多脉冲强流真空电子二极管研究

研究了猝发脉冲串条件下真空强流电子二极管状态和输出电子束参数的变化规律, 建立了阴极等离子体膨胀效应的强流电子二极管参量的方程组, 并提出了阴极等离子体柱状膨胀模型. 实验研究了猝发多脉冲电子二极管输出多脉冲强流电子束的能力和束品质的变化, 给出了以天鹅绒为阴极发射体, 阴极等离子体膨胀速度小于1cm/μs时二极管输出的双脉冲电子束包络的变化和电子束的发射度及亮度.     

强流四脉冲电子束源实验研究

 为了进行强流多电子束源研究，对现有2MeV LIA 注入器进行了四脉冲改造，二极管脉冲电压约500kV。实验研究了天鹅绒阴极在四脉冲条件下的发射能力、传导电流负载效应以及阴极等离子体运动对阴极电子发射和束能量的影响。利用空间电荷限制流模型推算出阴极等离子体膨胀速率在1 ~4cm/μs之间。     

二极管爆炸发射阴极等离子体的膨胀扩展

分析了二极管中爆炸发射产生阴极等离子体的演化特征,在考虑了阴极等离子体朝阳极膨胀运动使二极管阴阳极间距缩短这一效应的同时,还计入了阴极等离子体沿发射表面径向扩展运动对二极管有效发射面积的影响。基于Child-Langmuir定律,利用在一个四脉冲强流电子束源装置上得到的电流、电压等实验数据,假定阴极等离子体轴向膨胀和径向扩展速度近似相等,研究了阴极等离子体的膨胀扩展动力学行为。计算结果表明,阴极等离子体朝阳极的膨胀和沿径向的扩展速度为0.9～2.8 cm/s。     

重复频率强流电子束的产生和传输实验研究

 电子束真空二极管重复频率运行时，它将表现出与单次运行时不同的特点。在电子束产生过程中，屏蔽半径应尽可能地小，且击穿延时时间较短，故选择石墨作为阴极材料。实验结果表明：在重复频率运行时，当环型阴极环厚较薄时，阴极的发射电流密度较大，因此对阴极的加热效应也加强，等离子体的膨胀速度加快，从而使得二极管阻抗减小，最后几次输出的电子束的电流较大，而电压减小；当重复频率较高时，由于加热效应使得阴极等离子体膨胀速度加快，最后几个脉冲阴极发射能力增强，波形重复性变差；当引导磁场强度增大时，阴极等离子体受到较大的磁场力约束，横向膨胀速度减慢，从而使得电子发射面积减小，总发射电流减小，二极管的阻抗增大。最后取引导磁场为1.5 T，阴极环厚为1 mm，得到重复频率100 Hz、束压827 kV、束流8.22 kA、脉冲波形之间重复性很好的均匀电子束输出。     

碳纳米管阴极的短脉冲爆炸场发射与等离子体膨胀

采用碳纳米管制备了一种强流电子束发射阴极,并对碳纳米管阴极在双脉冲条件下的强流发射性能进行了研究.在双脉冲条件下获得了245 A/cm²的强发射电流密度,阴极的开启时间约为40 ns.采用高速分幅相机和CCD相机对强流电子束在空间和时间的分布进行了研究.研究表明连续脉冲实验时,离子体及其膨胀对发射电子束的强度和分布影响很大,双脉冲时脉冲间隔时间内等离子体的膨胀速率约为8.17 cm/μs.等离子体形成时没有优先位置,电子束发射的局部增强位置是随机的.结果表明碳纳米管阴极可以作为强流阴 关键词： 碳纳米管 爆炸场发射 等离子体膨胀 强流电子束     

强流电子二极管中阴极等离子体的膨胀

强流真空电子二极管是一种可以利用场发射的方法获得脉冲电流数kA到数MA的电真空装置，在强流加速器、高功率微波等领域得到广泛应用。强流电子真空二极管中，由于阴极材料气化和离子化等因素产生了阴极等离子体。阴极等离子体以一定速度向阳极运动，改变二极管阴阳极间实际间隙大小，并影响进一步引出电子束时二极管状态，从而影响引出束参数。     

天鹅绒阴极产生的强流双脉冲电子束特性

 通过一台2 MeV直线感应型强流电子注入器建立的双脉冲功率源系统，实验研究了天鹅绒阴极产生的相对论性猝发双脉冲强流电子束基本特性，给出了双脉冲电子束的积分发射度、亮度和双脉冲电子束时间分辨包络变化情况。研究结果表明：天鹅绒阴极产生的双脉冲的亮度达到108 A·(m·rad)^-2；实验得到的两个脉冲电子束包络半径不完全一致，这是由于天鹅绒阴极在发射电子束过程中产生的阴极等离子体对真空二极管的影响程度不同所导致的。     

大平面二极管虚阴极振荡器的宽脉冲微波辐射

给出了产生宽脉冲微波辐射的大平面天鹅绒二极管虚阴极振荡器的结构和测试装置，测得了二极管中阴－阳极等离子体的闭合速率为３０～４３ｋｍ／ｓ，获得了微波辐射的最大脉宽为１．５μｓ，产生的微波峰值功率约为１５ＭＷ，频率为０．５ＧＨＺ，指出这种平面二极管型虚阴极振荡器在辐射脉宽，辐射频率和辐射功率三者之间存在着物理上的制约关系，认为同轴型虚阴极振荡器是突破这种制约关系的一个新途径．     

碳纳米管和天鹅绒阴极强流发射特性的对比研究

采用电泳沉积法、碳纳米管纸和化学气相沉积直接生长法制备了三种碳纳米管阴极. 从强流发射性能、阴极等离子体膨胀、阴极起动、发射均匀性、工作稳定性以及脉冲放气特性等多个方面, 对比研究了碳纳米管阴极和化纤天鹅绒阴极的强流发射特性, 研究表明碳纳米管阵列和碳纳米管纸阴极发射性能明显优于普通化纤天鹅绒, 碳纳米管阴极发射性能与碳纳米管取向无关, 管壁的缺陷发射对无序碳纳米管阴极强流发射具有重要贡献. 碳纳米管阴极的起动场强约为普通化纤天鹅绒的2/3, 电场上升率相同时碳纳米管阴极比化纤天鹅绒阴极起动时间短12–17 ns. 碳纳米管阴极发射均匀性优于化纤天鹅绒, 尤其是碳纳米管阵列, 整个阴极表面等离子体光斑致密且均匀. 在二极管本底气压为6×10^-3 Pa时, 碳纳米管纸阴极对应的二极管峰值气压不到0.3 Pa, 约为普通化纤天鹅绒阴极的1/5, 碳纳米管阵列阴极放气量在三种阴极中最少, 仅为0.042 Pa. 结果表明, 碳纳米管阴极在强流电子束源和相关高功率微波器件领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

表面微结构对碳化硅晶须掺杂石墨阴极爆炸电子发射性能的影响

爆炸发射阴极已广泛应用于高功率微波源,但常规场致爆炸发射阴极存在使用寿命短或电子发射不均匀的问题,改善阴极材料是解决这一问题的有效途径.本文将碳化硅晶须掺杂到石墨中制备得到阴极,从二极管电流波形上升沿和输出微波脉宽产生的变化着手,分析了碳化硅晶须掺杂石墨阴极表面材料成分和微观形貌对其电子发射性能的影响机理.研究发现,碳化硅晶须的存在,不仅有利于阴极场发射的快速启动、发射微点数目增多,还有利于降低等离子体膨胀速度、抑制脉冲缩短现象,使得输出微波脉宽增大.随着脉冲发射数量增多,碳化硅晶须掺杂石墨阴极表面被等离子体不断"抛光",微凸起形状因子减小、均匀性提高,场发射启动速度减慢,但输出微波脉宽增大.     

Velvet＇s multi-pulsed emission and multi-pulsed electron beams

The velvet electron emission characteristics and beams＇ brightness are investigated with a multi-pulsed mode. The results indicate that in the multi-pulsed mode the velvet emission is not uniform and the periphery emission is much stronger than that from the centre. The periphery emission contributes much more to the formation of the cathode plasma than the centre emission, which leads to diode impendence breakdown. The relationship between the cathode plasma expansion and the initial emittance of the cathode is deduced to describe the characteristics of the multi-pulsed vacuum diode. The emittance of the multi-pulsed beams is measured to be less than 1000mm·mrad. The brightness of the electron beams is better than 1× 10^8A/（m·rad）2.     

猝发强流多脉冲电子束源物理设计

给出一台脉冲间隔100～1 000 ns、脉冲数2~5个、二极管电压3 MV、引出束流强度2.5 kA的猝发多脉冲电子束源的物理设计及初步调试结果。在设计中,采用感应叠加和阻抗匹配方案获得二极管高电压脉冲;试验中分别采用天鹅绒和大发射面储备式热阴极获得猝发多脉冲电子束。调试结果表明:采用大发射面热阴极可避免阴极等离子体产生,确保二极管在猝发多脉冲状态下稳定运行。初步调试获得大于2.7 MV猝发三脉冲二极管高压,并获得1.6 kA的三脉冲电子束流。     

Generation of high-current relativistic electron beams with stable (for a microsecond) parameters using explosive emission cathodes

Cold explosive emission cathodes, in which a plasma serves as an emitting surface, are used to generate relativistic electron beams with a high current density in a magnetic field. The plasma parameters change within a microsecond, thereby significantly changing the geometry of the electron beam. This paper is a review of techniques for stabilizing the geometry of microsecond high-current relativistic electron beams. It is shown that only a transverse-blade explosive emission cathode in a magnetically insulated diode can generate such beams (500 keV, 3 kA) the current density profile and electron trajectory pitch factor of which remain constant for a microsecond.     

Low-impedance plasma systems for generation of high-current low-energy electron beams

The results of experimental investigation and numerical modeling of the generation of low-energy (tens of keV) high-current (up to tens of kA) electron beams in a low-impedance system consisting of a plasma-filled diode with a long plasma anode, an auxiliary hot cathode, and an explosive emission cathode. The low-current low-voltage beam from the auxiliary cathode in an external longitudinal magnetic field is used to produce a long plasma anode, which is simultaneously the channel of beam transportation by residual gas ionization. The high-current electron beam is formed from the explosive emission cathode placed in the preliminarily formed plasma. Numerical modeling is performed using the KARAT PIC code.     

Specific features of explosive decomposition of pentaerythritol tetranitrate exposed to an electron beam with an explosive emission cathode

A comparative examination of the critical energy density of explosive decomposition of pentaerythritol tetranitrate exposed either to an electron beam of a GIN-600 accelerator (240 keV, 20 ns) with an explosive emission cathode or to this beam combined with metal low-temperature diode plasma has been performed. It has been demonstrated that the contribution of plasma to the development of explosive decomposition is appreciable at explosion probabilities P ≤ 0.2. At higher energy densities and explosion probabilities P ≥ 0.5, the contribution of plasma to the overall beam energy density did not exceed 10%.     

Charge Flow and Plasma Behavior in Intense Ion Beam Diodes

Intense ion beams are produced in high-power vacuum diodes of various configurations and are believed to be useful for applications in inertial confinement fusion and plasma confinement. Using magnetically insulated diodes, we investigated spatial nonuniformities of the diode plasmas, plasma expansion, ion transverse velocities in the diode gap, electron flow to the anode, and the charge distribution in the gap. Various time-dependent diagnostic techniques including recently developed spectroscopic methods have been used. We observed rapid closure of the diode gap, resulting from fast expansion of the electric field-excluding anode plasma early in the pulse. This contributes significantly to the measured ion current density enhancement. The electron cloud in the gap was seen to spread towards the anode beyond the region of the theoretical electron sheath. This is consistent with observed ion current densities being larger than the values calculated using the actual diode gap. The ion angular spread was found to increase locally due to nonuniform expansion of the cathode plasma for one class of phenomena and of the anode plasma for the other two classes. Part of these phenomena were associated with electron flow to the anode. The ion divergence angle in the gap was observed to be independent of the ion mass and to be significantly smaller than angles previously observed outside the diode.     

Characteristics of electron beams formed in a diode with magnetic insulation

The problems of the formation of relativistic electron beams in a cylindrical diode with an annular cathode are discussed in the approximation of an infinitely strong guiding magnetic field. The beams are treated as infinitely thin. The following cases are investigated: 1) The formation of an electron beam moving off the cathode with an initial velocity. The case in which the field on the cathode is not equal to zero is investigated. It is shown that the potential of the electron beam can be determined in a nonunique fashion in the drift region. 2) The formation of a two-velocity electron beam. The possibility of controlling the flow of kinetic energy of the beam by varying the fraction of fast electrons in it is shown. 3) The formation of an electron beam in a diode with the help of two opposed cathodes at different potentials. A strong dependence of the current in the diode on the potential difference between the cathodes is obtained.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 36–39, December, 1981.     

强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的产生及其特性的研究

本文论述产生强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的物理机制及其特性,结合国际上和中国原子能科学研究院的工作来说明产生这种束流的几个关键的技术问题,如阴极等离子体的形成和运动,电子束流自磁场对束流箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响、阳极等离子体的形成及其影响等。至今为止国际上尚未形成一种比较严格的理论模型来解析该二极管中的电子束行为,本文试图将国际上有关这方面的研究做个综述并对一些分析做些改进,如束流自磁场对箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响。