水平管内油气水三相流分流型阻力特性实验研究

对水平管内油气水三相流的摩擦阻力压降特性进行了实验研究,水平管实验段由有机玻璃管制成,内径为40mm,所用的实验工质为:46#机械油,自来水和空气。油、气、水三相的折算速度范围分别为:0.05-0.51m／s、0.05-1.51m／s、0.02-50.6 m／s。按照气液界面总体特征将水平管内油气水三相流的流型分为泡状流、间歇流(段塞流和弹状流)、分层流及环状流。对各种典型流型下的摩擦阻力压降应用改进的Chisholm关系式及油水两相压降关系式进行分析,对Chisholm关系式中的参数C进行了重新定义。发现改进的Chisholm关系式能够较好地对管内油气水三相摩阻压降进行预测,因此改进Chisholm关系式可以作为摩擦压降计算的通用关系式。     

螺杆槽道内气液两相流流型及压降特性研究

本文应用高速摄像技术对螺杆槽道内气液两相流的结构特征进行可视化研究。分析了螺杆槽道内三个视角下的气液两相流型图的变化趋势,并将螺杆槽道的气液两相流型图与Taitel流型图的流型转换边界进行对比分析。在均相流一维的压降计算模型的基础上,本文通过实验数据拟合得到螺杆槽道全液相摩阻倍增系数,分析质量含气率及液体流速对螺杆槽道压降的影响。     

水-胶凝原油两相流压降特性研究

压降是影响胶凝原油水力悬浮输送系统安全运行的主要参数。本文运用量纲分析原理建立水-胶凝原油两相流压降计算关联式,并通过试验的方法确定出其四种典型流型的压降计算模型。利用该模型对压降的计算值与测试值进行比较,相对误差在17%以内。分析了含水率和混合物流速对压降的影响,结果表明:含水率对压降的影响存在一个转折点,转折点之前,对于同种流型,定流速时压降随含水率的增加而降低;转折点之后压降是流速的单值函数。     

水平管内二氟乙烷两相流动摩擦压降实验研究

对制冷剂二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)在内径为8mm的水平管内进行了两相流动沸腾摩擦压降的实验测量.实验测量的压力范围为0.19—0.41MPa,热流密度范围为14—62kW/m2,流量范围为128—200kg/m2s.实验测量表明:HFC-152a的两相摩擦压降随质量流量、质量含气率的增大而增大;热流密度则对摩擦压降的直接影响很小,但通过影响两相流流型间接影响了摩擦压降;当流型由分层流动转变为半环状流或环状流时,总压降中加速压降所占比例有所减小,而摩擦压降所占比例则有所增大;摩擦压降随饱和压力的增大而减小.使用两个应用广泛的压降计算式进行了计算.实验测试结果与计算结果对比后发现,Friedel模型与实验结果偏差较大,而Müller-Steinhagen-Heck模型则与实验结果符合较好.     

球床内气液两相流流型及压降实验研究

在本实验参数范围内可将孔隙流道内空气/水两相流动划分为泡状流、泡状-弹状混合流、弹状流、弹状-环状混合流和环状流五种流型。本文修正后的Tung/Dhir流型转变模型与实验符合较好。依据单相流动压降数据,对Ergun公式参数进行了拟合,提出了适用于本实验特点的单相压降公式。并在此基础上利用渗透率系数提出了两相流动压降计算经验公式,与前人的公式相比,适用范围更广,计算误差也较小。     

正方形小通道内的非牛顿流体-氮气两相流动流型的实验研究

对水力直径为2.5 mm的正方形小通道内的非牛顿流体-氮气的垂直向上两相流动流型进行了可视化实验,工质分别为:浓度0.2%的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和0.2%的黄原胶(XG)水溶液,表观气速0.1～100 m/s,表观液速0.01～6 m/s.观察到的典型流型有:弹状流、搅拌流、弹环状流和环状流,其中弹环状流未见于水-空气上升流动.在PAM-氮气实验中发现了一种新流型-泡状-弹状流.通过流型图对比,发现非牛顿流体的搅拌流区域较牛顿流体窄,弹状-搅拌流转变线也明显右移,非牛顿流体的黏性对流型转变的影响较大.     

微针肋气液两相流动及压降研究

本文以氮气和去离子水为工质,对微针肋热沉两相流动形态及压降特性进行了初步研究。结果发现低气液流速时表面张力作用明显占优,气泡在肋之间存在时间不一的停滞现象;随着液相流速的增加,由于表面张力所起作用的变化以及两相流型的转变,试验所得分相模型系数C的分布,发生了两次明显转变;考虑当量直径影响的M-H分相模型对试验值预测效果最好,平均偏差只有9.27%,液相流速很小时,L-Mu模型效果较好。     

水平正方形小通道内氮气-水两相流流型特性

利用高速摄影仪对正方形小通道(dh=1 mm)内氮气-水两相水平流动进行可视化观察,对流动特性进行了实验研究.获得了典型的流型图像,并观测到了很少见的毛细泡状流,但是未发现常规尺寸通道中的层流流型.将本文实验结果与相关文献比较,结果表明:相同(相近)水力直径的小通道内,截面形状和实验条件对小通道内流型转变有显著的影响.     

微重力条件下90°弯管气液两相流型研究

本文报道了微重力条件下90°弯管内气液两相流型实验结果。弯管内径12.7 mm,弯曲半径76.5mm,气、 液两相表观流速分别为1.0—23.6 m/s和0.09—0.5 m/s。本文分析了观测到的弹状流、弹-环过渡流和环状流的典型特 征,比较了与微重力直管内相应流型间及常重力弯管两相流型间的异同。     

水平管气液螺旋流流型辨识及压降波动研究

本文通过实验研究了水平管中叶片式起旋器引发的气液螺旋流流型及压降规律。采用背光成像法拍摄了流型并记录了压降波动情况。在该实验范围内观察到4种气液螺旋流流型:螺旋泡状流、螺旋气柱流、螺旋间歇流和螺旋环状流,并结合压降的概率密度函数(PDF)曲线图分析了各流型特点。同时研究了来流雷诺数及相分布对起旋器下游螺旋流流型的影响,发现气液相雷诺数的大小是流型转变的关键,另外,来流气液相分布也会影响起旋器下游流型。最后基于流型及压降波动的PDF分布,绘制了起旋器出口附近的螺旋流流型图,并与已有流型图进行比较。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.