吡喃木糖热裂解机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论理论方法 M062X/6-311++G(d,p),对吡喃木糖的热解反应机理进行了理论计算分析.针对吡喃木糖热解可能发生的化学反应共设计了九条可能的热解路径,并对各路径中的反应物、中间体和过渡态的几何结构进行了能量梯度全优化,并在梯度全优化的基础上计算了各热解反应路径的热力学和动力学参数.文中以两大类方式来设计反应路径:1)木糖首先经过过渡态TS1发生开环反应生成链状中间体2,该步的反应能垒为188.7 kJ/mol,对于中间体2共设计了五种可能的热解反应路径;2)考虑双键同时断裂的情况,木糖先发生脱水反应,接着按C-C和C-O键同时断裂的情况发生开环反应,针于这种情况共设计了四条可能的热解路径.计算结果表明,吡喃木糖热解的主要反应产物有乙醇、乙醛、糠醛、丙酮、酸类、CO_2和CO等小分子化合物.     

孤立条件下布洛芬分子手性转变过程的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,采用6-31+g(d,p)基组,对孤立条件下布洛芬分子的手性转变过程进行研究.通过寻找反应过程中包括过渡态和中间体的各极值点结构,绘制了布洛芬分子手性转变路径反应势能面,分析了各极值点的几何和电子结构特性.结果表明:布洛芬实现从S型到R型手性转变的反应路径有两条.路径1包括三个过渡态和两个中间体,路径2包括四个过渡态和三个中间体.反应路径上最大的能垒是73.54 Kcal/mol,来源于手性碳上的氢向羧基上的氧转移.这一研究为进一步实现一些有重要应用价值的点手性分子手性转变反应调控提供了理论参考.     

锗烯与异氰酸多通道反应的理论计算

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了单重态GeH2与HNCO的反应机理。在B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上对反应物,中间体,过渡态进行了全几何参数优化,通过频率分析和IRC确定中间体和过渡态,用QCISD(T)/6-311++G**方法计算了各个驻点的单点能。计算表明单重态的锗烯与异氰酸的反应有抽提氧、插入N-H键、抽提亚氨基的共七条反应路径。采用经Winger校正的Eyring过渡态理论分别计算了1个大气压、不同温度下反应势垒较低通道的热力学及动力学性质,结果表明插入N-H键反应（GeH2+HNCO→IM7→TS6→P2）通道在温度400K~1400K内,有较高的平衡常数和反应速率常数,为主反应通道,主产物为GeH3NCO。     

铱催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸循环反应的理论探究

采用密度泛函理论DFT-B3LYP方法, 对铱、碘元素采用相对论校正赝势基组SDD, 对C、O、H采用6-311+G(2d, p)基组, 优化了各反应物、中间体和过渡态的构型特征, 通过能量和振动分析证实了过渡态的真实性. 理论研究了阴离子循环中铱催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸的循环反应机理. 运用能量跨度模型获得了反应的动力学信息, 确定了各反应的决速中间体和决速过渡态和各催化剂的能量跨度和转化频率. 通过对cis-[Ir(CO)2I2]- 和 trans-[Ir(CO)2I2]-催化剂电荷密度的分析比较, 得到中心金属的富电子性提高了其催化能力, 以上计算结论与文献假设相符.     

双自由基CH燃烧反应机理的研究

应用量子理论从头算和密度泛函理论(DFT)对双自由基CH(X2Π)与O2(X3∑g-)的反应机理进行了研究.在B3PW91/6-311G**水平上优化了反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的几何构型,并计算了零点能和过渡态的虚频率.并由B3PW91/6-311G**给出了各物种的总能量.计算表明,反应物中自由基CH与O2反应主要在二重态势能面上进行,CH中的C原子可以插在O2分子中两个氧原子中间形成中间体1(2HCO2),中间体1(2HCO2)可以经过不同的反应通道形成不同的产物P1(1CO2 2H)和P2(1CO 2OH),各反应通道的反应热的计算与实验值吻合较好.     

Ga-N共同掺杂CoP催化氨硼烷制氢机理的理论研究

本文通过密度泛函理论(DFT)，计算研究了金属原子Ga和非金属原子N共同掺杂磷化钴(Co P)作为催化剂催化氨硼烷(NH₃BH₃)的脱氢过程．在这里，我们设计了四条可行的反应路径，并且计算了每条路径中间体过渡态的能量．通过研究结果得出结论，路径Ⅱ为最优反应路径．这将为金属和非金属共同掺杂Co P催化NH₃BH₃脱氢反应提供一定的理论基础．     

铬焚烧中CrO_3 H_2CrO_2 H_2O反应机理研究

本文从量子化学角度研究了在含铬物质焚烧的反应中CrO3 H2(?)CrO2 H2O反应机理。通过Gaussian 98软件计算,优化得到各反应物质的几何结构以及体系的内部反应路径,得出该反应体系为两步反应:首先由CrO3 H2经过一个过渡态生成中间体HCrO3 H,然后由中间体HCrO3 H经过一个过渡态生成CrO2 H2O。通过反应物和产物的活化能比较,得出该反应体系更易于正向反应发生。     

2-氨基吡啶气相氟代反应的密度泛函理论研究

采用量子化学方法,运用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-311G*基组水平上,以2-氨基吡啶为起始反应物,全优化计算了亚硝酰阳离子NO~+对2-氨基吡啶中氨基进攻的重氮化反应及氟硼酸根阴离子BF_4~-对吡啶重氮正离子进攻的席曼反应的机理,搜索到整个反应过程中的过渡态结构,得到了反应路径并通过IRC验证,并对各反应中间体、过渡态和产物进行分子几何构型优化、振动频率分析和标准热力学函数计算.通过计算,搜索到的过渡态均为环状结构,与配位插入反应类似,利于原子间化学键的断裂及新键的形成;通过热力学及动力学计算,重氮化-席曼反应是剧烈的放热反应,与实验结果相吻合.     

中性循环中铱催化甲醇羰基化合成乙酸的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了中性循环中Ir(CO)_3I催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸的反应机理,计算得到了反应路径上各驻点的几何构型与频率,通过能量和振动分析证实了过渡态的真实性.结果表明,Ir(CO)_2I与CH_3I作用后,亲核加成过程出现反应路径中最大能垒(40. 3 kJ/mol),使用能量跨度模型分析了反应过程的动力学信息,确定了反应的能量跨度和决速中间体和决速过渡态分别为IM1和TS12,亲核加成过程为反应的决速步骤,得到了298 K催化剂的转化频率3. 2×10~(-6)s~(-1).     

2-氨基吡啶气相氟化取代反应的密度泛函理论研究

采用量子化学方法,运用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-311G*基组水平上,以2-氨基吡啶为起始反应物,全优化计算了亚硝酰阳离子NO+对2-氨基吡啶中氨基进攻的重氮化反应及氟硼酸根阴离子BF4-对吡啶重氮正离子进攻的席曼反应的机理,搜索到整个反应过程中的过渡态结构,得到了反应路径并通过IRC验证,并对各反应中间体、过渡态和产物进行分子几何构型优化、振动频率分析和标准热力学函数计算．通过计算,搜索到的过渡态均为环状结构,与配位插入反应类似,利于原子间化学键的断裂及新键的形成;通过热力学及动力学计算,重氮化-席曼反应是剧烈的放热反应,与实验结果相吻合．     

Mechanism study of hemicellulose pyrolysis by combining in-situ DRIFT,TGA-PIMS and theoretical calculation

As one of the major components of lignocellulosic biomass, the current understanding on pyrolysis mechanism of hemicellulose is relatively limited compared to that of cellulose due to its random and complicated structure. Here, we reported an in-depth study on hemicellulose pyrolysis by combining advanced experimental techniques and quantum chemical calculation, using xylose, xylobiose and xylan as the model compounds. The structural evolution during pyrolysis was firstly characterized via in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The corresponding two-dimensional perturbation correlation infrared spectroscopy analysis shows that the dissociation of side chains dominates in the initial stage of xylan pyrolysis, followed by the cleavage of glycosidic bond and the opening of xylopyranose ring. The release behaviors of condensable vapors from hemicellulose pyrolysis obtained by thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with photoionization mass spectrometry indicate that the pyrolysis of xylan polymer with more side chains is prone to produce small compounds via ring rupture reactions compared to that of xylose and xylobiose. The possible reaction pathways of xylan pyrolysis were proposed based on the experimental results and were further confirmed via quantum chemical calculation. This work expands the size of model compounds from common monomers and dimers without side chains to larger tetramers with side chains. It was found that the dissociation of side chains and the cleavage of glycosidic bonds are competitive reactions. The backbone of xylan is decomposed following the dissociation of side chains to yield furfural, dianhydro xylose and other small compounds.     

异补骨脂素热解实验和理论研究

利用同步辐射真空紫外光电离质谱技术,在不同光子能量下,研究了异补骨脂素(C₁₁H₆O₃)的低压热解,探测了不同温度下异补骨脂素的热解产物及其与前驱体的比例. 实验结果表明,异补骨脂素的主要热解产物是CO及其依次消去CO的产物(C₁₀H₆O₂和C₉H₆O). 利用密度泛函理论计算异补骨脂素的解离途径,并利用过渡态理论计算了竞争通道的反应速率常数. 通过实验和理论的结合,确定了异补骨脂素主要解离路径和相应产物的分子结构.     

H_2CO+OH~-反应的理论研究(英文)

用量化从头算方法在MP4(SDTQ)理论水平上首次考察了甲醛和氢氧根负离子反应的所有可能的反应通道.用6-311 G(3df,3pd)基组对所有的反应中间体、过渡态和产物开展了结构优化和单点能量计算,并经频率分析和内禀反应反应坐标计算(IRC)确认反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的相关性.在H2CO OH-所有可能的反应通道中生成CHOO- H2的通道是该反应的最可几通道,而由于羰基的存在生成H3O-的通道更容易分解产生CHOO- H2.在高计算水平下计算的氢交换反应结果与文献报道相同.通过计算提出亲核加成过程的反应通道,主要产物生成H2和生成COOH-/HCOO-/OCHO-异构体.所有反应通道的反应几率顺序为COOH- H2>H3O- CO>HCHO OH->CHO- H2O>HCOO- H2>OCHO- H2.     

Theoretical study of the gas-phase thermal decomposition of urea

Urea is used in Selective Catalytic and Non Catalytic Reduction (SCR and SNCR) methods for NOx abatement in post-combustion processes. The decomposition of urea-water solution in exhaust systems leads to the formation of NH₃, which is the NOx reducing agent. However, the decomposition of urea can also lead to the formation of unwanted pyrolysis by-products, particularly in region where the temperature and pressure conditions are not optimal or via wall-spray interactions. In this study, a gas phase kinetic model for urea pyrolysis is proposed to explain the growth of pyrolysis by-products of urea, and in particular, the route of formation of the major product: isocyanuric acid. Systematic theoretical calculations, using electronic structure calculations and transition state theory, were performed to explore all the possible unimolecular and bimolecular reactions of the initial species. Kinetic modeling was used to select the relevant reaction pathways at each growing step, and their rate constants were refined using CCSD(T)/CBS//B2PLYP-D3/cc-pvTZ calculations. Quantum calculations showed that the postulated growing schemes of the literature, based on the successive urea + HNCO ? biuret, biuret + HNCO ? triuret followed by the cyclization of triuret into isocyanuric acid are not energetically favored. It is observed that the most favored reaction route to isocyanuric acid involves carbamimidic acid, the urea tautomer, that first yields biuret in a reaction with HNCO and then is involved in the formation of triuret by reacting with a decomposition product of biuret. Isocyanuric acid is produced from the reaction between HNCO and the same decomposition product of biuret. This new mechanism of formation of isocyanuric acid is tested at different conditions to explore its most favored conditions of formation in the gas phase. Exploratory simulations of a pseudo condensed phase are also performed to qualitatively simulate condensed phase experiments and explain the observed pyrolysis yields.     

The formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the supercritical pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene

In order to better understand the pyrolytic reactions leading to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and carbonaceous solids under supercritical conditions, we have pyrolyzed the model fuel 1-methylnaphthalene (critical temperature, 499 °C; critical pressure, 36 atm) in an isothermal silica-lined stainless-steel reactor coil at 585 °C, 110 atm, and 140 s. Analysis of the reaction products by high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array ultraviolet-visible absorbance detection and mass spectrometric detection has led to the identification of 37 individual 2- to 7-ring PAH—fifteen of which have never before been reported as products of 1-methylnaphthalene pyrolysis. The absence, among the reaction products, of single-ring aromatics and acetylene indicates that there is no aromatic ring rupture in this reaction environment, and the structures of each of the 5- to 7-ring PAH products reveal the intactness of the two 2-ring naphthalene units required in their construction. Proposed reaction pathways involving species plentiful in the reaction environment—1-naphthylmethyl radical, methyl radical, 1-methylnaphthalene, naphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene—account for the formation of the observed 5- to 7-ring PAH products. These reaction pathways, along with consideration of bond dissociation energies and relative abundances of reactant species, account for the extremely high product selectivity exhibited by the observed product PAH. The detection of seven 8- and 9-ring PAH, each requiring construction from three naphthalene or methylnaphthalene units, provides evidence that the types of reaction mechanisms outlined here—for the combination of two naphthalene entities to form 5- to 7-ring PAH—are also likely to apply to the combination of three and more such entities in the formation of larger-ring-number PAH and eventually carbonaceous solids.     

小型流化床内化学链热解煤焦油实验研究

为优化煤焦油化学链热解的工况参数,采用Fe/Al复合载氧体在小型流化床反应器内进行了煤焦油化学链热解实验,考察了燃料反应器温度、载氧体/煤焦油摩尔比及反应时间对热解结果的影响,对炭黑收率、气相产物的体积分数进行分析,并计算了实验系统的碳平衡及能量转化率。结果表明,炭黑收率随温度和载氧体/煤焦油摩尔比升高先增后减,在温度950℃和摩尔比3时达到最大,气相产物中CO和H2体积份额为70%左右,继续升高炉温和摩尔比会降低CO份额。系统碳平衡为95.5%以上,误差较小,则系统能量转化率最高可达到87%.通过表观气速变化改变反应时间从2.1s增大到3.5s时,炭黑收率及能量转化率无明显变化,由此确定了化学链热解煤焦油的优化运行参数.     

2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni (I)催化下与苯甲醛反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）研究了2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni(I)催化下与苯甲醛反应生成高烯丙基醇的反应机理。在B3LYP/6-31+G*水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析确认了过渡态的真实性;并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用。研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为64.20 kJ.mol-1、51.63 kJ.mol-1,由以上比较结果可以看出,反应通道IA与IB在整个反应过程可能同时发生,但IB通道具有较低的活化能,即IB通道为整个反应的最优反应通道,与实验结果一致。     

TG–FTIR analysis on pyrolysis and combustion of marine sediment

In this paper, the pyrolysis and combustion of sediment have been compared using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) analysis. The TG results showed that both the pyrolysis and combustion of sediment presented four weight loss stages, each. The evolving gaseous products during pyrolysis were H₂O, CO₂ and hydrocarbons, while combustion yielded considerable amounts of CO₂, in addition to H₂O, CO, CC, CO and NH₃. Comparing the pyrolysis and combustion TG-FTIR curves, it is possible to evaluate the effect of oxygen presence in the temperature range of 200–600 °C, which increases the volatilisation rate of organic matter in sediment. For the better detection of organic and inorganic matter in sediment by TG-FTIR analysis it is recommended to work in combustion mode of sediment.