驻波声场中单分散细颗粒的相互作用特性

利用外加声场促进悬浮在气相中的细颗粒发生相互作用,进而引起颗粒的碰撞和凝并,使得颗粒平均粒径增大、数目浓度降低,是控制细颗粒排放的重要技术途径.为探究驻波声场中单分散细颗粒的相互作用,建立包含曳力、重力、声尾流效应的颗粒相互作用模型,采用四阶经典龙格-库塔算法和二阶隐式亚当斯插值算法对模型进行求解.将数值模拟得到的颗粒声波夹带速度和相互作用过程与相应的解析解和实验结果进行对比,验证模型的准确性.进而研究颗粒初始条件和直径对相互作用特性的影响.结果表明,初始时刻颗粒中心连线越接近声波波动方向、颗粒位置越接近波腹点,颗粒间的声尾流效应就越强,颗粒发生碰撞所需要的时间就越短.研究还发现,颗粒直径对颗粒相互作用的影响取决于初始时刻颗粒中心连线偏离声波波动方向的程度.当偏离较小时,颗粒直径越大,颗粒发生碰撞所需要的时间越短;当偏离很大时,直径较小的颗粒能够发生碰撞,而直径较大的颗粒则无法发生碰撞.     

可吸入颗粒物在驻波声场中运动的可视化研究

采用可视化实验的方法,拍摄可吸入颗粒在驻波声场中的运动轨迹.根据拍摄结果,分别采用标尺测量、颗粒重力沉降特性和声波夹带特性计算颗粒粒径.实验表明,可吸入颗粒在声团聚室中受到声波夹带、重力作用和粘性力的影响.计算结果说明,利用声波夹带特性可以准确计算颗粒粒径,颗粒的漂移现象是由漂移力引起.     

驻波与声悬浮

<正>1886年,德国科学家孔特(Kundt)发现,谐振管中的声波能够让灰尘颗粒悬浮起来,这一发现引发了悬浮技术的大革命,而今,声悬浮的威力已     

TURBISCAN LAB稳定性分析仪研究农药WDG悬浮液稳定性

利用TURBISCAN LAB稳定性分析仪研究了农药WDG(水分散粒剂)悬浮液体系的稳定性。将自制苯乙烯磺酸/丙烯酸共聚物钠盐分散剂应用于75 wt%的苯磺隆WDG配方中,通过测量苯磺隆WDG悬浮液的透射光和背散射光强度随时间的变化,可原位描述农药WDG悬浮液的动态沉降过程,反映农药WDG悬浮体系的稳定性。实验发现, 当分散剂用量为6 wt%,重均分子量为12 000时,体系的悬浮稳定性较好。通过研究不同分子量及不同含量苯乙烯磺酸/丙烯酸共聚物钠盐分散剂的WDG悬浮液沉淀层厚度、颗粒沉降速率、悬浮体系颗粒粒径大小和粒径增大速率,有助于分析体系的不稳定性发生的机理,可方便有效地筛选剂型配方中的助剂及优化农药WDG的配方。     

基于PIV图像处理法的管内低浓度液固两相流颗粒运动特性研究

为了研究管内低浓度液固两相流颗粒运动特性,提出一种基于PIV图像处理法的液固两相流颗粒速度场、涡量场及速度大小的分析方法。通过高速摄影仪获得不同工况下流场的运动图像,运用Canny算子边缘检测法分割图像提取粒子,由互相关函数获得粒子速度和方向,重建二维场。速度矢量场与颗粒运动轨迹相符,说明该方法可用于管内低浓度液固两相流动测量。研究发现:流量越大,流场越复杂,颗粒速度分布越混乱,涡量变化范围越大。流量、浓度和粒径对颗粒速度有显著影响。颗粒速度随浓度、粒径的增大而减小,而随流量增大正好相反。水平管中,颗粒粒径越小,颗粒速度增幅越大,最大约为2倍;流量越大,不同粒径组合下颗粒速度差越大,约达1.5倍。     

海洋悬浮颗粒的光谱模拟:ADA与Mie的比较研究

基于海洋悬浮颗粒的折射率、粒径分布特征,利用异常衍射近似ADA(anomalous diffraction approximation)和米(Mie)散射方法进行衰减、吸收和散射效率的光谱模拟,分析两种方法计算结果相对偏差Δc,Δa,Δb及其影响因素,探讨利用计算速度占优的ADA方法进行海洋悬浮颗粒光谱模拟的可行性,研究发现:Δc,Δa,Δb受颗粒粒径、折射率实部和虚部的共同影响,且影响方式复杂;ADA方法满足计算精度(相对偏差小于5%)要求的最小颗粒半径Rmin随折射率和波长等的变化而变化。考虑到ADA与Mie的计算偏差受到多种因素的影响,而且海洋悬浮颗粒组分复杂多样,建议在进行海洋悬浮颗粒光谱模拟时,采用经典的Mie方法,而不是计算相对快速的ADA方法。     

激光诱导击穿光谱直接测量颗粒流的粒径效应及其修正方法研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术应用于颗粒流的直接测量是实现固体物料特性在线监测的有效途径之一。以不同粒径的高纯石英砂为研究对象,利用高精度的连续给粉机产生稳定连续的石英砂颗粒流。脉冲激光在大气环境下分别激发5组不同粒径的石英砂颗粒流,研究LIBS直接测量颗粒流时的粒径效应及其修正方法。研究结果表明,在相同粒径下质量流量小范围波动对激光等离子体光谱强度没有显著影响,而粒径波动则会引起光谱强度的较强变化,光谱强度随着粒径的减小而增强。通过分析各粒径的颗粒流在不同光谱信号探测延迟时间下的光谱特性,发现在2~4μs的延迟时间区间内,粒径效应较弱。在此优化延时基础上,将颗粒流直接激发时同步产生的N谱线作为石英砂组分谱线的内标时,可以进一步减弱粒径效应,从而获得可以表征颗粒流基体特性的修正光谱强度。在N元素的各条特征谱线中,343.76nm谱线的修正效果最佳。     

驻波声场中悬浮临界密度及稳定性研究

本文以声场中物体为研究对象,理论上得到行波和驻波场中的声辐射压力方程.在驻波声场中引入临界悬浮密度概念,可作为物体能否在非线性声场中悬浮的判据,同时给出谐振腔移动速度的最大范围.更进一步,以实验参数作为数值计算的输入来指导实验,并结合实验结果讨论了驻波声场中样品密度和大小、发射面和反射面形状以及两者之间的距离、反射面的尺寸等因素对物体悬浮稳定性的影响,发现当物体尺寸和密度确定时,调控好谐振腔的长度,增加波腹处的声压是提升声悬浮稳定性的有效手段.     

Q开关Nd:YAG脉冲激光对红外滤光片的损伤效应

 介绍了由滤光片膜层结构决定的激光在光学薄膜中形成温度场及驻波场特性。用1.06μm调Q Nd:YAG激光器，在激光脉冲宽度10ns和光斑直径0.61μm的条件下，进行了激光辐照红外滤光片的损伤特性实验研究。根据脉冲激光辐照红外滤光片后样品损伤分析，发现滤光片的最初损伤发生在里面的膜层中，从而在实验上验证了计算得到的滤光片膜层中存在其温度场及驻波场的结果。它对提高红外滤光片的抗激光辐照能力研究具有一定的参考价值。     

流化床中颗粒最小悬浮速度的确定

一、前言 沸腾炉的沸腾速度通常是按临界流化速度为基准选取的,但是对于宽筛分物料,在临界流化速度下大颗粒并没有流化。随着风速增加,料层中流化的物料量增加,即由小颗粒沸腾逐渐过渡到大颗粒沸腾,直至整个料层达到沸腾状态,颗粒完全悬浮时的最小风速称为最小悬浮速度W_(fs)。(见图1)。     

Prediction of particle sticking efficiency for fly ash deposition at high temperatures

The tendency of ash particles to stick under high temperatures is dictated by the ash chemistry, particle physical properties, deposit surface properties and furnace operation conditions. A model has been developed in order to predict the particle sticking efficiency for fly ash deposition at high temperatures. The model incorporates the particle properties relevant to the ash chemistry, particle kinetic energy and furnace operation conditions and takes into consideration the partial sticking behaviour and the deposit layer. To test the model, the sticking behaviours of synthetic ash in a drop tube furnace are evaluated and the slagging formation from coal combustion in a down-fired furnace is modelled. Compared with the measurements, the proposed model presents reasonable prediction performance on the particle sticking behaviour and the ash deposition formation. Through a sensitivity analysis, furnace operation conditions (velocity and temperature), contact angle and particle size have been found to be the significant factors in controlling the sticking behaviours for the synthetic ash particles. The ash chemistry and furnace temperature dictate the wetting potential of the ash particles and the melting ability of the deposit surface; particle size and density not only control the particle kinetic energy, but also affect the particle temperature. The furnace velocity condition has been identified as being able to influence the selective deposition behaviour, where the maximum deposition efficiency moves to smaller particles when increasing the gas velocity. In addition, the thermophoresis effect on the arrival rate of the particles reduces with increasing the gas velocity. Further, increasing the melting degree of the deposit layer could greatly enhance the predicted deposition formation, in particular for the high furnace velocity condition.     

Phosphor thermometry at the surface of single reacting large-diameter spherical coke particles to characterise combustion for packed bed furnaces

Packed-bed furnaces fired with large-diameter coke are important in high-temperature material processing industries such as lime and iron production. The combustion conditions are complicated by the presence of an ash layer surrounding the coke particle that remains intact during passage through the furnace and alters oxygen diffusion and heat transfer to the reacting particle core. The objective of this study is to determine the surface temperature of this ash layer using lifetime-based phosphor thermometry during combustion of single spherical 38 mm diameter coke particles in a high temperature tube furnace. Time traces of the coke particle core temperature and mass conversion rate do not significantly differ between experiments performed with and without the phosphor layer, indicating that the presence of the phosphor particles does not alter the overall combustion behaviour. Surface temperatures of up to 950 °C are measured and correlated with the fuel mass conversion rate. When the coke particle starts to react the surface temperature is up to 100 °C higher than that of the core. As the reaction front progresses toward the centre, the core temperature exceeds the surface temperature by 200 °C due to the insulating effect of the ash layer. The surface temperature of the ash layer decreases with time due to the steadily decreasing fuel mass conversion rate. The method and results can be used to provide key validation data for shrinking-core combustion models, for example by constraining the unknown transport properties of the ash layer, thereby assisting the development of complete packed-bed furnace simulations for process optimisation.     

矢量拖线阵水听器流噪声响应特性

针对传统拖线阵流噪声理论的局限性, 建立了完善的矢量拖线阵流噪声理论分析方法, 可全面准确地揭示矢量拖线阵流噪声响应特性. 基于细长圆柱的湍流边界层压力起伏Carpenter模型, 采用波数-频率谱分析方法对矢量拖线阵流噪声响应特性进行了理论研究, 导出了圆柱形矢量水听器流噪声响应的声压和振速自功率谱及其互功率谱的解析表达式, 定量分析了流噪声响应功率谱与拖曳速度、水听器尺寸、套管尺寸和材料等参数之间变化规律; 另外, 还讨论了圆柱形矢量水听器偏离护套轴线时矢量拖线阵流噪声响应, 导出了流噪声响应的声压、径向和轴向振速自功率谱及其互功率谱的解析表达式, 数值计算结果表明: 轴线偏移距离对声压和轴向振速的高频噪声的影响要大于对低频噪声的影响, 而对径向振速的全频段噪声都有明显影响, 且对振速分量影响要远大于对声压影响.     

Investigation of non-linear acoustic losses at the open end of a tube

At high acoustic level, non-linear losses at the end of a tube are usually interpreted as the consequence of a jet formation at the tube end resulting in annular vortices dissipating part of the acoustic energy. Previous work has shown that two different regimes may occur. The present work, using particle image velocimetry visualization, lattice Boltzmann method simulation in 2D, and an analytical model, shows that the two different regimes correspond to situations for which the annular vortices remain attached to the tube (low acoustic particle velocity) or detached (high acoustic particle velocity).     

An alpha particle detector based on a GPS mosaic scintillator plate for continuous air monitoring in plutonium handling facilities

An alpha particle detector was developed for continuous air monitoring of radioactive contamination in working chambers at plutonium handling facilities. A 5-cm-square Gd₂Si₂O₇:Ce (cerium-doped gadolinium pyro-silicate, GPS:Ce) mosaic scintillator plate for alpha particle measurements was fabricated from GPS single-crystal grains of around 550 μm diameter; the GPS grains were made of a GPS polycrystalline body grown using a top seeded solution method. The scintillator layer thickness was approximately 100 μm. The surface filling rate of the GPS grains was ca. 62%. To suppress the influence of non-uniformity of pulse heights of a photomultiplier tube, a central part of ∅ 40 mm of a 76-mm-diameter photomultiplier tube was used. In addition, 3 mm thick high-transmission glass was used as a substrate of the scintillator plate. The detector achieved energy resolution of 13% for 5.5 MeV alpha particles, detection efficiency of 61% and a radon progeny nuclide reduction ratio of 64.5%. A new alpha particle detector was developed to achieve a high radon progeny nuclide reduction ratio approaching that of a silicon semiconductor detector, with high resistance to electromagnetic noise and corrosion.     

The central straw tube tracker in the P̅ANDA experiment

The wide-range physics program of the P?ANDA experiment requires detectors which have to combine state-of-the-art and novel techniques in particle measurements and data-readout. The central straw tube tracker (STT) in the P?ANDA target spectrometer features a high-resolution spatial and momentum reconstruction of charged particle trajectories, a measurement of the specific energy-loss for particle identification, together with a minimal material budget by the technique of self-supporting straw layer modules. The STT is essential for the online track reconstruction and event identification in the continuous, triggerless data-acquisition at P?ANDA. This paper summarizes the detector design, test system and simulation results, and the time lines of the STT construction.     

THE CLOUD TUBE AND THE BUBBLE TUBE

At present, colud chamber and bubble chamber are the most important detec-ting instruments of particle tracks in fundamental particle physics. But the work-ing efficiency of both cloud chamber and bubble chamber is very low. It can. not satisfy the requirements of detection. This essay presents two types of continuous sensitive high efficiency particle detecting instruments, namely the cloud tube and the bubble tube. It also presents their historical back ground, theoretical analysis and some experimental data.     

缩放管混合污垢特性的实验研究

实验室里进行了缩放管与对应光管管内混合污垢的对比实验,实验工质为加有MgO或CaSO颗粒的人工硬水.实验结果表明:在相同流速、浓度条件下,与对应光管相比,缩放管不仅有较好的阻垢性能,还有较好的传热性能;流速、颗粒浓度和颗粒粒径对混合污垢热阻有较大影响:增大流速、减小颗粒浓度、增大颗粒粒径都会使缩放管混合污垢热阻的渐近值减小.     

An energy-consistency-preserving large eddy simulation-scalar filtered mass density function (LES-SFMDF) method for high-speed flows

An energy-consistency-preserving large eddy simulation-scalar filtered mass density function (LES-SFMDF) method is developed to improve the existing LES-SFMDF method in high-speed flows, especially supersonic flows. The high-speed source term in the SFMDF transport equation is analysed theoretically from a new point of view, and then several primary principles are proposed for the LES-SFMDF to achieve a good consistency even along discontinuities. Based on these principles and further theoretical analysis, the high-speed source term of the enthalpy in the SFMDF is modelled and computed from both MC and LES variables rather than the usually used solely LES variables. This new LES-SFMDF method is used for simulating the flows in a shock tube and in a subsonic temporally developing mixing layer. This method shows a better particle energy consistency than the existing method when applied across discontinuities in supersonic laminar flows. Unlike the existing method, with this energy-consistency-preserving LES-SFMDF method, particle energy consistency is consistent with particle mass consistency so that particle energy consistency can benefit from particle velocity correction. This method also demonstrates robustness for various numbers of particles.     

管束穿孔板的管腔耦合共振吸声机理研究

为了揭示管束穿孔板共振吸声结构的吸声机理,利用热黏性条件下基于有限元算法的管束穿孔板仿真模型,研究了平面声波正入射条件下,管束穿孔板内部声场分布特征,并利用阻抗管对吸声系数的理论仿真结果进行了试验验证.结果表明,管束穿孔板在低频主要靠腔体共振吸声,在高频主要靠管共振吸声,管束穿孔板整体呈现出较为明显的管腔耦合共振吸声特征。管束穿孔板共振时管中声强和质点法向振速较大,高频次吸声峰频点处管中和腔中均有驻波形成,频率越高驻波数量越多.管束穿孔板的耦合共振受到管长、腔深、穿孔率和管内径等参数变化的影响,管长对高频耦合共振的影响最大,管长增大使高频主吸声峰频点移向低频,并使相邻主吸声峰之间的间距减小.