringent PCF,we find that the supercontinuum generation changes with the pump alignment angle.Research results show that no coupling between eigenpolarization modes are observed at the maximum average power(i.e.,37 mW),which indicates that the polarization state is well maintained.     

Dispersion engineering of tellurite holey fiber with holes formed by two glasses for highly nonlinear applications

Tellurite nonlinear holey fiber is characterized by a high nonlinearity and a broad transparent window. However, these advantages are canceled by its unflattened dispersion in most practical applications. The unflattened dispersion is due to the fact that tellurite holey fiber with complex structure is difficult to fabricate. In this work we develop a dispersion flattened tellurite composite holey fiber (TCHF). The TCHF has only one ring of holes. The holes are formed by two tellurite glasses. The heavy deformation, which probably occurs for tellurite complex microstructured fiber during the fabrication process, is avoided by this simple structure. The fiber is made of two glasses with different refractive-indices, which improves the flexibility in dispersion engineering. By using this structure the dispersion is engineered to be the most flattened for the highly nonlinear soft glass fiber within 1.5–1.6 μm. Owing to the flattened dispersion and high nonlinearity, more than one octave supercontinuum generation is demonstrated by a femtosecond fiber laser.     

Toward practical holey fiber technology: fabrication, splicing, modeling, and characterization

We report the fabrication of long lengths of mechanically robust holey fiber and what is believed to be the first demonstration of their splicing. These practical advances have permitted what is to our knowledge the first detailed characterization of a holey fiber near 1.5mum . We compare dispersion measurements with our numerical predictions and confirm that our model can be used to predict accurately holey fiber properties.     

Ge20Sb15Se65硫系玻璃光子晶体光纤的中红外色散特性

硫系玻璃与石英玻璃相比具有高折射率(2.0～3.5)、低声子能量(<350cm-1)、优良的中远红外透过性能(可至25μm)等特性.本文制备了一种在中红外具有优良透过特性的无As环保型Ge20Sb15Se65硫系玻璃材料,以此为基质材料设计了一种三层空气孔结构光子晶体光纤,利用多极法对光纤的中红外色散特性进行了数值模拟,系统研究了结构参量孔径d、孔间距Λ以及d/Λ对其色散特性的影响.分析表明:通过改变包层空气孔直径d或空气孔间距Λ,可灵活的调节光子晶体光纤的零色散波长向短波或长波方向移动.通过优化结构参量发现,当Λ=3μm,d/Λ=0.35附近变化时,可获得3～5μm色散平坦,且色散值小于5ps.nm-1.km-1的光子晶体光纤.     

方形渐变空气孔微结构光纤的色散特性分析

提出了一种新型的方形分布渐变空气孔微结构光纤。借助时域有限差分法计算了孔间距取 2.0μm和2.5μm,最小孔直径分别取0.4μm、0.6μm、0.7μm、0.8μm和1.0μm,从第一层到第五层直径线性递增量分别为0.1μm/层和0.2μm/层的五层渐变空气孔微结构光纤的基模色散曲线图,结果表明渐变空气孔微结构光纤在控制色散的能力上明显优于空气孔不变的微结构光纤,这种光纤的色散曲线在1400~2000 nm波长范围内保持平坦且具有更低的色散量;当渐变空气孔微结构光纤第三层孔的直径取与孔直径不变微结构光纤的孔直径相同,且第一层到第五层孔直径按每层0.2μm的斜率增长时,其色散曲线最低最平坦,色散值保持在30 ps/(km·nm)左右。     

Microstructure holey fibers as wideband dispersion compensating media for high speed transmission system

This paper presents a dispersion compensating microstructure holey fiber for wideband transmission system. The finite element method with perfectly matched absorbing layers boundary condition is used to investigate the guiding properties. According to simulation, negative dispersion coefficient of −1455 ps/(nm km) and a relative dispersion slope (RDS) close to that of single mode fiber of about 0.0036 nm⁻¹ is obtained at 1.55 μm. The variation of structural parameters is also studied to evaluate the tolerance of the fabrication. The proposed module can be used in 40 Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems in optical fiber communication networks.     

2R-regenerative all-optical switch based on a highly nonlinear holey fiber

We report the fabrication of a highly nonlinear holey fiber made from pure silica with an effective area of just ~2.8mu;m(2) at 1550 nm. We believe this to be the smallest effective area yet measured for a holey fiber at 1550 nm. We also report the operation of a 2R regenerative optical switch based on just 3.3 m of the fiber that is shown to have 30 times the nonlinear figure of merit of previous devices based on dispersion-shifted fiber.     

双芯复合格点光子晶体光纤的负色散特性

介绍了一种双芯复合格点负色散光子晶体光纤,其包层是由连续电介质纯硅背景上挖出的两种大小不同的空气孔构成,芯区是由掺锗的高折射率的材料构成。为了实现负色散,还移去了包层中的一圈空气孔。采用频域有限差分法对其负色散特性进行分析表明,通过调整空气孔间距和两种空气孔的尺寸,可以得到不同程度的宽带负色散。当内芯半径取0.95μm,孔间距取2.15μm,大空气孔直径取1.9μm,小空气孔直径取1.1μm时,可在1.55μm处实现宽带负色散,其半峰全宽超过了200 nm。这种光纤的包层中空气孔呈六边形分布,空气孔的尺寸均大于1μm,降低了制作的难度。这种光纤可以用于波分复用光纤通信系统中的宽带色散补偿。     

Polarization maintaining holey fibers for residual dispersion compensation over S + C + L wavelength bands

We report on a highly birefringent holey fiber for broadband dispersion compensation covering the S, C, and L telecommunication bands i.e. wavelength ranging from 1460 to 1625 nm. The finite element method with circular perfectly matched layer boundary condition is used to investigate the guiding properties. Numerical analysis demonstrates that it is possible to obtain negative dispersion coefficient of about −470 to −850 ps/nm/km over S to L-bands and a relative dispersion slope perfectly matched with single mode fiber (SMF) of about 0.0036 nm⁻¹ at 1550 nm. At the same time birefringence of the order 2.53 × 10⁻² is realized at 1550 nm wavelength. Owing to superior optical properties of the proposed holey fiber, this can be a promising candidate for broadband dispersion compensation and sensing applications.     

Fabrication of low OH loss holey fibers with varying air hole sizes and their optical properties

We experimentally investigate a flexible fabrication technique for low OH and transmission losses holey fibers with a Ge-doped core and air holes in a silica cladding region. Versatile holey fibers of different size, pitch, and shape of air holes were achieved by controlling the temperature and heating time of the holey fiber preform. In addition, we suppress the OH loss of less than ∼0.323 dB/km at 1383 nm. After fabricating holey fibers, we measure their optical properties including cut-off wavelength, mode field diameter, splicing loss, dispersion, bending loss, and polarization dependent loss based on the size of air holes. The total transmission loss was measured to be ∼0.226 dB/km at 1550 nm by improving the fabrication process. After fabricating optical patch cord based on holey fibers, we measured the long-term stability of the fabricated holey fiber by using the temperature cycling technique for 24 and obtained low power fluctuation of 0.2 dB. We achieve the high quality holey fiber with a low bending loss of ∼0.04 dB/turn under a bending radius of 2.5 mm at 1550 nm. We also obtain a tunable band rejection filter with a number of bending turns.