采用数字信号处理的复合材料超声谱分析

在一块玻璃比例不氧树脂复合材料板的热压固化过程中，人为加进不同种类，大不及放入深度的薄膜片，并预置一定大小的裂纹，分别利用反射法和地获取回流，并对其高速采样及截取，然后进行幅度谱，相位谱，功率谱，相关谱，自相关函数及互相关函数平方包络提取的分析，获得了一些针对不同预置杂质，缺陷的特征。     

光学器件面形误差对光束质量的影响

定量分析了光学面形误差各参数（幅度、类型、空间尺度和空间分布等）对光束质量的影响。通过数值计算得到：对于局部缺陷和环形缺陷，在规定误差均方根值时，应对缺陷空间尺茺作出相应规定，以避开光束质量因子β的极大值。中心缺陷比边缘缺陷对光束质量的破坏更大；相位误差的低频部分形成了远场能量分布的中心核，而边翼由高频部分所形成，对高频误差需要规定更严格的容差。     

阵元固体指向性补偿对超声全聚焦成像的 优化研究*

超声全聚焦成像中,声波的传播受到阵元指向性的影响,位于阵元不同方位的缺陷成像幅度不同。缺陷相对阵列中心偏角越大,回波幅度越低,容易造成漏检。为提高超声全聚焦算法对固体中大偏角缺陷的成像能力,该文引入了矩形阵元固体指向性函数,建立了基于固体指向性补偿的超声全聚焦优化算法,利用指向性系数对不同角度区域的成像进行幅值补偿。实验结果表明,相对于基本超声全聚焦和传统指向性补偿的超声全聚焦算法,该文固体指向性优化算法对大偏角缺陷的成像幅度补偿效果更好,检测灵敏度更高,有效避免了缺陷漏检,扩展了超声全聚焦算法检测范围。     

联合变换相关器在光纤检测中离焦影响的讨论

对联合变换相关器在光纤检测中离焦采集谱问题进行了理论分析,计算机模拟以及光纤缺陷检测实验。得出了离焦距离与相关峰值的关系曲线,示出了对不同相似程度的输入物的离焦谱和焦面谱两种情况下进行相关的计算机模拟结果;提供了在焦面上和离焦一定范围两种情况下缺陷程度不同的光纤的相关检测结果。     

超声相控阵距离幅度曲线计算方法

超声相控阵偏转聚焦声场能量分布不均匀,造成不同位置的缺陷回波幅度差异,针对该缺陷量化问题,提出超声相控阵系统距离幅度曲线理论计算方法。在非近轴近似声场模型的基础上,结合缺陷散射模型来建立相控阵系统测量模型,再利用该方法来预测不同位置横通孔缺陷的回波信号,进而获得信号幅度随位置的变化曲线。分析对比了不同偏转聚焦声束理论计算结果与实验测量结果,两者幅度在焦点附近具有较好的一致性,偏差在5%以内,验证了超声测量模型计算方法的有效性。      

基于超声相控阵衍射波图像的缺陷测量方法*

工程应用中通常采用超声相控阵的脉冲发射法对缺陷进行扇形扫描,并通过6dB法测量缺陷尺寸。然而,基于反射波幅度的6dB测长方法很难精确地测量缺陷尺寸。本研究提出利用超声相控扇形扫描图中的缺陷衍射波图像测量缺陷尺寸以获得较高的测量精度。首先,分析了扇扫图像中缺陷衍射波特征图像及其影响参数以获得清晰的扇扫缺陷衍射波图像;其次,提出了基于衍射波的缺陷尺寸测量方法,并比较了多种测量方法的测量精度。研究结果显示：基于相控阵扇扫的缺陷衍射波测长精度较之反射波幅度法更高,而反射波法更适用于缺陷取向的测量。本研究为缺陷定量检测提供了一种更为有效的解决方案。     

全息声谱显示

本文提出了一种全息声谱的编码和显示方法，全息声谱图是在二维屏幕上显示四维的声谱函数语图，它同时表征了语声的幅度谱和相位谱，在显示坐标上，除了时间轴和频率轴两维外，还分别用亮度来表示幅度谱，用色彩来表示相位谱，通过编码，我们成功地实现了这一显示系统。     

基于涡流脉冲相位热成像的金属材料裂纹检测

涡流热成像可以对金属材料表面、近表面缺陷进行快速准确的检测。采用涡流热成像与脉冲相位分析相结合的方法,针对裂纹附近相位谱的分布规律及温度场对相位谱的影响关系问题,分别对带有上表面裂纹和下表面裂纹的45#钢料进行感应加热仿真和实验分析。结果表明,相位谱分布与温度大小无关,只与温度变化趋势有关,相位谱图对不均匀加热有很好的抑制作用,可以扩大裂纹的检测范围,当频率低于12.5 Hz时能够清晰地识别裂纹。结合实验验证了仿真结论的正确性,为下一步利用相位信息实现缺陷的定量检测提供参考。     

Compton散射下超强激光瞬态等离子体的频率响应特性

应用多光子非线性Compton散射和实验探测的方法，对超强激光瞬态等离子体的频率响应特性进行了研究，提出了将入射超强激光和Compton散射光作为形成等离子体碰撞频率的新机制，给出了电子碰撞频率的时空演化方程和实验结果。结果表明：与散射前相比，4.17 kHz以下的功率谱线较平滑，不同时刻抖动幅度不大，且抖动的频率降低了1.63 kHz。当频率达到6.12 kHz时，功率谱线出现了35mW幅度抖动，且大幅抖动的频率降低了0.88 kHz，幅度增大了5mW。当频率达到9.7 kHz时，功率谱线的峰值近似于全谱峰值，且该谱线峰值的频率降低了1.3kHz。由4.17~9.7kHz低频谱产生的功率谱线缩小了0.21 kHz。超过9.1 kHz后，功率谱线抖动对功率谱线峰值的贡献是次要的。这主要是由于散射使等离子体的高频非线性成分增大，低频成分缩小，且4.17~9.7 kHz中亦包含有散射贡献的缘故。     

结合幅度谱和功率谱字典的语音增强方法

从双路字典学习、噪声功率谱估计、语音幅度谱重构角度提出了一种改进的谱特征稀疏表示语音增强方法。在字典学习阶段,融合功率谱与幅度谱特征,采用区分性字典降低语音字典和噪声字典的相干性;在语音增强阶段,提出一种噪声功率谱估计方法对非平稳噪声进行跟踪估计;考虑到幅度谱和功率谱特征对不同噪声的适应程度不同,设计了语音重构权值表。对分别由幅度谱和功率谱恢复而来的两路信号进行自适应加权重构,结合相位补偿函数得到增强后的语音信号。实验结果表明,该方法在平稳、非平稳噪声环境下相比于单一谱特征的语音增强方法平均提高31.6%,改善了语音增强方法的性能。      

基于超声回波重组相位分析的颗粒粒径测量方法

将超声波作用于沉降的颗粒时,由于颗粒的移动,超声回波会出现相位差异。该文通过对测量杯中某一确定深度处的回波信号进行相位分析和重组,发现重组后信号的频率可以计算出粒径;并分别对两种不同粒径分布的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)微球悬浮液进行了超声波信号采样重组和去噪的实验,实验结果经小波时频方法分析后,证实了颗粒粒径分布与重组信号频率构成的确存在很高的相关性。     

Bolt-hole interface noise accompanying crack-under-fastener signals

The bolt-hole interface in bolted structures produces a thin, imperfectly fitted cylindrical gap which causes ultrasonic noise echoes. These echoes interfere with ultrasonic inspection attempts to search for cracks under installed fasteners. The characteristics of the noise echoes were studied through energy partitioning calculations of ultrasound directed obliquely onto a thin planar gap in a metal. Theoretical results predict that resonance scattering, standing waves, and large phase angle discontinuities will accompany small variations in gap thickness and angle of incidence.     

Analysis and identification for the electromagnetic ultrasonic interfacial echoes using instantaneous spectrum and artificial neural network

The proper frequency is experimentally chosen to be the operation frequency of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer. The instantaneous amplitude, phase and frequency of the detected ultrasonic echoes from a multilayer adhesive sample of steel and rubber materials are calculated and composed to form three-dimensional instantaneous spectrum which is successful to distinguish the testing signals from different adhesive states qualitatively. Then, average instantaneous parameters in sensitive time window are picked up and used as the input eigenvectors for the BP artificial neural network. Identified results in both training and testing volumes demonstrate that the detected electromagnetic ultrasonic interracial echoes can be identified and classified automatically with the correctness ratio larger than 95%.     

Signal-to-noise ratio enhancement based on the whitening transformation of colored structural noise

In the ultrasonic testing and evaluation of highly scattering materials (i.e. non-homogeneous media such as composites, layered and clad materials) structural noise is an important limitation to the visibility of flaw echoes. This noise cannot be reduced by conventional linear filtering or by time-averaging techniques. In order to enhance the defect-to-background noise ratio (SNR), many different algorithms have been developed over the years. This work analyzes three new strategies for SNR enhancement based on the whitening transformation of the colored structural noise. By using this transformation, the small spectral differences between noise and flaw echoes are exploited, thereby allowing an improvement in the visibility of the flaw.     

水平连铸圆钢超声检测结果的信号处理

水平连铸圆钢为多晶种的不均匀粗晶材料，当采用超声波对其进行检测时，将产生较强的组织散射噪声，从而使得对缺陷回波的判断与评价无法进行本文采用分离频谱的方法对原始检测信号进行处理，再用截止地对缺陷回波进行恢复运算。实验结果本文所采用的方法能较为有效地消除原始检测信号中的组织噪声，从而提高超声检测的信噪比。     

The ultrasonic weak short-pulse responses of microbubbles based on a two-frequency approximation

The ultrasonic short-pulse responses of microbubbles are of interest in cavitation, transient responses, and contrast imaging. We extend the two-frequency analytic solutions of Newhouse and Shankar [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 1473-1477 (1984)] to approximate the short-pulse responses of microbubbles in a low-amplitude field. Based on their results, there is an expected component near dc in the spectrum of bubble echoes excited by a short pulse. Here this component is named the low-frequency response, and its theoretical properties are verified experimentally. Including the fundamental and second-harmonic components, the weak short-pulse responses of microbubbles include three types of response. Our work has determined the constraint conditions under which this approximated solution can be used to analyze these short-pulse responses. This paper also provides the amplitude and spectral properties of these responses. The low-frequency response has a special bandwidth-dependent property and has potential applications in imaging and bubble sizing.     

The ultrasonic echo signal analysis of welding flaw andthe selection of optimum feature subset

The ultrasonic echoes of real welding flaws are analyzed for featureextraction of signal processing. Evaluation of ultrasonic echo featureand selection of optimum feature subset are discussed. Preliminaryexperimental results show that, the method of feature selectionexpounded in this paper is relatively effective, and it could be usedfor the recognition and classification of flaws.     

焊接缺陷的超声回波信号分析与最佳特征子集的选择

本文针对超声检测中信号处理的特征提取问题,对实际焊接缺陷的超声回波进行了分析。在此基础上,研究了超声回波特征的评价与最佳特征子集的选择,研究结果初步表明,本文提出的选择方法是比较有效的,可以用于缺陷的识别与分类。     

Acoustic response from adherent targeted contrast agents

In ultrasonic molecular imaging, encapsulated micron-sized gas bubbles are tethered to a blood vessel wall by targeting ligands. A challenging problem is to detect the echoes from adherent microbubbles and distinguish them from echoes from nonadherent agents and tissue. Echoes from adherent contrast agents are observed to include a high amplitude at the fundamental frequency, and significantly different spectral shape compared with free agents (p <0.0003). Mechanisms for the observed acoustical difference and potential techniques to utilize these differences for molecular imaging are proposed.     

Transforming echoes into pseudo-action potentials for classifying plants.

Animals perceive their environment by converting sensory stimuli into action potentials, or temporal point processes, that are interpreted by the brain. This paper investigates the information content of point processes extracted from echoes from in situ plants in an effort to understand how bats recognize landmarks in the field. A mobile sonar converts echoes into biologically similar temporal point processes. termed pseudo-action potentials (PAPs), whose inter-PAP interval relates to echo amplitude. The sonar forms a sector scan of an object to produce a spatial-temporal PAP field. Classifier neurons apply delays and coincidence detection to the PAP field to identify three distinct echo types, glints, blobs, and fuzz, which characterize plant features. Glints are large amplitude echoes exhibiting coherence over successive echoes in the sector scan, typically produced by favorably oriented isolated specular reflectors. Blobs are large echoes lacking coherence, typically bordering glints or formed by collections of interfering reflectors. Fuzz represents weak echoes, typically produced by collection of weak scatterers or by reflectors on the beam periphery. A small mirror reflector models a flat leaf surface and motivates the glint criteria. Classifiers are applied to experimental data from two types of tree trunks, a glint-producing sycamore (Platanus occidenatalis) and a glint-absent Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and two plants, a glint-producing rhododendron (Rhododendron maximus) and a glint-absent yew (Taxus media). We speculate that our narrow-band sonar models the activity of a single frequency bin in the frequency-modulated (FM) sweep emitted by bats, and that one function of the frequency bins in the FM sweep is to form a sector scan of the environment.