Interactions of charged particle beams with double-layered two-dimensional quantum electron gases

We investigate the interactions of external charged particles with a double-layered two-dimensional quantum electron gas (2DQEG), describing its collective or plasmon excitations by using the linearized quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model. General expressions are derived for electron densities in the two layers, the induced potential, and the stopping and image forces on an external charged particle. Our calculations indicate that an oscillatory wake effect arises in the induced potential for a particle moving parallel the 2DQEG layers. In addition, double peaks are found in the stopping and image forces due to plasmon hybridization between the two 2DQEG layers. Finally, the induced number density in the double-layered 2DQEG is compared with the case of a single-layer 2DQEG supported by an insulating substrate.     

A novel potential: the interlayer potential for the fcc (111) plane family

We propose a novel interlayer potential, which is different from usual interatomic potentials. The interlayer potential represents the interaction between atomic layers in a layered material. Based on the Chen-M?bius inversion method in combination with ab initio calculations, the interlayer interactions are obtained for the face centered cubic (fcc) (111) planes. In order to check the validity of our interlayer potential, we calculate the intrinsic stacking fault energy (γ(sf)) and the surface energy (γ(s)) of five metals: Al, Ni, Cu, Ag and Au. The predicted γ(sf) and γ(s) values are compared with the theoretical results obtained from direct calculations and also with the available experimental data. Using the interlayer potentials, we also investigate the phonon dispersion and phonon density of state in the fcc (111) plane family of the considered metals.     

Evaporation of the pancake-vortex lattice in weakly coupled layered superconductors

We calculate the melting line of the pancake-vortex system in a layered superconductor, interpolating between two-dimensional (2D) melting at high fields and the zero-field limit of single-stack evaporation. Long-range interactions between pancake vortices in different layers permit a mean-field approach, the "substrate model, " where each 2D crystal fluctuates in a substrate potential due to the vortices in other layers. We find the thermal stability limit of the 3D solid, and compare the free energy to a 2D liquid to determine the first-order melting transition and its jump in entropy.     

Cyclotron resonance in quasi-two-dimensional conductors

A theoretical analysis is made of the resonant absorption of RF electromagnetic wave energy in layered conductors having a quasi-two-dimensional electron energy spectrum. An analysis is made of the influence of possible drift of carriers into the conductor and their Fermi-liquid interaction on the position of the cyclotron resonance lines. A reason is given for the substantial difference between the cyclotron effective masses determined from the temperature dependence of the amplitude of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and from measurements of the cyclotron resonance frequencies in [5–7]. It is shown that by means of an experimental investigation of cyclotron resonance in a magnetic field parallel to the layers, it is possible to find the carrier velocity distribution at the Fermi surface in layered organic conductors.     

Effect of a modified potential barrier in field emission

The use of a modified surface potential barrier, which includes not only classical image force and the external force but also the exchange and correlation forces on the field emission has been investigated for tungsten. The theoretical calculations of the emitted current density and total energy distribution are obtained. A comparison of the experimental results with the theoretical predictions has been made. The agreement between them is good.     

Graphene bilayer with a twist: electronic structure

We consider a graphene bilayer with a relative small angle rotation between the layers--a stacking defect often seen in the surface of graphite--and calculate the electronic structure near zero energy in a continuum approximation. Contrary to what happens in an AB stacked bilayer and in accord with observations in epitaxial graphene, we find: (a) the low energy dispersion is linear, as in a single layer, but the Fermi velocity can be significantly smaller than the single-layer value; (b) an external electric field, perpendicular to the layers, does not open an electronic gap.     

Discrete Boltzmann equation for microfluidics

We propose a discrete Boltzmann model for microfluidics based on the Boltzmann equation with external forces using a single relaxation time collision model. Considering the electrostatic interactions in microfluidics systems, we introduce an equilibrium distribution function that differs from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution by an exponential factor to represent the action of an external force field. A statistical mechanical approach is applied to derive the equivalent external acceleration force exerting on the lattice particles based on a mean-field approximation, resulting from the electro-static potential energy and intermolecular potential energy between fluid-fluid and fluid-substrate interactions.     

Discontinuity in heat capacity of Fe0.5Co0.5(110) alloy thin films

In this work we calculate heat capacity of alloy thin films of FeCo on the surface of the plane (110), using three parameters, the concentration x(i), the lattice long range order parameter t(i) and the magnetic order parameter σ(i), being i the number of layers of the thin film. The formulations reported by Hill [1] in the context of small particles and Valenta's model [2] can be applied to the film structure when we treat a thin film as a system divided into subsystems equivalent to two-dimensional parallel layers. The FeCo bulk alloy is completely homogeneous while a thin film have spatial discontinuities in their surfaces. We consider three ferromagnetic thin films formed by 11, 15 and 19 layers in the Helmholtz's free energy, which is minimized applying their first partial derivatives with respect to chemical composition, long range order parameter and magnetic order parameter. We calculate internal energy and heat capacity as a function of temperature and we verify that have two jumps as are reported in literature for the bulk; there are many results of bulk or surface effects of FeCo, but no enough results about ferromagnetic FeCo thin films and this fact does this work interesting.     

A simple electromagnetic method of cyclic loss measurement for superconducting wires in a combined alternating transverse magnetic field and transport current

We measured cyclic losses in a superconducting wire, carrying alternating transport current, simultaneously exposed to an alternating transverse magnetic field. Samples of Bi-2223 Ag-sheathed tapes have configuration of a double-layer non-inductive coil, which itself is a pickup coil to measure the AC losses. Potential taps were attached to both terminals of the sample coil. The external field was applied along the axis of the sample coil. In this procedure, we can estimate an averaged Poynting's vector on a cylindrical surface between the two layers by means of signals from a pair of the potential taps and from pickup coils for the external magnetic field and the transport current. We can also measure a magnetization and an extended transport-current components of AC losses in addition to a total cyclic loss for a combined alternating external field and transport current. Obtained results are compared with numerical predictions of the critical state model taking into account the magnetic field dependence of critical current density.     

Application of Two-Dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova Model to Nanotribology

The dry friction force between two contacting surface layers is studied. The upper layer is arranged on a two-dimensional square lattice and driven by an external driving force. The lower layer is approximated by a two-dimensional periodic substrate potential. This model, usually called two-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova model, is applied to study the friction forces in this paper. The behaviors of different substrate potential strongly affect the static frictionforce. It is found that the system has strong anisotropic character. The possibility to obtain superlubricity is suggested.     

Magnetoresistance of organic conductors in the vicinity of a topological phase transition

We analyze the effect of magnetic breakdown on the resistance of layered organic conductors with a multisheet Fermi surface consisting of a cylinder and two slightly corrugated planes along the projection of the momentum onto the normal to the layers. Analytic expressions are derived for the charge carrier distribution function, and the dependences of the interlayer and intralayer conductivities on the magnitude and orientation of the external magnetic field in the immediate vicinity of a topological phase transition are determined when the distance between the different sheets of the Fermi surface is quite small, but the topological structure of the Fermi surface is still intact.     

Theory of the upper critical field in layered superconductors with magnetic intercalates

We propose a model for the layered superconductors with electronically isolated magnetic intercalates in which the electrons propagate freely in the dirty superconducting layers with arbitrarily strong spin-orbit scattering, and spin-flip scatter off the magnetic ions during interlayer tunneling. We calculate the upper critical field H_c2 including demagnetization effects. In a parallel field below the dimensional-crossover temperature T¹, a new type of spin ordering is predicted.     

Frictional figures of merit for single layered nanostructures

We determine the frictional figures of merit for a pair of layered honeycomb nanostructures, such as graphane, fluorographene, MoS2 and WO2 moving over each other, by carrying out ab initio calculations of interlayer interaction under constant loading force. Using the Prandtl-Tomlinson model we derive the critical stiffness required to avoid stick-slip behavior. We show that these layered structures have low critical stiffness even under high loading forces due to their charged surfaces repelling each other. The intrinsic stiffness of these materials exceeds critical stiffness and thereby the materials avoid the stick-slip regime and attain nearly dissipationless continuous sliding. Remarkably, tungsten dioxide displays a much better performance relative to others and heralds a potential superlubricant. The absence of mechanical instabilities leading to conservative lateral forces is also confirmed directly by the simulations of sliding layers.     

Superfluidity and dimerization in a multilayered system of fermionic polar molecules

We consider a layered system of fermionic molecules with permanent dipole moments aligned perpendicular to the layers by an external field. The dipole interactions between fermions in adjacent layers are attractive and induce interlayer pairing. Because of the competition for pairing among adjacent layers, the mean-field ground state of the layered system is a dimerized superfluid, with pairing only between every other layer. We construct an effective Ising-XY lattice model that describes the interplay between dimerization and superfluid phase fluctuations. In addition to the dimerized superfluid ground state, and high-temperature normal state, at intermediate temperature, we find an unusual dimerized "pseudogap" state with only short-range phase coherence. We propose light-scattering experiments to detect dimerization.     

Elastic properties of layered crystals

The characteristic features of the elastic properties of layered crystals and their dependence on temperature and pressure are analyzed. The relations between the elastic constants of hexagonal layered crystals are given. It is shown that the anomalous behavior of the elastic constants in the temperature region of a phase transition affects both the magnitude and sign of the thermal expansion coefficients of layered crystals. From analyzing the pressure and temperature dependences of the elastic constants, it is found that the anharmonicity of the bonding forces between the layers is much greater than the anharmonicity of the intralayer forces. The contribution from thermal expansion to the variations of the elastic constants with temperature is estimated.     

Patterning electro-osmotic flow with patterned surface charge

This Letter reports the measurement of electro-osmotic flows (EOF) in microchannels with surface charge patterned on the 200 microm scale. We have investigated two classes of patterns: (1) Those in which the surface charge varies along a direction perpendicular to the electric field used to drive the EOF; this type of pattern generates multidirectional flow along the direction of the field. (2) Those in which the surface charge pattern varies parallel to the field; this pattern generates recirculating cellular flow, and thus causes motion both parallel and perpendicular to the external field. Measurements of both of these flows agree well with theory in the limit of thin double layers and low surface potential.     

Mechanism of contrast formation in atomic force microscopy in water

We use computer modeling to investigate the mechanism of atomic-scale corrugation in frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy imaging of inorganic surfaces in solution. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the forces acting on a microscope tip result from the direct interaction between a tip and a surface, and forces entirely due to the water structure around both tip and surface. The observed force depends on a tip structure and is a balance between largely repulsive potential energy changes as the tip approaches and the entropic gain when water is sterically prevented from occupying sites near the tip and surface.     

Anomalous interlayer magnetoresistance in bilayer crystals

The interlayer magnetotransport of a model layered metal is calculated semiclassically. Each layer contains parallel quasi-1D wires but the orientation of wires within each layer is perpendicular to the orientation of wires in adjacent layers. The model has a highly anisotropic amplitude for interlayer electron transfer and is used to illustrate simply the effects that this anisotropy has on the magnetotransport. Strong positive magnetoresistance is calculated for magnetic fields parallel to the current, with the size of magnetoresistance varying inversely with the interlayer hopping amplitude. For fields perpendicular to the current, the magnetoresistance depends qualitatively on the orientation of the field: it scales linearly with the field strength B when the field points toward intersections of 1D Fermi surfaces belonging to individual layers, and scales as √B when the field points between intersections. In a weak field, the resistance is maximum when the field is orientated parallel to the current and minimum when it is perpendicular to the current. Magnetoresistance oscillations are also studied. The implications for more general models of multilayer metals are discussed.     

并五苯同质异相体中分子间势能与能带计算

采用Born-Mayer-Haggins对势模型，分析了并五苯分子间势能及其相互作用. 用紧束缚模型计算了两种并五苯同质异相体结构的能带宽度. 计算带宽随温度升高减小8%—14%. 关键词： 并五苯 同质异相体 分子间势能 能带计算     

Friction and normal forces of model friction modifier additives in simulations of boundary lubrication

ABSTRACT

Interaction forces between solid surfaces are often mitigated by adsorbed molecules that control normal and friction forces at nanoscale separations. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted of opposing semi-ordered monolayers of united-atom chains on sliding surfaces to relate friction and normal forces to imposed sliding velocity and inter-surface separation. Practical examples include adsorbed friction-modifier molecules in automatic transmission fluids. Friction scenarios in the simulations had zero, one, or two fluid layers trapped between adsorbed monolayers. Sliding friction forces increased with sliding velocity at each stable separation. Lower normal forces were obtained than in most previous nanotribology molecular simulations and were relatively independent of sliding speed. Distinguishing average frictional force from its fluctuations showed the importance of system size. Uniform velocities were obtained in the sliding direction across each adsorbed film, with a gradient across the gap containing trapped fluid. The calculated friction stress was consistent with measurements reported using a surface forces apparatus, indicating that drag between an adsorbed layer and trapped fluid can account sufficiently for sliding friction in friction modifier systems. An example is shown in which changes in molecular organisation parallel to the surface led to a large change in normal force but no change in friction force.