空气加热器振动信号的测量与处理研究

针对火箭发动机试验中某加热器振动信号的测量和处理问题,首先在加热器某测点上冗余配置了两种不同型号的加速度计,完成了其振动加速度信号的测量;之后,基于MATLAB编程方法实现了加热器振动加速度信号消除趋势项和平滑预处理,通过对两种预处理结果的比较分析,得到了最终合理的振动加速度信号;最后,将振动加速度信号进行了频域二次积分解析运算,得到了其振动位移量信号;试验结果验证了信号测量的可靠性和处理结果的有效性和准确性,从而为加热器振动状况的分析提供了全面、可靠、准确的数据依据。     

像散法对微位移和微振动的实时测量

提出了一种通过对光学像散量的检测来实现对物体的微位移和微振动进行实时非接触测量的新方法.该方法采用四象限光电探测器测量由于物体相对于光学系统焦点的偏离而引起的像散量,参照已标定的物体位置与像散量之间的关系,可计算出物体的实际位移或振幅.利用这套系统对压电陶瓷片的振动状态进行了测量,得到了振动的振幅及频率.测量结果表明,该系统的测量灵敏度优于17 nm.     

激光纳米振动测量技术研究

本文通过对电子散斑小振幅振动测量的线性分析,实施一系列特殊算法、散斑平均技术及特殊图象处理等工作,使得纳米振动测量系统的测量精度得到较大提高.该系统将具有全场、非接触、测量速度快、测量精度高等优点,目前它也是纳米全场振动测量的唯一方法.     

低温制冷机微振动输出的测量和控制方法

低温制冷机微振动输出是在设计和实际使用过程中的重要指标。为了准确测量出低温制冷机自身微振动输出,提出了采用弹簧和细线的悬置方式测量微振动输出的方法,消除了因为支撑和装夹等因素的影响,并对2.8W/80K斯特林制冷机压缩机和膨胀机各方向的振动输出进行测试,分析了振动输出产生的原因和控制方法,对于整机优化设计与性能改进具有指导意义。     

热处理温度对流量计振动管性能的影响

采用真空熔炼的方法制备了铁镍金属振动管,采用XRD对振动管的晶体结构及热处理温度等对振动管晶体结构的影响进行了分析;用阿基米德密度测量方法对金属管的密度进行了测量,用显微硬度计测量了振动管的维氏硬度;采用共振的方法测量了振动管的振动频率及热处理温度对振动频率的影响。结果表明,随着热处理温度的增加,振动管的显微硬度增加、振动管的振动频率也相应增加。     

回转件弯扭测量系统及其不确定度分析

为了准确诊测轴系振动特性,基于激光多普勒的频移原理,提出一种能同时测量旋转轴系弯曲振动、扭转振动和轴系旋转速度的方法。设计了能分离弯扭振动的多普勒外差干涉光路,结合光学差拍及参考光技术,构建了测量系统数学模型。对影响激光多普勒弯扭振动测量的主要因素进行了分析,讨论了各参量对测量结果的影响,并给出了相应的测量不确定度。在置信水平为95%时,瞬时转速的不确定为0.079 r/min,弯曲振动速度分量的不确定为0.001 4 mm/s,其精度能满足旋转状态下轴系振动的综合测量要求。     

绝对重力测量中振动传感器振动补偿性能的分析

绝对重力测量的精度主要受振动噪声的限制.振动补偿是一种简单可行的振动噪声处理方法,它通过传感器探测振动噪声来对测量结果进行修正.现阶段对于不同传感器的振动补偿性能缺乏系统的分析与评估,仅停留在应用阶段.本文从理论出发分析了传感器性能对补偿效果的影响,并通过实验评估了不同振动环境下不同传感器的振动补偿性能.实验结果显示,采用低噪声地震计的振动补偿效果主要受带宽和量程的限制,在安静环境下可实现优于百微伽的单次测量标准差,但补偿效果随振动噪声高频成分的增强而降低,在动态环境下地震计则受量程限制而无法工作.采用加速度计的振动补偿效果主要受分辨率的限制,在复杂和动态环境下均可实现毫伽量级的单次测量标准差.本文为振动补偿技术应用于绝对重力测量提供了振动传感器选型的理论和实践依据,有望为振动补偿技术的进一步发展提供技术支撑.     

分子环境变化对振动退相时间影响的实验研究

物质分子振动退相时间测量是一种非标记无损分子检测方法, 用超连续谱时间分辨相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射方法可同时获得分子振动谱和退相时间. 实验以苯甲腈和甲醇为样品, 研究当分子环境变化时, 其主要振动谱的振动退相时间变化情况. 将苯甲腈与无水乙醇混合, 测量了苯甲腈分子1017, 2247和3085 cm^-1三个典型分子振动的退相时间随环境变化的规律, 并得到了变化后的振动退相时间. 测量了甲醇分子2851, 2960 cm^-1两个相邻分子振动的退相时间随环境的变化情况, 给出实验变化规律. 这种方法具有检测分子所处环境变化和分子相互作用的能力, 在生命科学、分子生物学和材料科学等研究领域中具有重要的应用前景.     

具有温度补偿功能的光纤振动测量系统

针对光纤振动传感器受温度影响和灵敏度低的问题,设计了具有温度补偿功能的光纤振动测量系统.为减小温度对振动测量的影响,系统利用光纤布喇格光栅测量环境温度,对振动加速度值进行补偿;采用可调谐法布里-珀罗滤波器进行波长解调,并将其作为光纤反射镜,以提高传感器的灵敏度.分析并测试了振动和温度同时测量时的相互影响,结果表明,振动对光纤布喇格光栅中心波长的影响很小,通过数据处理的方法,可消除法布里-珀罗滤波器扫描对振动测量的影响;实验测得,温度变化25℃时,振动加速度最大相对测量误差为1.65%,振动测量的灵敏度为107.70mV/g.     

包括振动弛豫的超短光脉冲染料放大器理论分析

本文将染料的振动弛豫速率引入超短光脉冲染料放大器的速率方程,建立了包括染料振动弛豫的超短光脉冲染料放大模型。并且将模型分析的结果与振动弛豫的模型进行了比较,新模型能更好的解释超短光脉冲染料介质中的放大结果。提出了一种测量染料振动弛豫寿命的可能的方法。     

Determination of reduced thicknesses by means of the variable take-off angle technique

Reduced thicknesses can be determined by means of substrate, layer and ratio methods. All these methods require the determination of two unknown quantities — the reduced thickness and a proportional factor which is specific for the method applied. Experimental results can be evaluated by regression, employing equations derived for plane, smooth, homogeneous layers. The aim of this paper is to show how the measured data are influenced by surface roughness, by the energy-dependence of the mean free path of the photoelectrons, and by measurement errors. Moreover, a method is presented for applying the equations derived for ideal layers to results obtained from real structures, taking these influences into account. This evaluation procedure is demonstrated by two examples.     

Evaluation of uncertainty in measurements—problems and tools

The ISO “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM) establishes a unified method for evaluating and stating measurement uncertainties that has been accepted by nearly all calibration services and most test co-operations in all parts of the world. In measurements of mechanical quantities, such as acceleration and derived motion quantities, the application of the GUM may be difficult and very time-consuming unless some possibilities of simplification are made use of. After a brief introduction to the basic procedure specified in the GUM for the calculation of the measurement uncertainty, a survey of the problems typically encountered in uncertainty calculations when, for example, vibrations are measured or accelerometers calibrated by laser interferometry is given. It is shown how a model function of simple structure can be established for the usually complex relationship between the output quantity (e.g. sensitivity of an accelerometer), the quantity to be measured (e.g. acceleration) and various influence quantities (noise, transverse motion, base strain, etc.). Among other things, non-linear effects such as the influences of distortion, hum and noise can be properly taken into account.     

Data completion method for the characterization of sound sources

This paper presents a different approach to solve the inverse acoustic problem. This problem is an "ill-posed" problem since the solution is very sensitive to measurement precision. A classical way to solve this problem consists in inversing a propagation operator which relates structure quantities (acoustic pressures or gradients) to near-field quantities (acoustic pressures or gradients). This can be achieved by using near-field acoustical holography (NAH) in separable coordinate systems. In order to overcome this limitation, the inverse boundary element method (IBEM) can be implemented to recover all acoustic quantities in a three-dimensional space and on an arbitrary three-dimensional source surface. In this paper, the data completion method (DCM) is developed: the acoustic gradients and pressures are known on a surface surrounding the source, but are unknown on its structure. The solution is given by the resolution of the Helmholtz formulation applied on the empty domain between the two boundaries made by the measurements quantities and the structure of the source. The conventional method applies directly the integral formulation for the empty domain. Another way of solving this Helmholtz formulation can be achieved by splitting it in two well-posed subproblems in a Steklov-Poincare?'s formulation. The data completion method allows one to solve the problem with acoustic perturbations due to sources on the exterior domain, or due to a confined domain, without altering the results.     

探究用比较法测液体粘滞系数

采用间接比较法,就是利用已知的标准量作为参考,通过比较公式,来测量某未知量.该方法可使实验操作过程大为简化,不仅减少了测量量,且单位不必国际化,计算更简单,有效数字位数只由已知标准量来确定,从而提高了测量的精度,使比较公式的物理意义更加明确.该方法使学生的视野大为开阔,为很多的实验,提供了多选方案,为进一步拓展学生的思...     

Generalized acoustic energy density

The properties of acoustic kinetic energy density and total energy density of sound fields in lightly damped enclosures have been explored thoroughly in the literature. Their increased spatial uniformity makes them more favorable measurement quantities for various applications than acoustic potential energy density (or squared pressure), which is most often used. In this paper, a generalized acoustic energy density (GED), will be introduced. It is defined by introducing weighting factors into the formulation of total acoustic energy density. With an additional degree of freedom, the GED can conform to the traditional acoustic energy density quantities, or it can be optimized for different applications. The properties of the GED will be explored in this paper for individual room modes, a diffuse sound field, and a sound field below the Schroeder frequency.     

一种用以提高强度型光纤传感器稳定性的新方法

本文描述了一种Beheim的改进型方案,用以提高强度型光纤传感器的稳定性,可用于多种物理量的测量.给出了应用于相对位移测量的实验结果.     

Lattice dynamics of wurtzite-type crystals including the effect of the electronic extension

Birman has given a physical meaning to the Ewald method and has given a potential including the effect of the electronic extension with the use of this method. Thus we can easily take into account the effect of the electronic extension with the use of the Birman method without considering any other new procedures. On the basis of the polarizable-ion model, after applying the Birman method we have calculated macroscopic quantities (wave number, elastic constant, and piezoelectric constant), and examined the contribution of this effect to them. The result is that the effect is not so small that it can be neglected, and enables better agreement with the observed macroscopic quantities to be obtained.     

Measurement of vibrational energy flow in a plate with high energy flow boundary crossing using electronic speckle pattern interferometry

The measurement of vibrational energy flow is an important tool in understanding the vibrational behaviour of structures. In the past, because of transducer constraints, the measurement of vibrational energy flow was mostly restricted to single point measurements. However, recent developments in advanced laser measurement techniques, such as electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), have gained interest in applying two-dimensional, multi-point measurement techniques to the estimation of vibrational energy flow. This paper addresses the measurement of vibrational energy flow in a plate by using an ESPI based vibrational energy flow measurement technique. A radially symmetric bending wave plate vibration model is introduced and theoretical expressions for energy-based quantities are derived. To assess the accuracy of the measurement method, these theoretical quantities are compared to synthetic results derived from the ESPI energy flow measurement technique. The ESPI measurement technique is also applied to an experimental ‘infinite’ plate. Thus, a specially designed experimental apparatus was constructed so as to minimise undesired wave reflections in the plate and, thus, achieve a high energy flow boundary crossing at the edges of the plate. To reduce the effect of optical noise contamination on the ESPI measured out-of-plane plate displacement data, optimal filters were applied prior to the vibrational energy flow computation. To appraise the accuracy of the experimental method, measured vibrational power on the plate is compared with measured vibrational input power. A difference of less than 1 dB between both quantities indicates that vibrational energy flow within a rectangular plate that contains radially symmetric wave propagation can be measured to a good degree of accuracy if appropriate filtering is applied.     

Simultaneous measurement of emittance, transmittance, and reflectance of semitransparent materials at elevated temperature

A two-substrate method is developed to simultaneously determine emissivity, transmittance, and reflectance of semitransparent materials with a single measurement under the same environment at elevated temperature. The three quantities can be obtained through the emissivities of substrates and the apparent emissivities resulting from the radiance of the sample heated by substrates. The two-substrate method is compared with the conventional method by measuring sapphire samples with various thicknesses, resulting in good agreements for all the samples. The present method will be useful to measure the temperature dependence of optical properties of porous ceramic materials.     

一种双段多层长周期光纤光栅光谱特性研究

长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)传感器具有非常广泛的应用价值,而有效解决物理量交叉敏感问题是其实用化的关键。基于LPFG对包层外介质折射率和厚度的敏感性,提出一种双段多层折射率横向分布结构的新型LPFG传感器的设计,并利用耦合模理论和传输矩阵方法分析了镀膜材料折射率、膜层厚度和镀层长度对新型LPFG传感器光谱特性的影响。软件仿真结果证明,这种LPFG由于结构设计上的特殊性,将使LPFG的谐振峰发生分裂,即一个透射峰分裂为两个。由于两个分裂峰对应力和温度的灵敏度不同,利用该结构的LPFG作为传感器,可以实现温度、应力等物理量的同步测量,从而解决LPFG传感器的交叉敏感问题。