交会对接航天器间相对位姿参数单目视觉测量的解析算法

利用四个非共面设置的特征光标和单个CCD相机,采用单位四元素来描述航天器相对姿态,基于比例正交投影近似假设,建立目标航天器已知特征光标物理坐标和对应图像点图像坐标之间的简化数学模型,以解析的形式给出了航天器间相对位姿参数(相对位置和姿态),并对解析解进行修正。对该算法进行数学仿真,仿真结果表明,算法简单可靠,能够满足航天器确定精度和实时计算的要求。     

基于单目视觉的航天器位姿测量

鉴于实时高精度航天器位姿测量不仅是航天器实时监控和跟踪的重要技术保证，同时也是实时调整和补偿航天器姿态的主要依据，提出一种基于单目视觉的航天器实时位姿测量方法，利用高精度旋转平台几何摄像机的方式对被测目标进行位姿解算。该方法不需要对被测目标进行几何约束，同时也不用进行转站测量，因而可以进行动态实时的在线位姿检测。航天器位姿实验结果表明:该单目视觉测量方法姿态测量误差小于0.05°，位置测量误差小于0.02 m，满足实际工程0.1°和0.05 m的精度需求。     

基于单目视觉的航天器间相对位姿测量算法

对航天器间相对位姿的光学测量问题进行了研究,提出了一种新的单目视觉测量算法——相似迭代算法。该算法根据三角形相似原理提出了一种新的深度迭代机制,并通过引入深度变量,将求解2D-3D问题转化为迭代求解3D-3D问题。对数值仿真与两种现有的测量算法进行了比较。仿真结果表明,该算法具有精度高、抗噪声能力强和实时性较好等优点,可以应用于航天器间相对位姿测量等任务。     

航天验证器运动参数摄影测量方法

针对大多数测量实施试验中测量条件的局限性,提出一种基于双相机联合无同名点的双目视觉运动参数测量方法,采用该方法计算位姿初值并采用全局正交迭代算法优化初值。该测量方法在实现过程中不需要同名点参与,只需要两台相机的视场内有6个以上的目标合作标志点,就可得到验证器在运动过程中的位置和姿态等参数。对航天器悬停、避障和着陆阶段进行试验,将该测量方法与同一工况试验下基于同名点的双目位姿测量方法、基于正交迭代的单目位姿测量方法获取的结果和全站仪打点获得的默认真值进行对比,得到姿态测量误差小于0.5°,位置测量误差小于0.01 m。     

航天器对接相对位置姿态自主测量方法研究

航天器间相对位置姿态的准确测量是实现自主自动对接的先决条件。将三圆标志靶安装在目标航天器上;追踪航天器用数码相机对靶拍照。设计了亚像素处理方法实时处理数字照片,可精确测定圆心像点位置和特征直径的像长;用其作为基本特征参数,基于透视投影原理,建立了求圆心物空间坐标的公式,求出靶面的平面方程,可用来求两航天器间的相对位置姿态参数和实时标定相机的可变参数。计算机仿真结果表明,测距为2m时,测圆心像点位置的误差小于0.03个像素,测距误差小于1mm,测姿态角的误差小于0.01°。该方法也适用于无人直升飞机定点着陆时自主测量其相对位姿参数。     

基于单目视觉的矩形靶面弹着点测量

目前机器视觉技术广泛应用于弹着点坐标的测量领域,针对双目视觉技术标定、演算复杂的问题,提出一种基于单目视觉技术的弹着点测量方法。通过图像处理技术定位出靶面4个角点以及弹着点像素坐标,采用矩形P4P方法解算出靶面坐标相对于相机坐标系的位姿,根据单目视觉成像原理计算出弹着点在靶面的实际坐标。根据该方法成功测量出了实验中靶面弹孔的坐标,最大测量误差为2.3 mm。结果表明,该方法可以快速、精确测量靶面与相机的位姿关系以及弹着点的坐标。     

基于单目视觉的姿态自动测量方法

提出一种将EPnP算法和SoftPOSIT算法融合的单目视觉姿态自动测量方法.首先,利用EPnP算法计算得到立体靶标的位姿参数,并将该位姿参数作为SoftPOSIT算法的迭代初始值带入.其次,将SoftPOSIT算法计算位姿的的迭代过程与立体靶标结合,实现姿态的自动测量,并仿真验证了拓扑确定位姿的有效性.最后,为了验证姿态测量结果的精度,以高精度二维转台为基准,将立体靶标安装在二维转台中,通过控制转台转动角度得到靶标姿态的测量数据.实验结果表明,当转台转动角度在[-20°,20°]时,靶标姿态角α的测量结果标准差为0.20°,姿态角β的测量结果标准差为0.27°.     

硬管式无人机AAR双目视觉导航算法研究

针对硬管式无人机自主空中加油近距编队阶段的相对位置和姿态估计问题，研究了基于双目视觉的相对位姿估计算法。该算法采用Harris方法提取特征点，并对其进行快速匹配，通过Sampson方法三维重构获得特征点在摄像机坐标系下的三维坐标，以重构误差平方和最小为准则建立目标函数，利用单位四元数法求解位姿参数。最后利用仿真平台验证双目视觉位姿估计算法的有效性。结果表明:相对位置误差低于0.1 m，相对姿态误差小于0.5°，其精度满足自主空中加油相对导航性能要求。     

基于目标特征点比例的单站图像定姿方法

 为提高靶场实况记录设备的姿态测量能力，提出了一种针对实况记录图像的单站定姿方法，可以利用目标特征点坐标的比例信息快速准确地获取目标三维姿态。分析了目标成像模型及坐标系间位姿参数关系；推导出含特征点坐标比例的共线方程，采用迭代求解获得目标姿态参数；分析了算法的可行性及误差来源。仿真实验表明：该算法求解精度高，鲁棒性好，具有较强的工程实用性。     

一种面向空间非合作目标位姿测量应用的三维点云滤波算法

针对激光位姿敏感器获得的原始点云有噪声和直接参与解算消耗星上计算资源过大问题，给出一种适用于空间非合作目标位姿测量的点云滤波和特征提取算法。应用仿真的方法分别验证了算法滤除空间随机噪声和点云降采样的有效性，验证了特征点对目标位姿变化和高斯测量噪声的鲁棒性。在非合作目标绕飞、抵近、捕获全物理试验平台上，以扫描激光位姿敏感器获得的原始点云数据为输入，验证了算法在实际空间目标位姿测量中的性能。试验结果表明，该算法实现了原始点云93.1%的降采样，节省了92.9%的位姿解算时间，可有效提升星上数据处理的效率和姿态解算的实时性。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.