容腔调相的单级行波热声发动机起振特性

将容腔结构引入单级环路行波热声发动机系统中进行相位调节,分析了不同容腔位置、容腔内径和容腔长度时系统的起振特性。基于线性热声理论,采用网格传输矩阵数值方法求解系统的起振频率和起振温差;此外,将计算结果与实验结果进行了对比,验证了计算方法的合理性。结果表明:容腔结构可以明显改善系统的起振特性,系统起振温差大幅下降;不同容腔位置处,热机起振特性差异明显;存在最优的容腔内径和容腔长度组合,使得起振温差最低,而容腔尺寸对热机起振频率的影响较小。      

热声起振机理的研究进展

主要总结了近年来国内外热声起振机理的研究进展,重点介绍了热声起振机理的理论研究、数值模拟以及实验研究;同时指出了当前所开展研究的不足。最后讨论了热声起振机理研究亟需解决的问题以及深入研究的方向。     

热声起振机理的研究进展

回顾了最近十几年间国内外热声起振机理的研究进展,重点介绍了热声起振研究的主要理论和实验研究方法,指出了当前理论成果与实际热声过程之间存在的差距,并对热声理论研究今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

热声起振现象的模拟研究

热声现象中广泛存在非线性效应,其中最典型的就是热声自激起振.本文建立了一个四分之三波长的Rijke管计算模型,基于并行计算,采用数值模拟对其起振现象进行了模拟.研究了不同初场对起振行为的影响,得出起振后的气体振荡频率,并对管内的流动与换热规律进行了详尽分析.模拟结果与文献结果相吻合.本文工作有助于更多地了解热声起振现象,同时也为我们开展热声问题的介观模拟提供了有力的参考.     

太阳能热声发动机热力性能的实验研究

设计搭建了太阳能热声发动机实验系统,它由双轴全自动跟踪菲涅尔透镜聚焦型集热器和小型化驻波热声发动机两大组件构成。分别对充注不同压力N_2、He、Ar三种工质的太阳能热声发动机的起振温度、起振时热声核温度分布、压力振幅进行了实验研究。结果表明,氮气、氦气和氩气在相同充气压力下,He起振温度最高,N_2起振温度最低;N_2在充气压力1.0 MPa时达到最低起振温度394.8℃,且其压力振幅对充气压力变化不敏感;Ar在充气压力1.0 MPa时达到最低起振温度418.2℃,且其压力振幅随着充气压力的升高而逐渐增加。实验结果为优化太阳能热声发动机系统的热力性能提供了实验依据。     

热声发动机起振、消振过程的动态行为

针对热声发动机中复杂的起振、消振行为,在自行研制的"驻波型热声发动机试验平台"上,开展了工质类型、加热功率、充气压力等参数对热声发动机起振、消振行为的影响规律研究.试验结果表明:当采用纯氦气和90%氦气+10%氩气的混合气体时,系统存在一最佳的充气压力值,使起振温度和消振温度达到最低;而其余工质,其起振温度与消振温度均随着充气压力增加而逐渐提高;与此同时,由于加热功率对板叠热端温度影响较小,故采用板叠热端温度作为行为特性参数更为合理.     

热声发动机系统稳定性分析

热声发动机系统的自激振荡起振过程是在远离平衡态条件下发生的自组织过程,是决定热声发动机能够正常运行的关键过程。本文根据非平衡态热力学,针对起振过程开展热声系统热力学稳定性研究。将Glansdorff-Prigogine稳定性判据引入到热声系统稳定性分析中,借助CFD软件,分析了两种定态的稳定性,两种定态分别对应了温度梯度小于和大于临界温度梯度的情况。验证了非平衡态热力学稳定性分析在热声发动机自激振荡起振现象研究中的可行性。     

热声系统中振荡滞后特性的试验研究

针对热声热机中存在着强烈的非线性热声自激振荡现象,在自行研制的"驻波型热声发动机试验平台"上,对采用He/Ar混合工质的驻波热声发动机系统的起振与消振过程的动态特性进行了详细的试验研究.试验结果表明:对于混合工质热声发动机系统同样存在热声自激振荡的滞后现象和振荡滞后回路;并且在一定的氦氩配比下,发现了"二次起振"的现象,更进一步验证了热声自激振荡的复杂性.     

热声发动机起振过程系统温度时序特性

针对热声发动机起振过程中复杂的温度变化,在自行研制的"驻波型热声发动机试验平台"上,开展了在不同的工质类型、充气压力等试验工况下,热声发动机起振过程的轴向温度分布规律和变化特征的试验研究,试验结果表明:对于氮气、氩气而言,其系统温度动态特性规律基本一致,且热声核温度梯度和热声板叠温度梯度存在较明显的差别;而对于氦气,其系统温度动态特性不同于前两类气体,且热声核的温度梯度和热声板叠温度梯度的差别十分微弱,可见,不同的工质类型将直接影响到发动机起振过程系统温度的动态变化特性.     

压力对热声驱动脉管制冷机性能的影响

讨论了充气压力对热声压缩机的起振温度等性能的影响 ,着重研究了工作压力对热声驱动脉管制冷机性能的影响。对自行研制的驻波型热声驱动脉管制冷机进行了改进和优化 ,在最近的实验中取得了 1 2 0 K的无负荷最低制冷温度 ,达到液化天然气温区。     

热声发动机的格子气模拟

在传统的9-bit格子气模型中引入了温度区的概念,并应用于热声发动机的模拟研究.利用改进后的格子气模型,模拟了热声谐振管中的自激振荡和二维温度场的分布及温度随时间的演化过程,同时,对热声板叠的长度和在声场中的位置对声幅的影响也进行了数值研究,所得结果对板叠的优化设计是有价值的.通过对模拟和实验结果的比较,验证了热声机格子气模型的有效性,表明格子气方法适用于热声模拟.     

Studies on Performance of Thermoacoustic Prime Mover

Thermoacoustic engines are the devices that convert thermal energy into acoustic energy without moving parts. The main objective of this study is to analyze the performance of a thermoacoustic prime mover measured in terms of onset temperature difference, frequency, and pressure amplitude by varying resonator, stack length, and plate thickness. From the experiments, it is observed that onset temperature difference and pressure amplitude increases with increase in resonator and stack length with minimum plate thickness, whereas the frequency increases with decrease in resonator and stack length with higher plate thickness. The experimental results are compared with simulated results via Design Environment for Low Amplitude Thermoacoustic Energy Conversion software (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA).     

A numerical simulation method and analysis of a complete thermoacoustic-Stirling engine

Thermoacoustic prime movers can generate pressure oscillation without any moving parts on self-excited thermoacoustic effect. The details of the numerical simulation methodology for thermoacoustic engines are presented in the paper. First, a four-port network method is used to build the transcendental equation of complex frequency as a criterion to judge if temperature distribution of the whole thermoacoustic system is correct for the case with given heating power. Then, the numerical simulation of a thermoacoustic-Stirling heat engine is carried out. It is proved that the numerical simulation code can run robustly and output what one is interested in. Finally, the calculated results are compared with the experiments of the thermoacoustic-Stirling heat engine (TASHE). It shows that the numerical simulation can agrees with the experimental results with acceptable accuracy.     

Theory of inert gas-condensing vapor thermoacoustics: propagation equation

The theory of acoustic propagation in an inert gas-condensing vapor mixture contained in a cylindrical pore with wet walls and an imposed temperature gradient is developed. It is shown that the vapor diffusion effects in the mixture are analogous to the heat diffusion effects in the thermoacoustics of inert gases, and that these effects occur in parallel with the heat diffusion effects in the wet system. The vapor diffusion effects can be expressed in terms of the thermoviscous function F(lambda) used in the theory of sound propagation of constant cross-section tubes. As such, these results can be extended to any shape parallel-walled tube. The propagation equations predict that the temperature gradient required for onset of sound amplification in a wet-walled prime mover is much lower than the corresponding temperature gradient for an inert gas prime mover. The results of a measurement of the onset temperature of a simple demonstration prime mover in air with a dry stack and with a stack wetted with water provide a qualitative verification of the theory.     

Marine zone systems of higher productivity and purification using distributed energies

The present research focused on re-circulation and conversion of substance and energies for creating water environments of higher productivity and purification from the oceanic carbon and nitrogen cycle point of view. The application of distributed energies and integrated systems through the autonomous dispersion control of the environment is able to display the increase of the functions of living things and create the harmonized re-circulation of production and purification. As Japan is an island country, wave energy pumps and air-mixed jet pumps have been invented as distributed energy prime movers for these circulation systems. This paper summarizes our research and development programs and describes some current results of sea trials with prototypes.     

驻波热声系统的自激振荡机理

热声发动机的起振过程是一个产生并维持自激振荡的过程, 研究热声自激振荡机理有助于进一步了解热声效应的实质. 根据热声网络理论, 建立了驻波热声发动机的整机网络. 将热声网络比拟成电网络, 利用厄米特式计算了输入热声网络的视在功流, 功流平衡对应自激, 在角频率虚部为零的情况下计算了热声发动机的阈值温度和运行频率. 结果表明, 计算值与实验值符合得较好, 充气压力与阈值温度和运行频率的耦合关系大致相同. 所得结论有助于进一步探究热声效应机理以及热声发动机系统的优化设计.     

On Thermodynamical Relation Between Rotating ChargedBTZ Black Holes and Effective String Theory

In this paper we study the first law of thermodynamics for the (2+1)-dimensional rotating charged BTZ black hole considering a pair of thermodynamical systems constructed with the two horizons of this solution. We show that these two systems are similar to the right and left movers of string theory and that the temperature associated with the black hole is the harmonic mean of the temperatures associated with these two systems.     

The seventh annual Fairey lecture: The better conservation of liquid fuels for mobile use

Light distillate liquid fuels have self-evident qualities for mobile use. It is therefore incumbent upon us not to squander such fuels in applications where heavier and less costly fuels can be used. In considering the most economical fuel for automotive use, consideration must always be given to the energy required in its production in the refinery: gasoline and gas oil are compared. Various fuels and a variety of types of prime movers and their potentials are reviewed as regards their advantages and disadvantages, and consideration is given to the urgent national importance of a programme of R & D work aimed specifically at the parallel and complementary optimization on economic grounds of possible fuels and engine types so that, looking ahead ten to twenty years, the greatest work output may be achieved from the lowest energy input. Consideration is also given to overall “fuel to wheel” efficiency as influenced by the engine/transmission relationship.     

Structure and magnetic properties of γ′-Fe4N films grown on MgO-buffered Si (0 0 1)

γ′-Fe₄N thin films were grown on MgO-buffered Si (1 0 0) by pulsed laser deposition technique. Different crystallographic orientations and in-plane magnetic anisotropies were achieved by varying the growth temperature of the MgO buffer layer. When the MgO buffer layer was grown at room temperature, the γ′-Fe₄N film shows isotropic in-plane magnetic properties without obvious texture; while in-plane magnetic anisotropy was recorded for the γ′-Fe₄N films deposited on a 600 °C-grown-MgO buffer due to the formation of a (1 0 0)-oriented biaxial texture. Such a difference in in-plane magnetic anisotropy is attributed to the epitaxial growth of γ′-Fe₄N film on an MgO buffer with relaxed strain when the MgO layer was grown at a high temperature of 600 °C.