百纳秒脉冲下强流二极管的工作稳定性

以闪光二号加速器为研究平台,实验研究了前沿80 ns和34 ns脉冲电压下的二极管工作稳定性,通过对比实验结果和数值模拟结果,分析了脉冲前沿对二极管启动时间、阴极发射均匀性和阻抗重复性的影响,探讨了脉冲前沿对平面阴极二极管工作状态的影响机制。实验结果表明:脉冲前沿、二极管启动时间增加时,二极管的阻抗重复性降低;平面阴极易于在中心位置形成强区域发射,等离子体覆盖整个阴极发射面的时间随脉冲前沿增大而增加;屏蔽效应对阴极发射的影响随前沿增加而变大,进而导致阴极表面不均匀强点发射,等离子体运动速度增加,阴极有效发射面积减小,在等离子体运动速度和阴极有效发射面积共同作用下,二极管工作稳定性下降。     

无箔二极管强流电子束空间密度分布初步研究

通过在强磁场条件下,利用环形刀口石墨阴极(刀口尺寸38~39mm)开展电子束轰击收集极内表面铜箔和垂直轰击金属靶片实验,对无箔二极管中电子束的空间密度分布进行了初步研究,并对其产生原因进行了分析。研究结果表明,电子束径向分布在37.2~40.2mm,存在密度较高区域(38.8~39.4mm)和密度最大值点(39.2mm),且均偏向于阴极外侧。无箔二极管环形阴极爆炸发射产生电子束的径向密度分布可用偏态分布近似。     

强流多注电子束高效率引入的模拟研究

强流相对论多注速调管相对于单注速调管具有导流系数低,输出功率高和效率高的优点,并且可以明显降低引导磁场强度,因此得到快速发展。但是其多注电子束引入漂移管效率低的问题,影响了多注速调管的整管效率,限制了其稳定高效运行和应用推广。论文采用粒子仿真软件CHIPIC对多注速调管二极管爆炸发射过程进行仿真研究,寻找影响多注速调管引入效率的主要因素,并对阴极结构进行了优化,设计出三种两段式新型多注阴极结构并进行冷阴极爆炸发射模拟研究。研究结果表明:给定参数下,常规结构由于底座边缘的不必要的环形电子束发射,只能达到82%的引入效率,而三种新型阴极结构通过抑制不必要电子发射,引入效率都可以提高至95%以上,最高达到99%。     

平面二极管爆炸发射阴极特性实验研究

 在电压0.6~1.0 MV,脉冲重复频率为100 Hz条件下,实验研究了爆炸发射阴极的有效发射面积、平均发射电流密度、二极管阻抗、电子束能量损耗机制等特性。结果表明：阴极有效发射面积随时间呈方波变化,在脉冲开始后5 ns内有效发射面积基本达到稳定。在碳纤维、天鹅绒、石墨、不锈钢4种阴极材料中,碳纤维阴极有效发射面积最大且变化相对稳定,并且碳纤维阴极具有最大的平均发射电流密度。二极管阻抗随着阴阳极间隙的增加并非呈平方关系增加,而是呈线性增长,阻抗失配是降低电子束能量传输效率的主要机制。     

轴对称真空二极管空间电荷限制流

基于ArcPIC代码采用PIC-MCC方法,模拟研究了轴对称真空二极管放电时电子密度和阴极表面场强分布情况,同时给出了二维空间电荷限制流的一阶和二阶拟合公式。研究发现,真空二极管放电时阴极表面电场会随阴极注入电流密度的增加而增加,而后出现振荡并趋于一个稳定状态;二维空间电荷限制流密度值随阴极发射半径的增大而减小,且阴极发射半径越大越接近一维空间电荷限制流值。     

二极管间隙距离对场致发射过程中空间电荷效应的影响

在强电场条件下,由阴极通过场致发射产生的电子具有很强的空间电荷效应,因此真空二极管的空间电荷限制电流是设计高功率微波源等强流电子束器件时需要考虑的重要参数.场致发射电流密度只和阴极材料、阴极表面电场等有关,而空间电荷效应则会受二极管电压、间隙距离等因素的影响.为研究二极管间隙距离对场致发射过程中空间电荷效应的影响,建立了由场致发射阴极构成的一维平板真空二极管物理模型,利用第一性原理的粒子模拟方法,研究了二极管间隙距离和外加电压等参数变化时的阴极表面电场随时间的演变特性,得到了阴极表面稳态电场和二极管间隙距离之间的关系.结果表明,场致发射过程开始后,阴极表面电场先有个振荡过程,随后趋于稳定;在同一外加电场条件下,间隙距离越长,稳态电场的绝对值越小,且达到稳态所需的时间也越长;间隙距离越短,当阴极表面电场达到稳定状态时,二极管间隙区的电场分布变化越剧烈.     

一种5.8 GHz磁控管粒子模拟

 借助3维粒子仿真软件对一种新型18叶片5.8 GHz磁控管进行了动态模拟,比较了爆炸式发射与电子注发射的不同。利用磁路电子注发射方式针对不同的阴极发射电流进行了动态模拟,得到了不同发射电流条件下磁控管的工作特性。同时,利用FEMM仿真软件对磁控管磁路进行了仿真,得到了磁控管互作用空间的磁场分布,并在此基础上,对非均匀磁场下磁控管动态性能进行了模拟。     

磁场引导双电子束传输模拟和实验研究

 利用外加纵向磁场把单台加速器驱动双阴极二极管产生的同步双电子束引出双漂移管,是双电子束实用化的关键环节。在实心束情况下,对双电子束约束磁场进行了3维PIC模拟。在粒子模拟的基础上搭建了双电子束磁场引导系统,进行了磁场引导环形双电子束传输实验研究,在二极管电压约380 kV时,环形双束流值分别为5.10 kA和4.92 kA。实验结果表明,所设计磁场系统能够对环形双电子束进行有效约束,有效约束磁场约0.5 T。     

乳腺超声断层成像系统的有限元仿真分析

本文利用有限元仿真软件COMSOL进行乳腺超声断层成像仿真,仿真模型置于水中,重建区域包含乳腺软组织和一个圆形铁块障碍物。256个换能器等角度环形分布于乳腺外部,采用一个换能器发射、其余所有换能器接收的方式进行,依次进行256次仿真来实现环形扫描。仿真得到随时间变化的二维声压分布云图,提取接收电压获得信号矩阵。利用等角扇束滤波反投影重建算法进行图像重建,仿真实验结果证明了换能器呈360?进行环形扫描的方式可行。     

具有双电子束结构的双波段相对论返波振荡器粒子模拟研究北大核心CSCD

研究了一种能够同时产生C波段和X波段微波、具有双电子束结构的相对论返波振荡器,采用嵌套式的高频结构将两个波段的束-波相互作用空间隔离开来,从而使两个波段的束-波相互过程互不影响。当二极管电压为650kV、内外环形电子束流分别为5.4,6.4kA、导引磁场为2.2T时,两个波段微波的频率分别为4.625,8.450GHz,模拟产生的微波功率分别为920,600MW,转换效率约为21.8%,17.1%。并采用粒子模拟法研究了导引磁场、二极管电压及两个束-波相互作用区关键结构参数对器件运行的影响,给出了双波段微波功率、频率随导引磁场、二极管电压等参数的变化曲线。     

Hollow Cathode Effect with Double Axial Electron Injection

The paper presents a new type of HCE glow discharge obtained with double plane-conical cathodes. The two identical cathodes are tronconical and screened with 1 mm² mailed wire net with a 3.5 mm diameter central washer each. The discharge is obtained between the two cathodes and a ring shaped anode equally distant from both. Optimum intercathodic span is 4 mm, allowing for maximum amplifications at the optimum pressure values for the two gases. Employed helium and argon are spectral pure. At the given distance and depending on voltage and gas pressure, a double axial electron self injection cathode effect is obtained between the electrodes, consisting of very large increase of current and radiations.     

Vacuum discharge effects in the diodes of high-current electronaccelerators

The processes occurring in the diodes of high-current electron accelerators which affect the electron beam structure are discussed. Two types of diodes are analyzed: planar diodes producing large cross-section beams, and magnetically insulated diodes producing cylindrical beams. The effects considered are: the screening effect, the effect of touches, the relay effect, the ring effect, etc. They are entirely associated with the explosive electron emission occurring on the cathode of a high-current diode. Methods which can be employed to eliminate or control some of these effects are described-namely, the application of an additional magnetic field, artificial initiation of emission centers, and employment of metal-dielectric cathodes. Examples of several types of cathode are given     

Space-charge limiting current in spherical cathode diodes

The results of the investigation on the space-charge limiting current for a spherical-cathode diode in the nonrelativistic situation are presented in this paper,The results show that the current enhancement factor equals the square of E-field enhancement factor on the cathode surface,The generated space-charge limiting current is deduced.In the case of a pin-shaped-cathode diode,the space-charge limiting current is also obtained.Indicating that the current is independent of the geometric paramters of the diode.Analyses of the shielding effects and the conditions for generation of the uniform space-charge limiting beam show that ,for pin-arrayed cathodes,the distance between pins should be in the range from 1.2D to 1.5D.where D is the distance between the two electrodes.     

Characteristics of electron beams formed in a diode with magnetic insulation

The problems of the formation of relativistic electron beams in a cylindrical diode with an annular cathode are discussed in the approximation of an infinitely strong guiding magnetic field. The beams are treated as infinitely thin. The following cases are investigated: 1) The formation of an electron beam moving off the cathode with an initial velocity. The case in which the field on the cathode is not equal to zero is investigated. It is shown that the potential of the electron beam can be determined in a nonunique fashion in the drift region. 2) The formation of a two-velocity electron beam. The possibility of controlling the flow of kinetic energy of the beam by varying the fraction of fast electrons in it is shown. 3) The formation of an electron beam in a diode with the help of two opposed cathodes at different potentials. A strong dependence of the current in the diode on the potential difference between the cathodes is obtained.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 36–39, December, 1981.     

三阴极强流加速器研制

 研制了一台能同时产生3电子束的高功率强流加速器,该加速器主要由初级储能部分、线绕式脉冲变压器、水介质形成线和三阴极二极管组成,3根阴极分别伸入3个独立的漂移管,对3个电子束之间相互作用的电磁力起屏蔽作用。当该加速器二极管接单个阴极时,产生的电功率超过50 GW;当该加速器二极管同时接3个阴极时,产生3个电子束的电功率分别超过10 GW;当该加速器被用于驱动3个高功率微波管时,能产生L波段1.0 GW,S波段1.0 GW和C波段300 MW的微波输出。     

碳纤维天鹅绒阴极与化纤天鹅绒阴极的比较

研制了一种碳纤维天鹅绒阴极,并对碳纤维天鹅绒阴极和化纤天鹅绒阴极进行了初步的比较研究。比较结果表明:碳纤维天鹅绒阴极比化纤天鹅绒阴极启动稍慢。在相同的驱动电压条件下,碳纤维天鹅绒阴极产生的微波输出功率有可能优于化纤天鹅绒阴极。但是,由于纤维脱落导致碳纤维天鹅绒产生微波的性能显著下降。在高电压运行中,化纤天鹅绒的纤维尖端由于高温烧蚀而膨胀、弯曲,从而影响了其运行寿命;但碳纤维天鹅绒的纤维尖端在实验运行后没有出现因高温烧蚀而膨胀、弯曲的现象。因此,碳纤维天鹅绒阴极的运行寿命应优于化纤天鹅绒。     

Work function distribution for W-Ir mixed metal matrix cathodes

Mixed metal matrix cathodes have inherent non-uniformity and patchiness of emission due to the presence of two-alloy phase structure on the surface. I-V characteristics of cathode studied in a close spaced diode configuration is one of the easy and cost effective methods to estimate the variation of work function on the cathode surface. Tungsten iridium mixed metal matrix dispenser cathodes of Ø1.4 mm (80 wt.% W-20 wt.% Ir) have been fabricated in the laboratory and their I-V characteristics have been investigated in diode configuration. In this paper the model suggested by Tonnerre et al. has been used to find out the work function distribution of W-Ir cathodes from I-V characteristics. An attempt has been made to correlate the microstructure with the work function values.     

Characteristics of a reflex discharge with a box-shaped cathode cavity and emission properties of the discharge plasma

A new geometrical relationship between the shape and dimensions of the cathode cavity of a reflex discharge with a cold hollow cathode is determined. The discharge characteristics and the emission properties of the discharge plasma are investigated experimentally. The conditions are determined for generating a cathode plasma that is highly inhomogeneous in the radial direction and the possibility of creating such a plasma is demonstrated. The existence of a stationary double electric layer with a potential drop of 14–16 V in the aperture of the cathode cavity is revealed. Specific features of the longitudinal extraction of plasma ions through the wall layer of the reflex and hollow cathodes are considered.     

Relation between space-charge-limiting current and electric field enhancement factor at curved surface cathode

A two-dimensional solution of space-charge-limiting current for a high current vacuum diode with a spherical cathode is presented. The relation between space-charge-limiting current and electric field enhancement factor at the cathode surface for the diode with a curved surface cathode is also discussed. It is shown that compared with the current given by the conventional Child—Langmuir law, which describes the one-dimensional space-charege-limiting current, the two-dimensional space-charge-limiting current in such a diode is enhanced due to the electric-field enhancement along the cathode surface. Among practical parameter ranges, enhancement factor η_b approximately satisfies η_b ≈ Aβⁿ, where β is the electric field enhancement factor at the cathode surface, and n is a constant between 1 and 2, which is confirmed to be universal for the diodes with curved surface cathodes.