面向窄线宽超导纳米线单光子探测器的电子束曝光技术

超导纳米线单光子探测器是新型超导电子器件,因其具有高探测效率、低暗计数及低时间抖动等优势,在量子信息、激光雷达等方面已得到广泛的应用.目前主流超导纳米线单光子探测器主要工作在1.5_m 以下的可见光和近红外波段.中红外波长的红外探测技术在基础科学、医学、日常生活以及军事等广泛领域发挥着重要作用,中红外单光子探测器可以使得中红外波段探测技术进入量子极限灵敏度.根据超导纳米线单光子探测器探测机理,超窄线宽的纳米线条可以提升超导纳米线单光子探测器在中红外波长的灵敏度.电子束曝光技术是目前实现超导纳米线单光子探测器纳米线线条加工的主流技术,电子束抗蚀剂种类繁多,面向超窄线宽超导纳米线单光子探测器器件的制备需求,对两款抗蚀剂进行性能测试表征,和窄纳米线制备尝试.根据负性电子束抗蚀剂MaN-2401在制备窄线宽时的显著优点,优化工艺,利用其成功制备出50nm 线宽超导纳米线单光子探测器并成功实现了2000nm 的单光子响应.     

基于TDLAS-WMS的中红外痕量CH_4检测仪

为了对痕量甲烷(CH4)进行非接触式检测,采用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)与波长调制光谱(WMS)的检测技术,利用CH4位于中红外波段1 332.8cm-1吸收谱线,设计并研制出痕量CH4检测仪。该仪器使用中心波长为7.5μm的中红外量子级联激光器(QCL),通过调谐系数-0.2cm-1·A-1,采用固定工作温度调节其注入电流(0.6~1.6 A)的方式使其发光光谱扫描CH4气体吸收谱线(1 332.8cm-1)。在光学结构方面,该仪器采用光程为76m的herriott长光程密闭气体吸收气室,配合差分检测光路,降低了由激光光源波动引起的噪声,确保对痕量CH4进行检测。实验中,实现了40×10-9最低检测下限,检测结果的相对误差为0.09%,稳定度优于2.8%,验证了该仪器的可行性。     

A two-stage up-convertor made of AgGaSe2 and β-BBO crystals

A two-stage infrared up-convertor made of AgGaSe₂ and #-BBO crystals has been built up, that can up-convert the mid-infrared radiation of 11-16 7m into the 0.8-7m range where the sensitive photomultiplier can be used. This up-convertor is pumped with a near-infrared radiation of 1.7-1.8 7m wavelength range generated by a #-BBO optical parametric oscillator. In this experiment, we also measured the o-ray refractive index of AgGaSe₂ in the 11-16 7m mid-infrared range and extended the fitting range of the Sellmeier equation to the 16-7m wavelength range.     

Mid-infrared quantum cascade detectors for applications in spectroscopy and pyrometry

In this paper, we give an overview of quantum cascade detector technology for the near- and mid-infrared wavelength range. Thanks to their photovoltaic operating principle, the most advanced quantum cascade detectors offer great opportunities in terms of high detection speed, reliable room temperature operation, and excellent Johnson noise limited detectivity. Besides some important features dealing with their fabrication and their general characteristics, we will also briefly present some possibilities for performance improvement. Elementary theoretical considerations adopted from photoconductive detectors confirm that optimization of such devices always involves various trade-offs.     

Generation of broadly tunable picosecond mid-infrared laser and sensitive detection of a mid-infrared signal by parametric frequency up-conversion in MgO:LiNbO₃ optical parametric amplifiers

Picosecond optical parametric generation and amplification in the near-infrared region within 1.361-1.656 μm and the mid-infrared region within 2.976-4.875 μm is constructed on the basis of bulk MgO:LiNbO 3 crystals pumped at 1.064 μm.The maximum pulse energy reaches 1.3 mJ at 1.464 μm and 0.47 mJ at 3.894 μm,corresponding to a pumpto-idler photon conversion efficiency of 25%.By seeding the hard-to-measure mid-infrared radiation as the idler in the optical parametric amplification and measuring the amplified and frequency up-converted signal in the near-infrared or even visible region,one can measure very week mid-infrared radiation with ordinary detectors,which are insensitive to mid-infrared radiation,with a very high gain.A maximum gain factor of about 7 × 10 7 is achieved at the mid-infrared wavelength of 3.374 μm and the corresponding energy detection limit is as low as about 390 aJ per pulse.     

Watt-level, high-repetition-rate, mid-infrared pulses generated by wavelength conversion of an eye-safe fiber source

We report on a mid-infrared (mid-IR) source consisting of an approximately 10 W average-power, linearly polarized 1.54 microm wavelength pulsed fiber source pumping an optical parametric oscillator. From this source, we obtained average power in excess of 1 W in the 3.8-4.0 microm wavelength range at a pulse repetition frequency of 100 kHz. With a slightly different setup, we also achieved an average power of 0.25 W at 4.5 microm wavelength. To our knowledge, these values represent the highest mid-IR power obtained through wavelength conversion of an eye-safe fiber source.     

Broadband tunable Raman soliton self-frequency shift to mid-infrared band in a highly birefringent microstructure fiber

Raman soliton self-frequency shifted to mid-infrared band(λ 2 μm) has been achieved in an air-silica microstructure fiber(MF). The MF used in our experiment has an elliptical core with diameters of 1.08 and 2.48 μm for fast and slow axis. Numerical simulation shows that each fundamental orthogonal polarization mode has two wide-spaced λZDW and theλZDW pairs located at 701/2110 nm and 755/2498 nm along the fast and slow axis, respectively. Using 810-nm Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser as pump, when the output power varies from 0.3 to 0.5 W, the furthest red-shift Raman solitons in both fast and slow axis shift from near-infrared band to mid-infrared band, reaching as far as 2030 and 2261 nm. Also, midinfrared Raman solitons can always be generated for pump wavelength longer than 790 nm if output pump power reaches0.5 W. Specifically, with pump power at 0.5 W, the mid-infrared soliton in slow axis shifts from 2001 to 2261 nm when the pump changes from 790 nm to 810 nm. This means only a 20 nm change of pump results in 260 nm tunability of a mid-infrared soliton.     

基于量子级联激光器和长光程气室的甲烷传感器

根据中红外光谱吸收原理,利用甲烷(CH₄)气体分子在7.5 μm处的基频吸收特性,设计了一种基于量子级联激光器(QCL)和新型多反射长光程气体吸收气室(MPC)的甲烷气体传感器。该仪器使用了可进行热电冷却、工作在脉冲方式下、中心波长为7.5 μm的QCL,通过在室温条件下调节其注入电流(500 mA～1.6 A调节范围),其出射光波长可以扫过CH₄(1 332.8 cm-1)气体吸收线。同时使用了一种紧凑型MPC(40 cm长,800 mL采样容积),使得系统有效总光程达到16 m。此外,系统中使用了参考气室,并加入了空间滤波光学结构以满足MPC对入射光束的要求,配合差分吸收光谱检测原理,有效地改善了光束质量,降低了由光源波动引起的噪声,提高了仪器的检测灵敏度。通过对不同浓度的甲烷气体进行多次检测,该仪器的稳定性能良好,按信噪比为1计算,可实现对甲烷气体的检测下限为1 μmol·mol-1。     

基于中红外DFG光源的甲烷气体光谱检测方法研究

基于中红外光源的气体光谱检测是新的痕量气体监测与分析方法,在大气监测领域具有重要的应用。构建了一套基于中红外DFG光源的甲烷气体光谱检测系统。该系统以1 550 nm和1 060 nm波段可调谐半导体激光器作为基频光源,采用PPLN晶体作为差频非线性变频器件,实现了3.3 μm处的窄线宽可调谐中红外光源输出。实验结果表明,当PPLN晶体工作温度为99.5℃时,闲频光的输出功率为112 μW,差频转换效率达到1.246 mW/W2。晶体的温度接受带宽为4.3℃,泵浦光波长接受带宽为5.3 nm。在此基础上,分别利用直接吸收法和谐波检测法获得了3 028.751 cm-1处的甲烷气体吸收光谱和二次谐波检测信号。     

Electro-optic detection of continuous-wave mid-infrared radiation

We demonstrate coherent detection of continuous-wave mid-infrared radiation. This radiation is produced by use of conventional difference-frequency mixing and detected via the linear electro-optic effect. The detection process allows for the simultaneous measurement of the amplitude and phase properties of the infrared field. Both processes require an amplitude-modulated optical beam that is derived from the superimposed output of two single-frequency lasers. With appropriate choice of lasers and nonlinear optical crystals, the technique may be applied to any wavelength throughout the far and mid infrared.