聚变α粒子对第一壁辐照损伤的蒙特-卡罗研究(Ⅲ)—— 固体中位移原子深度分布

本文用基于两体碰撞的蒙特-卡罗方法研究α粒子轰击固体靶的位移原子深度分布,并分析了位移原子深度分布与固体中能量沉积的关系。文中给出入射α粒子能量、入射角及靶材料的改变对位移原子深度分布的影响。结果表明,位移原子数与轰击离子在靶中的弹性能量损失密切相关。聚变α粒子在SiC中产生的位移损伤远小于它在不锈钢材料中的位移损伤。     

聚变α粒子对第一壁辐照损伤的蒙特-卡罗研究(Ⅱ)——溅射

本文应用蒙特-卡罗方法研究聚变α粒子对不锈钢第一壁的溅射损伤。首先,计算单种元素Fe,Cr,Ni的溅射产额随入射能量的变化,并与实验结果比较,以确定计算中所用到的一些重要参数,如原子位移能等。在此基础上计算聚变α粒子对不锈钢(Fe_0.73Cr_0.18Ni_0.09)的部分(和总)溅射产额,溅射粒子的能谱、角分布和源深度分布,以及上述各量与α粒子入射角的关系。结果表明,在考虑入射α粒子随能量及入射角的分布后,其平均总溅射产额为0.375。由于1     

快粒子在等离子体中的慢化谱

工作[1]曾指出,由于大角库仑散射能使质量与靶粒子相近的快粒子在一次碰撞中损失相当多的能量,因而快粒子在该靶粒子组成的等离子体中所产生的慢化谱与普通Fokker-Planck方程描述的慢化谱在某些重要参数下会有相当的不同。同时还指出,这种区别对于计算中性束注入等离子体,重粒子轰击固体靶丸引起的热核反应以及估计等离子体中某些     

α粒子散射与原子核大小的测量

根据α粒子散射实验,卢瑟福在１９１１年提出了如下的原子核式结构学说：原子中的正电荷不是均匀地分布在原子大小的整个球内,而是集中在比原子体积小得多的体积内,他把这个比原子小得多的体积称为原子核,它含有除电子质量以外的原子的全部质量,电子散布在校外整个区域绕核旋转．从这一模型出发,我们可以简化α粒子与原子碰撞的模型如下： 当用α粒子轰击原子时,由于α粒子比电子重７４００倍,从动量的观点来看,原子中的电子引起α粒子的偏转是微不足道的．因而在用α粒子轰击原子时,可以忽略电子的作用,α粒子就仅受到原子核的…     

低能氘分子团(d_3~ )与固体靶原子相互作用过程中的团簇效应研究

通过对三个氘原子组成的氘分子团与三个分立的氘原子在轰击固体靶原子时所激发的Ｘ射线产额的差别的研究，进而揭示氘分子团在以库仑激发方式与靶原子相互作用中所体现出的团簇优势。实验结果显示，在１０－１００ｋｅＶ／ｄ能区，每个分子团中的氘核所激发的Ｘ射线产额平均为相同能量的普通氘核所激发的Ｘ射线产额的２．５倍。而且该比值具有较很弱的能量相关性。基于原子库仑相互作用规律对实验现象做了初步解释和简要估算，提出了分子团与靶原子作用模型。     

质子在碳化硅中不同深度的非电离能量损失

利用蒙特卡罗方法,应用Geant4程序,模拟计算了1—500 MeV质子在碳化硅材料中的非电离能量损失,并研究了不同种类的初级反冲原子对非电离能量损失的贡献.模拟结果表明:在相同质子辐照下,碳化硅材料中的非电离能量损失要比硅、镓等半导体材料更小,说明碳化硅器件的稳定性更好,抗位移损伤能力更强;当靶材料足够厚时,在不同能量质子辐照下,材料损伤最严重的区域会随着质子入射能量的增加从质子射程末端逐渐前移到材料表面;不同种类的初级反冲原子对非电离能量损失的贡献表明,在低能质子辐照下,28Si和~(12)C是位移损伤的主要原因,而随着质子能量的增加,通过核反应等过程产生的次级离子迅速增多,并对材料浅层造成严重的位移损伤.     

反场构型等离子体靶压缩过程中强磁场对α粒子能量的约束效应

基于一维弹塑性磁流体力学程序（SSS-MHD），研究了反场构型（FRC）等离子体靶在磁驱动固体套筒压缩过程中强磁场对α粒子能量约束效应，分析了α粒子的非局域和局域自加热对FRC等离子靶压缩峰值温度的影响，以及α粒子能量在整个压缩过程中端部损失效应。等离子体部分采用多温单流体的模型，能量的计算中引入了DT离子、电子及α粒子多成分温度的能量方程，同时考虑了等离子体压缩过程热平衡下的核反应和非局域自加热问题。研究结果表明，磁化靶聚变等离子体在压缩过程中具有较好的稳定性，能够保持刚性转子的靶结构，压缩过程形成的强磁场能够将α粒子的能量约束在O点附近的区域，有利于等离子体靶的点火及燃烧；α粒子对等离子体的自加热效应主要集中在等离子体电流中心区，而非等离子体中心轴处；α粒子对DT等离子体局域和非局域自加热过程存在差异，局域自加热过程的功率大于非局域自加热过程的功率，FRC等离子靶压缩峰值状态温度相差0.5倍。在反场构型的刮离层区，α粒子的能量端部损失在FRC等离子体靶的压缩和膨胀过程中逐渐增大。     

低能氘分子团（d^＋3）与固体靶原子相互作用过程中的团簇 …

通过对三个氘原子组成的氘分子团与三个分立的氘原子在轰击固体靶原子时所激发以Ｘ射线产额的差别的研究，进而揭示氘分了团在以库仑激发方式与靶原子相互作和中所体现出的团簇优势，实验结果显示，在１０－１００ｋｅＶ／ｄ能区，每个分子团中的氘核所激发的Ｘ射线产额平均为相同能量的普通氘核所估激发的Ｘ射线产额的２．５倍，而且该比值具有较高很弱的能量相关性，基于原子库仑相互作用规律对实验现象做了初步解释和简要估算，提     

1.0MeV电子碰撞引起Ta和Au内壳电离截面的测量

无论对深入理解电子-原子的作用机制,还是在材料等领域的实际应用,电子轰击原子的内壳电离截面都具有重要意义。当前电子碰撞引起原子内壳电离的实验数据多集中在几十ke V入射能量和中小Z靶原子,其它数据相对比较缺乏。本工作以能量为1.0 Me V电子轰击Ta和Au靶,通过测量靶原子特征X射线的产额,获得其K壳电离截面分别为13.3和10.1 b,L壳电离截面分别为554和338 b。并将实验结果和相应的理论进行了对比,结果显示,本实验测得的K壳电离截面与Casnati、Hombourger理论值、L壳电离截面与Scofield和Born-Bethe的理论值相符。     

空间重离子入射磷化铟的位移损伤模拟

磷化铟(InP)具备电子迁移率高、禁带宽度大、耐高温、耐辐射等特性,是制备空间辐射环境下电子器件的重要材料.随着电子器件小型化,单个重离子在器件灵敏体积内产生的位移损伤效应可能会导致其永久失效.因此,本文使用蒙特卡罗软件Geant4模拟空间重离子(碳、氮、氧、铁)在InP材料中的输运过程,计算重离子的非电离能量损失(non-ionizing energy loss, NIEL),得到重离子入射InP材料的位移损伤规律,主要结论有:1) NIEL值与原子序数的平方成正比,重离子原子序数越大,在InP材料中产生位移损伤的能力越强;2)重离子NIEL比次级粒子NIEL大3—4个量级,而NIEL与核弹性碰撞产生的反冲原子的非电离损伤能成正比,说明重离子在材料中撞出的初级反冲原子是导致InP材料中产生位移损伤的主要原因; 3)空间辐射环境中重离子数目占比少,一年中重离子在0.0125 mm3 InP中产生的总非电离损伤能占比为2.52%,但重离子NIEL值是质子和a粒子的2—30倍,仍需考虑单个空间重离子入射InP电子器件产生的位移损伤效应.4)低能重离子在较厚材料中完全沉积导致平均非电离损伤能分布不均匀(前高后低),使NIEL值随材料厚度的增大而略微减小,重离子位移损伤严重区域分布在材料前端.研究结果为InP材料在空间辐射环境中的应用打下基础.     

He wall bombardment and wall erosion in fusion devices

Abstract

A small fraction of the α-particles produced in a future (D, T)-fusion plasma will escape directly and hit some areas of the surrounding solid walls with their full energy, while the majority will be confined in the magnetic field, slowed down in the plasma and reach the first wall with about the same energy distribution as the other plasma particles.

During bombardment of a solid by energetic α-particles the implanted surface layers undergo several modifications leading finally to a rough surface with a spongy microstructure. Some of these modifications, i.e. blistering and flaking, are only observed if the critical gas concentration builds up first at some depth below the surface. This condition is met only if simultaneous erosion by sputtering stays below a certain limit. In fusion devices with loss fractions of ? 1% high energy α-particles and a plasma temperature near the first wall above some 10 eV, blistering and flaking are likely to be avoided.     

表面氧化层对共振反应寿命测量影响的Monte-Carlo模拟

本文用两次碰撞近似的Monte-Carlo模拟计算了Al单晶中在2000?深度发射的、能量为2.12MeV的α粒子沿<110>轴的阻塞角分布。计算中除了考虑晶格原子热振动、电子多次散射等因素,在Al单晶表面引入了Al₂O₃有效氧化层。计算结果表明:考虑了无定形表面氧化铝层以后,模拟的阻塞角分布比未考虑氧化层时更接近于实验曲线。 关键词：     

Correlation between energies and angles of α-particles emitted in thermal-neutron fission of U

The energy distribution and yields of the α-particles emitted in the thermal-neutron fission of ²³⁵U were measured with the same detector system for the cases when the average angles between fragments and α-particles were 90°, 46°, 27° and 11°. The data were analysed by the Monte Carlo method to take into account the effects of the finite size of the source and the various detectors, and the following results were obtained: (i) Even at small angles with respect to the fission axis the yield of the α-particles is about 2–3 % of the yield at 90°, and does not go to zero as would be expected for a true Gaussian angular distribution of a variance which fits the data around 90°. (ii) At these angles where most of the α-particle yield belongs to the non-Gaussian component, the α-particle energy distribution has a significantly higher most probable energy but the FWHM of the energy distribution is not significantly different, (iii) The rms width σ_θ of the Gaussian angular distribution is found to increase for very high (E_α > 20 MeV) α-particle energies and also to a lesser extent for very low (E_α < 15 MeV) energies. The origin of the yield of the α-particles at small angles, and the dependence of the rms width σ_θ on the energy are discussed.     

Study of α-particles produced in thermal neutron induced reactions on 235U

The ²³⁵U(n_th, α) reaction and the α-particles emitted in the thermal neutron induced fission of ²³⁵U were measured using a very pure thermal neutron beam of the Grenoble high flux reactor. An upper limit of 0.66 mb was determined for the ²³⁵U(n_th, α) reaction cross section, which is lower than all the previous results. The energy distribution of the α-particles produced by the ²³⁵U(n_th, f) reaction was measured down to 7 MeV with a non-shielded surface-barrier detector telescope assembly. The measured distribution has a quasi-Gaussian shape; it reveals, however, a pronounced deviation from such a shape at lower α-energies. Several possible explanations for this deviation are discussed.     

磷分子离子(P2+)注入硅的损伤行为

本文研究了不同能量(5—600keV)和不同剂量(10¹⁴-10¹⁶atom/cm²)下的P₂⁺和P⁺注入〈100〉单晶硅后的损伤及退火行为。实验结果表明,P₂⁺注入所产生的损伤总是大于P⁺注入所产生的损伤。由移位效率之比N_D^*(mol)/2N_D^*(atom)所表征的分子效应随入射能量的改变而变化并在100keV(P₂⁺),50keV(P⁺)处达到极大值。P₂⁺与P⁺注入的样品,退火后的载流子分布也有某些区别。我们认为,产生这些分子效应的基本原因是位移尖峰效应,但当入射离子的能量较高时,还应该考虑离子、靶原子之间的多体碰撞效应的贡献。 关键词：     

Computer simulation of low-energy displacement events in pure HCP metals

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations of low-energy atomic recoils have been carried out for α-Ti (HCP) with a view to investigating the displacement threshold energy, E_d, in detail. These have been undertaken at 0 K and 100 K, using a many-body interatomic potential modified to reflect the dominant two-body interaction at short range. This is the first systematic study of atomic displacement events in the HCP structure using such a potential. The mechanisms of these threshold events have been investigated and the strong orientation dependence of the threshold energy has been interpreted in terms of the HCP crystal structure. Also, a correlation has been found between the magnitude of the threshold displacement energy and the maximum number of atoms temporarily displaced into interstitial positions during a cascade.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of the (0 0 0 1) α-Al2O3 and α-Cr2O3 surfaces

A simple, rigid pair-potential model is applied to investigate the dynamics of the (0 0 0 1) α-Al₂O₃ and α-Cr₂O₃ surfaces using the molecular dynamics technique. The simulations employ a two-stage equilibration process: in the first stage the simulation-cell size is determined via the constant-stress ensemble, and in the second stage the equilibration of the size-corrected simulation cell is continued in the canonical ensemble. The thermal expansion coefficients of bulk alumina and chromia are evaluated as a function of temperature. Furthermore, the surface relaxation and mean-square displacement of the atoms versus depth into the slab are calculated, and their behaviour in the surface region analysed in detail. The calculations show that even moderate temperatures (∼400 °C) give rise to displacements of the atoms at the surface which are similar to the lattice mismatch between α-alumina and chromia. This will help in the initial nucleation stage during thin film growth, and thus facilitate the deposition of α-Al₂O₃ on (0 0 0 1) α-Cr₂O₃ templates.     

Measurements of the maximum α-particle energy at forward angles in the reaction22Ne+197Au

The energy spectrum of α-particles has been measured for the system²²Ne+¹⁹⁷Au atE _1ab=178 MeV. The reaction products emitted at 0° relative to the beam direction are analysed using a magnetic spectrometer and detected by means of a semiconductorΔE?E telescope. The measured α-particle spectrum strongly differs from the one expected from evaporation. The experimentally measured maximum α-particle energy almost amounts to the maximum possible value calculated from the reaction energy balance. The obtained results are discussed from the point of view of the mechanism of formation of high-energy α-particles.     

Messung der Winkelverteilung der α-Teilchen der Kern-Reaktion11B (p, α1)8Be (2,9 MeV)

It is not possible to measure the angular distribution of the α-particles from¹¹B(p, α₁)⁸Be*(2,9 MeV) with a simple one-detector arrangement, because the back-ground α-particle spectrum from⁸Be* will change shape and contents with angle. Therefore a coincidence method is employed. Two detectors are arranged in such a way that with any angle in thelaboratory system the angle between the detectors is 180 degrees in the center ofmass system. By this method angular correlations are eliminated and the angular distribution of α₁ can be measured as long as the two coincident lines, recorded by each detector, are separable. Since this is not always the case the angular distributions are determined only for reactions proceeding through the two excited states in¹²C that are reached with 1.39 and 2.64 MeV proton energy. Angular distributions of the α_o radiation have been remeasured.