基于压缩感知的低压电力线载波通信信道估计

针对低压电力线通信环境多径干扰的特点,建立了正交频分复用的压缩感知信道估计模型,将信道估计转换为压缩感知理论中稀疏度未知的号重构问题,首次采用压缩感知的稀疏自适应匹配追踪方法重构出低压电力线载波通信多径信道的冲击响应;仿真表明与其它常用信道估计算法相比,所提出的压缩感知信道估计算法在频谱利用率以及估计性能方面比传统方法有显著提高,在未知稀疏度的情况下,为低压电力线载波通信系统提供了一种稳定、可行的信道估计方案。     

时变水声信道的动态压缩感知估计

水声多径信道具有的稀疏特性已被应用于设计稀疏估计方法提高信道估计性能。然而,水声信道具有的快速时变特性,给传统稀疏信道估计方法带来了很大的困难。考虑到水声信道除了高时变性多径,还存在着相对静止,缓慢变化的直达径或者海底反射径,通过将水声信道建模为由静态和时变稀疏支撑集组成,把时变水声信道估计转化为动态压缩感知问题。结合卡尔曼滤波和压缩感知理论,并采用原始对偶追踪算法求解Dantzig selector模型,从而实现对复数域基于卡尔曼滤波器的压缩感知稀疏求解问题的处理。信道时变条件下的数值仿真及基于信道估计的判决反馈均衡器的海上实验结果表明,该算法相对经典的正交匹配追踪和最小二乘QR分解算法具有较明显的性能改善。从而说明,通过对时变水声信道进行动态压缩感知估计可有效提高估计性能。      

混合稀疏水声信道的动态区分性压缩感知估计

由于水声传播过程中同时存在声信号直达、静态或动态边界反射的现象,水声信道会呈现不同动态特性的多径,形成具有混合稀疏的结构,即多径由静态或相对缓变的平稳多径分量和快速时变的动态多径分量混合组成。对于混合稀疏信道,经典的稀疏信道估计算法未考虑混合稀疏性,将导致算法失配、性能下降;以时变稀疏集为模型,动态压缩感知(DCS)结合卡尔曼滤波(KF-CS)可提高对时变多径分量的估计精度,但KF对静态稀疏分量的估计无法充分挖掘其稀疏性。通过将混合稀疏水声信道建模为由静态和时变支撑集所组成的稀疏集,提出一种动态区分性压缩感知(DDCS)方法。该算法首先结合同步正交匹配追踪(SOMP)和正交匹配追踪(OMP)将混合稀疏多径进行区分,分解为静态分量和时变分量;然后,分别用KF-CS和同步正交匹配追踪算法估计时变和静态多径的幅度;最后,将静态分量和时变分量的估计结果整合以得到整个水声信道的冲激响应。通过海试实验把所提DDCS算法与经典信道估计算法、压缩感知算法和DCS算法进行了比较,验证了所提算法的有效性。结果表明,对混合稀疏水声信道进行区分性稀疏估计可改善信道估计性能,进而可通过信道估计均衡器提升水声通信质量。      

水声多输入多输出信道的分布式压缩感知估计

多输入多输出技术通过采用多个阵元进行多发多收空间复用信道可在极其有限的通信带宽下实现高速水声通信,但由于同时存在通道间干扰和多径干扰,水声MIMO信道估计变得困难。提出利用MIMO水声信道多径稀疏结构存在的相关性,在经典联合稀疏模型的基础上对MIMO观测矩阵进行重组,从而建立基于分布式压缩感知的单载波水声MIMO通信信道联合稀疏模型;同时,针对信道响应中具有相同多径位置的稀疏部分和特有稀疏部分设计区分性正交匹配追踪算法进行联合重构,进一步抑制通道间干扰的影响。最后通过仿真和海上实验进行本方法有效性的验证,实现16 kbps的MIMO水声通信。通过算法推导、仿真和实验可得到结论:利用MIMO水声信道多径相关性进行分布式压缩感知估计可提高估计性能。     

基于压缩感知和粒子滤波的OFDM超宽信道估计

针对通信系统中的正交频分复用(Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM)超宽信道具有的稀疏多径和含噪声特征,将信道估计问题转换为稀疏信号的重构和优化问题,设计了一种基于压缩感知理论和粒子滤波的OFDM信道估计方法。首先定义和描述了OFDM数学模型;然后在对压缩感知理论模型研究的基础上,采用改进的正交匹配算法对OFDM超宽信道进行重构,为了进一步减少信道重构的误差,将由于正交匹配算法得到的重构信道作为初始的粒子,并将OFDM数学模型转换为动态参数模型,并通过粒子滤波来更新模型中的参数和频率响应,通过不断迭代获得信道的估计值。为了验证文中方法的优越性,将文中方法与经典的正交匹配算法与粒子滤波算法进行比较,结果表明：文中方法能有效地对含噪声的稀疏信号进行估计,具有较小的重构误差,且与其它方法相比,具有较小的归一化均方误差。     

基于DFT-SAMP算法的MIMO-VLC系统压缩感知信道估计

多输入多输出(Multiple-input-multiple-output,MIMO)可见光通信(Visible Light Communications,VLC)系统接收端需精确的信道状态信息用以解调信号，而常用的最小二乘算法对噪声敏感，估计误差较大，难以保证可靠性。基于信道稀疏特性，利用压缩感知方法进行MIMO-VLC信道估计，提出一种基于离散傅里叶变换(Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT)的稀疏度预测自适应匹配追踪(DFT Based Prediction-sparsity Adaptive Matching Pursuit,DFT-SAMP)算法。首先，通过DFT的稀疏度预测方法对信道冲激响应的稀疏度进行预估计，将估计的稀疏度作为算法初始步长，以快速逼近真实稀疏度，提高算法效率；其次，采用SAMP算法重构信道冲激响应，提高信道估计准确性，保证通信可靠性。基于2×2的MIMO-VLC系统信道估计实验结果表明，导频数为32时，本文算法相较于最小二乘算法在误码率满足前向纠错的误码率阈值(3.8×10^-3)时所需的信噪比降低4.5 dB；...     

块稀疏水声信道的改进压缩感知估计

压缩感知信道估计可利用信道稀疏特性提高估计性能,但对于具有典型块稀疏分布的水声信道,经典的l₀或l₁范数无法很好地描述块稀疏特性。利用水声信道块稀疏分布规律特性提出一种能够识别块稀疏结构的块稀疏似零范数,并在稀疏恢复信道估计算法中引入块稀疏似零范数约束项,进一步推导了复数域块稀疏似零范数恢复迭代算法,该算法通过对块稀疏似零范数进行梯度下降迭代并将梯度解投影至解空间来获得水声信道的块稀疏似零范数估计。数值仿真和海上水声通信实验结果表明该算法相对经典的稀疏信道估计算法有较明显的性能改善。通过算法推导、仿真和实验可获取结论:利用水声信道的块稀疏特性进行压缩感知重构可有效提高信道估计性能。      

基于主成分变换的图像稀疏度估计方法

压缩感知理论基于信号的稀疏性和可压缩性, 突破传统Nyquist采样频率的限制, 以较低的数据量对信号进行采样和高概率重构. 在压缩感知理论中, 信号的稀疏度确定了稀疏采样的最低数据量, 是验证采样方法及重构方法优劣的重要参数. 在实际研究过程中, 图像稀疏度通常未知, 这就可能导致过采样或欠采样的情况, 从而无法验证采样方法及重构方法的优劣. 因此, 快速而客观地估计图像的稀疏度对于压缩感知理论研究来说意义重大. 本文分析了基于小波变换的图像稀疏化表示方法, 通过遍历采样和重构得到基于小波变换方法的图像稀疏度, 但过程复杂, 而且结果的准确性依赖于小波基和变换尺度的选择. 本文通过压缩感知理论对主成分变换进行阐述, 在基于主成分变换系数近似为正态函数的假设下, 建立了图像稀疏度与系数函数方差间的线性关系, 并通过多组图像数据进行仿真验证, 结果表明线性关系的正确性. 通过分析和仿真可以看出, 基于主成分变换的稀疏度估计方法比小波变换简单、快速、客观, 对压缩感知理论研究有重要的应用价值. 关键词： 压缩感知 稀疏度 小波变换 主成分变换     

深海远程正交频分复用水声通信簇约束的分布式 压缩感知信道估计*

在深海远程正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)水声通信中,信道时延较长,导致信道频率选择性衰落严重,传统的压缩感知信道估计算法性能大幅下降。为此,本文利用深海远程信道在一定时间内具有相关性并呈较稳定簇状分布的特点,在分布式压缩感知信道估计中引入簇区域信息,进行簇约束的多数据块联合稀疏信道估计,提出一种簇约束的分布式压缩感知信道估计方法,并在深海开展了定点远程水声通信实验进行验证,实验结果表明,与传统的分布式压缩感知信道估计算法相比,本方法的能够降低50%左右的误码率。     

基于功率谱收敛的低压电力载波信道中的噪声检测与建模

在低压电力线载波信道中,复杂的噪声特性是阻碍低电压电力线载波通信广泛应用的主要原因之一。因此,准确的噪声模型对于设计和优化电力线通信系统具有重要意义。为了得到更加准确噪声模型,给出一种等效背景噪声和功率谱收敛算法。通过对多组拟合参数的求解,并以归一化理论和噪声特性为基础,实现功率谱收敛算法对准确噪声模型的搭建。通过低压电力线信道噪声分析,验证了功率谱收敛算法在噪声模型中应用的可行性。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.