利用激光三角测距法提高三维面型检测精度的方法

本文首先介绍了根据激光三角测距原理并采用片光照明、面阵ＣＣＤ接收的三维面形检测原理，其优点在于物面相对于测量头仅需一个方向移动即可完成二维扫描，使测量系统结构简单、便于控制。其次分析了影响其测量精度的几个主要因素，即散斑噪声、接收器件本身的分辨率、投影片光束的宽度与稳定性。散斑噪声造成了投影光斑的抖动，ＣＣＤ的分辨率限制了测量系统的分辨率，而片光束的质量影响着ＣＣＤ光敏面上像斑的准确定位。针对其各自的特点给出了相应的解决途径。     

合成孔径激光成像雷达散斑天线接收特性分析

合成孔径激光成像雷达(SAIL)时空散斑效应严重影响了成像质量。在时空散斑效应基础上,分析了合成孔径激光成像雷达中的散斑天线接收特性,建立了光学接收天线散斑孔径积分场的物理模型,模拟了目标分辨单元光学接收天线散斑孔径积分场距离向时间变化、方位向空间变化的二维分布。分析了不同接收天线散斑尺度比、不同天线积分起始位置对接收天线散斑孔径积分场的影响,并根据其统计性质得到散斑效应影响较小的接收天线尺寸和接收天线积分范围,为合理设计散斑效应较小的接收天线尺寸提供了参考,对进一步分析时空散斑效应如何影响SAIL目标成像有直接意义。     

基于散斑抑制的合成孔径激光成像雷达的结构和工作模式

目标漫反射产生的激光回波散斑效应严重影响合成孔径激光成像雷达(SAIL)的成像质量。在体系结构上提出了抑制散斑效应的系统性解决方案,建立了SAIL结构和工作模式设计的理论基础。研究了SAIL中与目标分辨单元尺寸、啁啾波长变化、目标相关性质和接收面光强随机分布有关的散斑统计特性。定义了SAIL光学接收天线的散斑孔径积分场复相干函数,它是天线孔径相关函数和目标分辨单元相关因子的卷积,其宽度就是可实现的孔径合成长度,给出了实现较大的孔径合成长度的发射口径、接收口径和实际孔径合成长度的设计原则,发现和分析了由啁啾散斑移动产生的拍频信号波动。最后建议采用滑动聚束模式来有效使用散斑效应造成较短的孔径合成尺度,因为其光束扫描宽度对SAIL移动距离有放大作用。同时也提出了具有多发射机/多接收机的多通道结构以提高回波散斑光场的探测率。     

基于位相分布限制衍射光学元件的散斑抑制方法

根据散斑产生的机理,利用像素点之间干涉的概念,提出了通过限制光场的位相分布范围来抑制投影图像中散斑对比度的方法.在部分发展散斑的条件下,推导了位相均匀分布情况下的散斑对比度公式,揭示了当相位分布范围在0.6π~2π之间时,散斑对比度随相位分布范围的变化而震荡变化,当把相位分布范围限制在0.6π以下时,散斑对比度会随相位分布范围的减小而迅速下降.建立了理想仿真模型和实际仿真模型来验证该方法的正确性和可行性.在理想仿真模型中,当位相分布范围从2π变到0,所得散斑图样对比度从66.44%降到0;在实际仿真模型中,模拟了实际激光投影系统的光路结构,并运用了两片衍射光学元件,一片用于激光整形匀化,一片用于光场的位相分布范围限制,散斑图样对比度从92.78%降低到2.09%.该方法稳定性高、耗能低、使用元件尺寸小,为全息投影显示的散斑抑制提供了参考.     

动态白光散斑法的灵敏度及其提高

动态白光散斑法是一种测量动态变形的方法。但是,在用多火花或动态光弹仪作高速摄影系统时,通常由于透镜分辨率的限制和聚焦误差而带来的有效截上频率的降低,使动态白光散斑法的灵敏度不高,对于测量高弹模材料的高速动态小变形问题存在着困难。本文用非相干成象系统的频率响应的概念,分析了灵敏度问题。采用夹片散斑方法     

级联散射片引入多重散射机制的激光散斑抑制

散斑抑制是阻碍以激光为光源的显示技术发展的技术瓶颈。通过实验分析了散射片的发散角、级联散射片的数量和它们之间的间距对散射光束相关面积宽度的影响。在级联散射片和光通管构成的散射体的基础上,利用多重散射理论解释了级联散射片减弱激光相干性的现象。基于积分散斑的统计学理论,推导了CCD积分时间T内捕获的散斑图样的强度自协方差函数与散斑对比度之间的关系,并明确了级联散射片对运动散射片位移的影响,从而达到抑制散斑的目的。实验结果表明,将散射体与运动散射片相结合不仅提高了整体光能利用率,在检测器积分时间1/30s内还能将散斑对比度从0.753降低到0.069。     

带旋转毛玻璃干涉成像系统的统计分析

 从统计光学出发,建立了带旋转毛玻璃干涉成像系统的信噪比理论模型,分析旋转毛玻璃参数、光场相干性与系统信噪比之间的关系。模拟计算和实验结果表明：旋转毛玻璃降低了干涉成像系统中光场的相干性,增大了曝光时间内采集的不相关散斑场个数,从而抑制了相干噪声;旋转毛玻璃表面粗糙度的增大,相关长度的缩短,转速的提高都会减小光场的相干时间。为了得到较理想的系统信噪比,应控制旋转毛玻璃参数使旋转周期约等于CCD曝光时间,并使光场相干长度为测试光和参考光间光程差的2～5倍。     

扫描近场光学显微镜探针与光场相互作用的分析

采用时域有限差分方法对镀金属膜光纤探针在近场光探测中对光场产生的扰动和相互作用过程进行了数值分析。选择纳米孔径的隐失场光场和镀金属膜光纤探针建立了近场光探测的理论模型，讨论了探针孔径尺寸、扫描高度等因素对光场探测的影响，以及测量光场与初始光场之间的关系等。研究结果表明，当探针孔径尺寸与待测纳米孔径尺寸相当，探针扫描高度在接近探针孔径尺寸的一半时，测量得到的光场分布数据能够准确描述初始光场分布。     

涡旋光的干涉特性及其在变形测量中的应用

将涡旋光应用于电子散斑干涉,测量变形物体的离面位移.把传统的电子散斑干涉测量技术与液晶空间光调制器相结合,将所获得的涡旋光作为参考光或者物光进行变形测量.推导出物光为平面光、参考光为涡旋光,和参考光、物光均为涡旋光时物体变形后的干涉强度公式,模拟计算了变形后的干涉图样,分析了变形图样的特征.运用四步相移方法得到了物体的变形相位公式,通过解包裹得到了物体的变形相位.模拟计算得到的三维相位分布图与物体离面位移的变形相位理论值的三维分布图相吻合.模拟实验结果表明,涡旋光可以应用于物体的变形测量,为变形测量提供新的途径.     

散斑位移法测量激光高斯光束的空间分布

 提出一种测量激光光束高斯空间分布特征的新方法——散斑位移法。该方法利用光传播的菲涅尔衍射公式和光场的统计规律,给出散斑场光强在散射体位移前后的高斯光束相关函数的表达式。测出相关函数在光路上某一位置的数值,并由此同时求出高斯光束的束腰位置和大小。     

采用大口径投影光学系统监测远场散斑特征参数

大口径投影光学系统采用低成本、大口径菲涅耳透镜制作,可将远场散斑强度分布投影到CCD成像探测器上。通过CCD图像处理,能够对给定孔径上的接收功率、闪烁指数进行量化评估;在接收孔径足够大、保障散斑不会因为光束漂移效应而脱离菲涅耳透镜的条件下,该系统还可以对光束漂移和特征半径进行量化评估。同时讨论了CCD像元响应非均匀性误差及其影响、CCD辐照响应函数和图像几何投影系数的定标方法。实验表明,系统能够对激光大气传输过程中的远场散斑特征参数进行监测。特别对自由空间激光通信系统而言,可以为大气衰减和多种大气湍流效应综合作用下的中值电平慢衰落研究和检测阈值优化设计提供实验数据支撑。     

并行激光散斑测速技术中光学参数之间的制约关系

分析了采用透镜阵列做为处理器件的并行激光散斑测速系统中散斑照相机的孔径、两次傅氏变换的焦距、阵列间距、液晶光阀和摄像机ＣＣＤ的尺寸和分辨率等参数之间的相互制约关系；提出了参数的选取方案，并给出了参数选取实例。     

Vibration analysis by laser speckle correlation

Time-averaged laser speckle correlation is used for flexural vibration-studies. The proposed method employs a diverging laser beam to illuminate the test object and records the object image at a defocused plane with a CCD camera. The speckle correlation coefficient is a function of the out-of-plane tilt of the object. The time-averaged speckle pattern recorded with the object vibrating at a natural mode is subtracted from the one recorded in a static condition. The anti-nodes of the vibrating object can then be identified easily on the subtracted image. A brief analysis of the technique and some experimental results on a cantilever beam and a vibrating plate are presented.     

Laser speckle reduction using motionless image conduits

We have demonstrated a speckle reduction method using motionless image conduits (MICs). Different experimental conditions by introducing the high-coherence HeNe laser and the low-coherence laser diode (LD) as the illumination light sources, by employing the straight MIC and the curved MIC as the speckle reduction components, and by recording speckle images without (objective speckle) and with (subjective speckle) the imaging lens mounted on the CCD camera are conducted, respectively. The most efficient speckle reduction condition is found by the combination of using the LD and the curved MIC, where the objective speckle contrast ratio is reduced from 0.7378 to 0.1725. Experimental results are discussed, and the causes for these speckle reduction efficiency changes are given.     

Reduction of speckle in an image by a moving aperture - second order statistics

In an earlier paper the second-order statistics of time-averaged speckle were investigated for the case of speckle formed in the Fraunhofer plane when an aperture was moved over the surface of a uniformly illuminated diffuse object. In this paper it is the intention to substantiate a claim that was made in that paper that the same treatment will also apply to time-averaged speckle in an image plane when an aperture is moved in the pupil plane of the imaging lens. The optical system is allowed to have aberrations of any degree of severity, and the object is allowed to have non-uniform brightness, subject to the condition that the brightness variations are slow in comparison to the size of the (aberrated) point spread function. The treatment makes use of the usual assumption that a very large number of independent scattering points in the object contributes to any one point in the image: for this assumption to be realistic, however, it will be shown that the point spread function of the lens must be of a size that restricts us either to systems where the numerical aperture in object space is low or, alternatively, to systems where the aberrations are severe.     

Measurement of dynamic crack tip displacement field by speckle photography and interferometry

Speckle interferometry has been used to measure the transient displacement field around a crack due to stress wave loading. Double exposure interferograms are recorded with a pulsed ruby laser, and correlation fringes formed by spatial filtering of the developed film. A new technique is presented for reducing the noise level in spatially filtered speckle interferograms. Independent fringe patterns, obtained from one interferogram but with the filtering aperture sampling different regions of the Fourier transform plane, are digitised by a CCD camera and combined numerically. It is demonstrated that accurate analysis of fringe patterns by the Fourier transform method can be carried out, even if no carrier fringes are present. The measurements are compared with those obtained by speckle photography. Least-squares fitting of the theoretical displacement field is used to calculate the stress intensity factor at the crack tip as a function of time.     

Laser speckle decorrelation in NDT

The random noise of the laser speckle field which develops at the focusing plane of an imaging system, is, by now, efficiently used in several interferometric techniques as an information carrier of the macroscopic wavefront distortion induced by the surface displacement field of the object under investigation. The actual noise in this kind of techniques is represented by the speckle decorrelation at the image plane — i.e. the destruction of the carrier — which may be caused by the modification of the texture surface (e.g. by yielding under a severe stress state), but it is inherently produced by the same displacement field under measurement. In the paper the phenomenon of laser speckle decorrelation is numerically simulated and experimentally investigated with the aim of estimating its sensitivity to local deformation and assessing a possible field of application. Satisfactory results in the field of NDT of multilayer fiber-reinforced composites were obtained by reducing the diaphragm of the lens to increase the sensitivity of the imaging system to speckle decorrelation induced by local deformation; unfortunately this simple approach requires a considerable amount of laser power for illuminating the object. Different aperture shapes were therefore numerically simulated which provided improved efficiency and sensitivity and whereby a semi-quantitative analysis of the displacement field could be experimented.     

散斑面内形变场检测系统设计

数字散斑测量是一种非接触、全场测量的高精度光测方法。该系统由散斑生成装置、数据采集装置和数据处理装置三部分组成。散斑生成装置将扩散的激光束投射到待测物体上,用接收屏接收物体散射生成的散斑图像。数据采集装置主要由CCD和数字采集卡组成,CCD拍摄散斑图像,并将其传输给数字采集卡,经采集卡转换成数字图像,以矩阵形式输入到数据处理装置。数据处理装置根据光学相关识别技术设计的检测程序对采集到的数字图像进行相关运算,通过对相关峰的准确定位来获取物体的形变信息。