核酸功能化纳米探针在细胞荧光成像中的应用

核酸是携带遗传信息的物质,既存在于自然界中也能够通过成熟技术人工合成。通过体外筛选技术还可以筛选出具有特殊功能的核酸序列,例如核酸适体和脱氧核酶。核酸通过沃森-克里克碱基互补配对原则进行杂交,具有很强的专一性。无论是通过序列设计还是体外筛选,核酸探针在生物标志物的分析与成像应用方面都发挥着重要作用。纳米材料辅助构建核酸功能化纳米探针,可以保护负载的核酸探针不被核酸酶降解,并且无需转染试剂就能进入细胞,在细胞荧光成像应用上具有很大优势。为解决细胞内有些生物标志物含量低、难于检测的问题,目前已构建多种适用于细胞水平的成像信号放大方法来实现对低丰度生物标志物的高灵敏成像。本文主要综述了核酸功能化纳米探针在细胞荧光成像中的应用进展,包括反义寡核苷酸功能化纳米探针、核酸适体功能化纳米探针、脱氧核酶功能化纳米探针等,同时介绍了他们在成像信号放大中的应用。     

共振光散射技术测定核酸的研究进展

核酸分析是生命科学研究中最重要的技术之一。目前主要是应用核酸内源紫外吸收光谱的紫外分光光度法和基于荧光探针分子与核酸相互作用的荧光分光光度法。紫外分光光度法灵敏度低 ,荧光分光光度法试剂昂贵 ,有毒性。近年来 ,共振光散射技术在核酸分析中的应用得到了迅速的发展。核酸的共振光散射分析方法可以用普通的荧光分光光度计进行测定 ,应用安全、便宜的试剂获得很高的灵敏度。简要介绍了共振光散射分析的基本原理 ,并对近年来利用共振光散射技术分析核酸的研究进行了评述。内容主要包括利用有机染料分子作为核酸的共振光散射探针的分析方法 ;基于阳离子表面活性剂、金属离子及其络合物以及药物与核酸相互作用的分析方法 ;核酸形成大粒子的散射分析方法。     

金属离子及其配合物荧光探针在核酸分析中的应用

核酸是生命现象的物质基础,对于核酸的研究已经成为生命科学的重要内容。荧光法是研究核酸结构、功能和定性、定量的一种重要方法,而稀土离子及其配合物是荧光分析中最常用的探针技术。本文介绍了近十几年来稀土离子及其配合物荧光探针在核酸分析中的应用。     

分子信标的原理、应用及其研究进展

分子信标是一种设计巧妙的新型荧光标记核酸探针。特殊的发夹结构使分子信标具有很强的特异性识别靶标序列的能力 ,目前已成为分子生物学和生物技术中一种强有力的研究工具。本文介绍了分子信标的原理及其在 PCR、核酸序列的分析、活细胞内核酸的动态检测、蛋白质 (酶 )与核酸的相互作用等方面的应用和研究进展。     

基于功能性核酸识别的荧光各向异性分析方法与应用

荧光各向异性方法又称荧光偏振法,基于相互作用的分子结合前后发射光退偏振的不同而实现对相互作用的研究或对目标物的检测。20世纪50年代Gregorio Weber用荧光各向异性法研究了氮磺酰氯与牛血清白蛋白和卵清白蛋白的作用,开启了该方法在生物化学研究中应用的先河。而20世纪90年代开始的功能性核酸(FNAs,包括核酸适配体和核酸酶等)的发现与合成,使基于功能性核酸的传感得到了广泛的应用。核酸适配体能够特异性识别目标分子,基于核酸识别的荧光各向异性分析方法具有高选择性、高灵敏度、高通量等优势,在研究蛋白质、核酸和小分子的相互作用中起到重要作用,然而如何提高结合前后的荧光各向异性信号变化,尤其是小分子识别前后,在基于功能性核酸识别的分析方法发展中是一个挑战。介绍了基于功能性核酸识别的荧光各向异性的方法应用于检测蛋白质、核酸及其他在生命活动中起重要作用的小分子的基本原理及设计理念。     

间苯二酚黄-CTAB-核酸共振光散射体系的研究及应用

在PH3．1－3．5的柠檬酸－NaOH介质中，核酸（fsDNA，yRNA）与阳离子表面活剂CTAB对阴离子染料间苯二酚黄的共振黄的共振光散射光谱有 协同增强作用，在最佳实验条件下，fsDNA,yRNA的线性范围均为0－4μg/mL，检出限分别为8．1ng/mL和7.2ng/mL。据此建立了一种测定核酸的新方法。     

铟(Ⅲ)-8-羟基喹啉-核酸三元荧光体系的研究与应用

基于核酸对铟(Ⅲ）-8-羟基喹啉配合物的荧光增强作用，应用铟(Ⅲ)-8-羟基喹啉为荧光探针，研究了铟(Ⅲ)-8-羟基喹啉与核酸的作用，建立了新的核酸测定方法。在最佳条件下，ctDNA、hsDNA、smDNA和yRNA的线性范围分别为0．20-1．40μg／mL、0．20-1．60μg／mL、0．10—1．40μg／mL、0．20—1．20μg／mL。检出限(3o／K)分别为0．004μg／mL，0．002μg／mL，0．002μg／mL，0．002μg／mL；测定实际样品，回收率为90．9％-103．5％。     

共振光散射探针在核酸分析中的应用

核酸是生命现象的物质基础,核酸的分析测定在医学和生物学研究中有重要的意义.共振光散射技术是研究小分子物质与核酸发生作用并形成聚集体后的灵敏探测技术.本综述引用了32篇文献,介绍了近年来共振光散射探针在核酸分析中的研究进展,并评价了各种方法的优劣.     

核酸与有机小分子反应机理的荧光特性研究

核酸与有机小分子的反应机理对认识核酸的结构与功能具有重要作用,也是揭示核酸的生物功能与一些药物的作用机制的重要途径。研究核酸与有机小分子之间的相互作用对生命过程的模拟和生命本质的探索具有十分重要的意义,并对近年来该领域采用的荧光光谱法进行了综述,从温度、双分子猝灭过程的速率常数、荧光寿命以及吸收光谱的变化等方面作了论述,从而确定了核酸与有机小分子(染料和药物)之间相互作用的荧光猝灭类型;总结了结合常数、荧光给体-受体间的作用距离、作用力类型及结合方式的多种求算方法,并分别阐述了核酸与染料及药物在不同结合数下生成常数的计算方法。这对研究核酸与有机小分子之间的作用机理、开发新的核酸探针以及以核酸为靶标的药物分子的设计有一定的指导意义。     

化学发光分析法应用新进展

评述了化学发光法在无机分析，有机分析，生物活性氧研究，免疫分析，核酸杂交分析和微全分析中的最新应用，引用文献44篇。     

Screening chemical libraries for nucleic-acid-binding drugs by in vitro selection: A test case with lividomycin

Summary Screening new drugs is a costly and time-consuming process. Identifying new targets for existing therapeutics is often a particularly effective avenue for drug development. We have investigated whether in vitro selection can be used for target acquisition. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are known to bind to and inactivate functional natural nucleic acids, such as ribosomal RNA. As an example of how new targets for aminoglycosides could be identified, a lividomycin aptamer was iteratively isolated from a random sequence pool. The consensus sequence of this and other anti-aminoglycoside aptamers was used as the basis for a comprehensive search of natural sequence databases. Surprisingly, a high degree of similarity was found between aptamers and genomic sequences from a variety of organisms. While many of the similarities found are in regions of unknown or nonessential function, some of the sequences are found in critical genes in pathogenic organisms.     

In vitro selection methodologies to probe RNA function and structure

Summary In vitro selection, or SELEX, has been used both to characterize the interaction of natural nucleic acids with proteins and to generate novel nucleic acid-binding species, or aptamers. Although numerous reports have demonstrated the power of the technique, they have not expanded on the methodologies that can be used for selection. This review focuses on the considerations and problems involved in selecting protein-binding aptamers from a random-sequence RNA pool. As an illustration, we describe two approaches to selecting aptamers to a particular target, the HTLV-I Rex protein. In the first, complete randomization is used to find an artificial, high-affinity RNA binding site. In the second, the contributions of individual nucleotides and/or base pairs to the natural Rex-binding element are determined by mutating the wild-type sequence and selecting active binding variants.     

Complexes of the ATP-dependent Lon protease and DNA aptamers with G-quadruplexes as a model for developing a nanosensor biomagnetic immunoassay system

The binding to Lon protease through biotinylated aptamers whose structures contain G-quadruplex fragments with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized by streptavidin was investigated. The conditions of binding of target aptamers to MNPs are met. The resulting complexes are proposed for detection of Lon protease in different biological sources and for constructing a novel biomagnetic nanosensor immunoassay system.     

The limits of specificity: An experimental analysis with RNA aptamers to MS2 coat protein variants

It has been hypothesized that selections for aptamers with high affinity for a given target molecule will of necessity identify aptamers that have high specificity for that target. We have attempted to assess this hypothesis by selecting aptamers that can bind to MS2 coat protein or to single- or double-substitution variants of the coat protein. Some aptamers selected to bind MS2 coat protein or its variants were mildly specific for their cognate targets, discriminating by two- to fourfold against closely related proteins. Specificity determinants on both the coat proteins and the aptamers could be identified. However, many aptamers could readily bind to each of the different coat proteins. The identification of such aptamer 'generalists belies the proposed relationship between the affinities and specificities of selected RNA ligands. These results imply that, while aptamers may not finely discriminate between closely related targets, neither will their binding be negated by mutations in targets. Aptamer pharmaceuticals may therefore better resist the evolution of resistance.     

Obtaining DNA aptamers to human interleukin-6 for biomagnetic immunoassay nanosensors

We used aptamers, which are functional equivalents of antibodies, in order to develop a nanosensor immunoassay system based on magnetic nanoparticles and a SQUID magnetometer. Selection was used to obtain DNA aptamers to interleukin-6; their affinity to the target protein was characterized by surface plasmon resonance. It was shown that the biotinylated aptamer binds to magnetic nanoparticles that were functionalized with streptavidin.     

Designing of peptide aptamer targeting the receptor-binding domain of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2: an in silico study

Molecular Diversity - Short synthetic peptide molecules which bind to a specific target protein with a high affinity to exert its function are known as peptide aptamers. The high specificity of...     

用于检测水环境中银离子浓度的荧光适体传感器研究

银凭借其独特的性能,在医疗材料、摄影、电子、成像等行业中应用广泛。然而,银离子被列为最具毒性的重金属离子之一,会对环境以及人类的生命健康造成严重威胁。为了灵敏、特异性的检测水环境中的银离子浓度,利用纳米金的优良光学猝灭性以及双链核酸适体捕获银离子能力更强的优点,结合荧光能量共振转移原理,提出一种用于检测水环境中银离子浓度的荧光适体传感器。将修饰SH键的核酸适体与纳米金混合形成稳定的纳米结构,并加入标记有FAM的核酸适体,形成检测银离子浓度的工作溶液。当不存在银离子时由于不匹配碱基C-C之间的排斥力导致两条核酸适体不结合,反应体系中具有较强的荧光;当存在银离子时,双链核酸适体中不匹配的C-C能与银离子通过金属离子-碱基的相互作用形成稳定的C-Ag+-C碱基对,这种复合结构的产生会拉近纳米金和荧光基团之间的距离,使得荧光信号随着银离子浓度的增加而逐渐减弱。根据加入银离子前后荧光强度的变化可实现银离子浓度的检测。同时,为了提高传感器的灵敏性和稳定性,实验优化了工作溶液中纳米金与核酸适体的浓度比、氯化钠浓度、缓冲液的pH以及培养温度等参数。结果表明,当浓度为0.012 5 g·L-1的纳米金与5 μmol·L-1核酸适体的体积比为5∶1,NaCl浓度为260 mmol·L-1,缓冲液pH 7,培养温度为30 ℃时,工作溶液初始荧光强度最强,银离子检出限为10 nmol·L-1,相关系数为R2=0.99。此外,该传感器对银离子的浓度检测表现出较好的特异性,且具有操作简单、灵敏和不引入有毒溶剂等优点,在水环境中的银离子浓度检测领域有较好的应用前景。     

基于适配体-表面等离子共振的生物传感技术及应用

适配体以其合成、修饰、固定等方面的优势,在生物分子识别领域有广泛的应用。基于表面等离子共振的传感技术具有非标记、无需前处理、实时监测等优点。适配体与表面等离子共振相结合研制的生物传感器在生物传感领域具有重要的应用价值,本文综述了基于适配体-表面等离子共振的生物传感技术及应用。     

Competitive FRET-Aptamer-Based Detection of Methylphosphonic Acid,a Common Nerve Agent Metabolite

Competitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-aptamer-based assay formats are described for one-step detection of methylphosphonic acid (MPA; a metabolite of several organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents). AminoMPA was attached to tosyl-magnetic beads and used for DNA aptamer selection from which one dominant aptamer sequence emerged. Two different FRET approaches were attempted. In one approach, the complementary DNA sequence was used as a template for labeling the aptamer with Alexa Fluor 546 (AF 546)-14-dUTP by asymmetric PCR. Following 3-dimensional (3-D), molecular modeling of the aptamer-MPA complex, a series of three fluoresceinated aptamers labeled at positions 50, 51, and 52 in the putative optimal binding pocket were synthesized. In both FRET formats, aminoMPA was linked to Black Hole Quencher (BHQ-1 or BHQ-2)-succinimides and allowed to bind the fluorescein or AF 546-labeled MPA aptamer. Following gel filtration to purify the labeled MPA aptamer-BHQ-aminoMPA FRET complexes, the complexes were competed against various concentrations of unlabeled MPA, MPA derivatives, and unrelated compounds in titration and cross-reactivity studies. Both approaches yielded low microgram per milliliter detection limits for MPA with generally low levels of cross-reactivity for unrelated compounds. However, the data suggest a pattern of traits that may effect the direction (lights on or off) and intensity of the FRET.     

Aptamer-modified gold nanoparticles for targeting breast cancer cells through light scattering

In this study, we demonstrated the potential use of nucleic acid ligand (aptamers) conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for cancer cell detection. Through specific binding of the aptamers toward platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells (cancer cells) that over-express PDGF, interact with Apt-AuNPs to a greater extent than do H184B5F5/M10 cells (normal cells). These results were confirmed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements of the gold ion concentrations within these cells. Aggregation of the Apt-AuNPs in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells led to the generation of an intense scattered light upon photo-illumination; this phenomenon allows the differentiation of cancer cells from normal cells using a dark field optical microscope. The presence of Apt-AuNPs suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, but not H184B5F5/M10 cells.