木素小分子愈创木基型松柏醇漆酶生物改性的光谱分析

从分子模型物的角度入手,通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、红外光谱和颗粒电荷等测试手段,综合考察了漆酶对针叶木和阔叶木中的愈创木基型木素-松柏醇生物改性的机理。松柏醇经漆酶处理后,GC-MS检测不到松柏醇单体的存在,推测松柏醇参与了化学反应,结构发生变化。GPC分析证明松柏醇漆酶处理后分子量变大,松柏醇发生了聚合。红外光谱确定了松柏醇漆酶处理过程中反应位点,主要是酚羟基、苯环上的甲氧基、苯环侧链上的双键,β碳、γ碳也有可能参与了反应。颗粒电荷测定仪(PCD)测得阳离子需求量下降了88.38%。     

水热法碱活化生物质乙醇木质素的化学结构变化

为了提高生物质乙醇木质素的反应活性,采用水热法在四种不同碱性条件下对生物质乙醇木质素进行催化活化处理。运用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、凝胶色谱(GPC)和有机元素分析手段研究了生物质乙醇木质素被四种碱(NaOH, KOH, K₂CO₃和Na₂CO₃)催化活化前后木质素的化学结构以及组分变化。FTIR结果表明生物质乙醇木质素碱经处理后,木质素的酚羟基特征吸收峰1 375 cm-1都有明显增大趋势,醚键振动吸收峰1 116 cm-1减弱,1 597和1 511 cm-1处苯环骨架振动吸收峰强度变化很小;1H-NMR分析结果表明酚羟基含量都有增大趋势,增加顺序为：KOH>NaOH>K₂CO₃>Na₂CO₃,其中KOH处理后的木质素酚羟基含量增加量为原木素的170%。这由于离子半径大的钾离子更容易与木质素β—O—4醚键上的氧形成加和物,进而发生醚键断裂反应,生成新的酚结构衍生物。GPC 表明生物质乙醇木质素碱处理后分子量分布向低分子区域扩展, 数均和重均分子量减小。元素分析结果显示木质素经过水热反应处理后,C含量都有所增加,而H和O含量则降低了,表明木质素经水热反应处理过程中有脱羧基作用,同时蛋白质的含量也有所降低,提高了木质素的纯度。这都有利于直接将木质素用于制备酚醛树脂胶黏剂。     

玉米秸秆木质素氧化与改性的研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Visible)、核磁共振(1H NMR)以及热重TG分析技术对玉米秸秆木质素被二氧化氯氧化前后的结构变化及其与呋喃甲醇改性的产物进行了表征。红外光谱显示木质素骨架中的芳香环基团被有效氧化开环,在被氧化后的木质素中出现CO共轭羰基伸缩振动特征峰。紫外光谱显示木质素在被氧化后位于280nm处的紫外吸收显著降低。核磁共振波谱显示,木质素中连接在芳香环侧链的甲氧基数量被氧化后出现显著的降低。同时,呋喃甲醇的改性能有效增加木质素其芳香环侧链原子数。热重分析表明呋喃甲醇的改性反应能有效地改变木质素的热分解性质,生成具有热稳定性更好的木质素改性高聚物。     

傅里叶变换拉曼光谱对芦竹碱木质素的研究

芦竹作为一种多年生的能源植物,具有广阔的开发利用前景。以傅里叶变换拉曼光谱技术对苯醇抽提前后芦竹原料、磨木木质素以及不同碱处理时间获得的碱木质素进行了无损分析。研究结果表明,原料中苯醇抽出物的存在会降低芦竹拉曼特征峰的强度,但不产生新的拉曼特征峰。芦竹磨木木质素的拉曼光谱图表明芦竹木质素为SGH型木质素。相比于木材磨木木质素,芦竹磨木木质素在1 173cm-1处的特征峰更强。通过对羟基肉桂酸标准物的拉曼光谱分析,进一步证实了该特征峰可能由草类原料中的羟基肉桂酸引起。此外,碱木质素拉曼光谱分析结果表明,碱处理40min获得的木质素中羟基肉桂酸特征峰最强,松柏醛/芥子醛特征峰最弱,而松柏醇/芥子醇的特征峰几乎消失。可见,该碱木质素中酚酸含量最高,潜在的抗氧化性最好,利用价值最高。二维异核单量子碳氢相关谱进一步验证了所得结果,证实了傅里叶变换拉曼光谱技术可作为一种安全、快速、准确、无损的分析手段鉴定木质素结构。     

壳聚糖希夫碱金属配合物催化氧化甲基橙的研究

通过一系列简单的反应得到壳聚糖希夫碱负载金属配合物,利用红外光谱对其进行了结构鉴定及分析。并用其作为催化剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,对染料甲基橙溶液进行脱色。研究了不同的壳聚糖希夫碱负载单金属配合物对染料催化氧化降解反应的催化性能。比较发现,其中壳聚糖希夫碱负载金属铜配合物的催化性能最好。并考察了催化剂中铜负载量对降解反应的影响。研究结果表明,本法对染料甲基橙脱色有较好的效果。     

热处理柚木的红外光谱和二维相关红外光谱分析

利用红外光谱(FTIR)和二维相关红外光谱(2D-IR),对蒸汽热处理前后柚木的主要化学成分结构变化进行分析研究。结果显示,热处理后,半纤维素和木质素特征峰强度有不同程度的降低,证明热处理过程中半纤维素和木质素发生热降解。而纤维素热稳定性较好。二维光谱显示,半纤维素具有较高的热敏感性。当热处理温度提高至220℃时,半纤维素降解殆尽,木质素热敏感性高于半纤维素。     

硼氢化钠还原对褐腐木质素结构特征的影响

采用FTIR、UV-Visible、NMR和GPC分析手段研究了褐腐木质素被NaBH₄还原前后的化学结构变化。FTIR表明褐腐木质素还原后1 677 cm-1处与苯环共轭的羰基峰消失,1 715 cm-1处非共轭羰基峰强度减弱,1 509和1 603 cm-1处苯环骨架振动吸收峰强度变化很小;UV表明褐腐木质素还原后位于288 nm的最强吸收峰和300～400nm区域的吸收强度降低;1H NMR表明褐腐木质素还原后甲氧基和酚羟基数量减少,醇羟基数量增加,褐腐木质素芳香环和结构单元联接键上的氢质子数增加;GPC表明褐腐木质素还原后分子量分布向高分子区域扩展,数均和重均分子量增大,分子量分布明显变宽。NaBH₄在碱性环境中可以将褐腐木质素中的共轭羰基完全还原为羟基,非共轭羰基部分还原为羟基,其侧链结构部分被改变,苯环结构稳定,褐腐木质素在还原过程中发生了缩合反应。     

红外光谱法在苄基氨基醇选择性加成反应中的应用

用红外光谱法对离子液体催化苄基氨基醇与丁烯酮的加成反应进行研究,系统考察了离子液体对于反应选择性的影响,分析比较了反应前后的红外光谱变化,总结和归属了两种产物的主要红外吸收谱带和特征,研究结果表明通过改变离子液体可以有效地控制苄基氨基醇与丁烯酮的反应选择性。     

灵芝多糖结构及其组成研究

采用沸水回流法从赤灵芝子实体中提取多糖,经Sevage法除蛋白,乙醇沉淀,离心、流水透析、浓缩、冻干后得灵芝多糖,单糖经乙酰化处理进行外标法定量,并利用苯酚-硫酸法、紫外、红外及X衍射光谱法、凝胶分子排阻色谱-蒸发散射检测器法、气相和气质谱色谱法进行多糖组分、含量、结构和分子量分析研究,结果表明： 灵芝多糖为米黄色,得率为2%左右,其含量≥43%,红外光谱显示灵芝多糖结构主要为β-糖甘键连接的吡喃型葡聚糖,其多糖的主要单糖组分为葡萄糖,含量为89%左右,并含有其他少量的单糖组分D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖。其多糖主要为同均糖,多糖为非晶型结构,分子量主要分布在8×104～2×105之间,分子质量主要为2×105的生物大分子。     

四甲基乙二胺铜配合物催化合成2-硝基-1-（2-呋喃）乙醇

合成了一种新型的四甲基乙二胺配体铜金属配合物,通过熔点、元素分析和红外光谱对其结构进行了表征.通过糠醛和硝基甲烷之间的Henry反应,研究了铜金属配合物催化合成2-硝基-1-（2-呋喃）乙醇的性能,并考察三乙胺、反应底物比例和催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响,结果表明：在三乙胺的辅助下,糠醛和硝基甲烷摩尔比为1∶5、催化剂用量为12mo1％时,催化剂有良好的催化活性.     

Comparative study of lignins isolated by alkali and ultrasound-assisted alkali extractions from wheat straw.

Treatment of the dewaxed wheat straw with 0.5 M KOH at 35 degrees C for 2.5 h without ultrasonic irradiation and with ultrasound assistance for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 min resulted in a dissolution of 43.9%, 43.9%, 43.9%, 44.4%, 44.4%, 45.6%, 46.8%, and 49.1% of the original lignin, respectively. Much better results were achieved under the ultrasonic irradiation time for 35 min where nearly 50% of the original lignin was solubilized at 35 degrees C for 2.5 h. The purity of the lignin preparations isolated by alkali with ultrasound assistance was higher than that of the lignin fraction obtained by alkali without ultrasonic irradiation, and their purity increased with an increment of irradiation time between 5 and 35 min, in which the content of associated polysaccharides in the former lignin preparations (0.87-1.06%) was lower than that of the latter lignin fraction (1.16%). In addition, the lignins isolated by alkali with ultrasonic irradiation time between 5 and 30 min showed a slightly higher molecular weight and thermal stability than the lignin obtained by alkali without ultrasound assistance. No substantial differences in the main structure features between the lignin preparations isolated by alkali and ultrasound-assisted alkali extractions were found.     

丙烯酰氯改性木质素模型物制备丙烯酸单体及聚合活性分析

以木质素模型化合物二氢丁香酚(DH)为原料,利用丙烯酰氯(AC)进行接枝改性制备丙烯酸二氢丁香酚酯(DH-AC)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)和凝胶色谱(GPC)等分析手段研究了丙烯酸二氢丁香酚酯的结构以及聚合活性。FTIR结果表明二氢丁香酚经过丙烯酰氯改性后,3 495 cm-1为酚羟基伸缩振动吸收峰完全消失,在1 762 cm-1处有新的酯基峰生成,同时在1 631和981 cm-1出现CC的特征吸收峰,表明丙烯酸酯官能团已成功接枝到二氢丁香酚上。1H-NMR分析结果显示DH-AC在δ=5.6的酚羟基质子峰完全消失,同时在δ=6.0,6.4和6.7出现了三个不同的质子峰,这主要是由于乙烯基CHCH₂结构的引入,该结果进一步证明目标产物丙烯酸二氢丁香酚酯结构的正确性。GC-MS结果表明目标产物丙烯酸二氢丁香酚酯的纯度为98.63%。GPC结果显示DH-AC在偶氮二异丁氰(AIBN)作为引发剂的存在下,DH-AC可以发生聚合反应,均聚物相对分子质量结果为：Mw(37400),Mn(23400),Mw/Mn=1.60,表明丙烯酸二氢丁香酚酯单体具有高的聚合活性。丙烯酸二氢丁香酚酯(DH-AC)的制备和性能研究为开发新型木质素基高分子材料奠定了理论基础。     

海南制浆树种中主要成分的近红外分析与模型优化

为提高制浆树种的利用效率,缓解国内制浆造纸原料短缺的现状,降低行业污染与总体成本,尝试将近红外光谱技术用于海南省制浆树种的成分含量分析,以期根据实时所得成分含量相应调整工艺参数。用结构简单、易改装的全息光栅分光近红外光谱仪采集了海南省常见的适龄制浆树种（尾细桉、尾巨桉、尾叶桉、马占相思和粗果相思）共205个样本的近红外光谱,按传统实验室方法分析其主要成分--综纤维素和木质素的含量。选择合适的预处理方法与偏最小二乘法结合,建立了两种分析模型,并通过遗传算法剔除不相关的变量,筛选出特征波段,明确综纤维素和木质素的特征吸收,优化了模型。其中综纤维素分析模型建立时采用Savitzky-Golay 13点3倍平滑、矢量归一化和一阶导数预处理原始光谱,1 150.3～2 362.0 nm波段参与建模。筛选出的波段包含了1 188～1 196 nm之间CH₃中C-H伸缩振动的二级倍频吸收,1 742～1 633 nm区间内O-H伸缩振动的一级倍频,2 112 nm附近O-H变形振动、O-H伸缩振动的合频等纤维素的特征吸收;也包含了1 470～1 495 nm之间O-H伸缩振动的一级倍频,1 906和1 911 nm附近C═O伸缩振动的二级倍频等聚戊糖的特征吸收。模型RMSEP值为0.55%,绝对偏差范围为-0.91%～0.87%。木质素分析模型建立时采用Savitzky-Golay 13点3倍平滑、多元信号校正和二阶导数预处理原始光谱,1 137.6～1 872.5和2 131.0～2 424.1 nm波段参与建模。筛选出的波段包含了1 143 nm附近苯环C-H伸缩振动的二级倍频吸收和CH₃的C-H伸缩振动的二级倍频吸收,1 670～1 684 nm处苯环C-H伸缩振动的一级倍频,2 205 nm附近C-H、C═O伸缩振动的合频等木质素的特征吸收。模型RMSEP值为0.45%,绝对偏差范围为-0.76%～0.79%。两个模型的RPD值分别为4.71和3.47,均能满足制浆树种主要成分在线快速分析测定的工业需求。同时,本研究为制浆树种近红外表征体系的建立提供了理论依据,对近红外技术助力制浆造纸工业由自动化向智能化转变具有较为显著的意义。     

水-四氢呋喃混合溶剂中硫酸氢钠催化生物质转化制备5-羟甲基糠醛及糠醛

报道了在水-四氢呋喃组成的混合溶剂中,采用硫酸氢钠催化各种生物质原料(玉米芯、玉米秸秆、麦秆、稻秆和甘蔗渣)制备重要的生物质基平台化学品5-羟甲基糠醛和糠醛的研究. 考察了反应温度(160～200 oC)、反应时间(30～120 min)、水与四氢呋喃的溶剂比例(1:1～1:10)和原料质量分数(2.4wt%～11.1wt%)等反应工艺的影响.在优化的工艺条件下(190 oC, 90 min, 10:1 THF:H₂O),转化玉米芯得到了47mol%的HMF和56mol%的糠醛. 此外,原料中的木质素也被有效地转化为有机溶木质素.     

Solid-state spectroscopic analysis of lignins from several Austral hardwoods

In order to gain information about lignin molecular characteristics with a direct bearing on the remarkable susceptibility of some Austral hardwoods to biological delignification, milled-wood lignins were isolated and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques in the solid state. Cross polarization and magic-angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the lignin preparations were obtained. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and quantified as percentages of the total spectral area, and the differences observed discussed in terms of lignin composition. The spectral patterns obtained revealed that the woods from Gevuina avellana, Eucryphia cordifolia and Nothofagus dombeyii have lignin with high syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, as evidenced by relative areas of 13C NMR signals at 153 and 148 ppm, and FTIR bands at 1,335 and 1,275 cm-1. The presence of syringyl-rich lignins, characterized by lower redox potential and condensation degree than guaiacyl-rich lignins, could be a structural factor contributing to the ease of extensive delignification of these woods by white-rot fungi.     

Application of Solid-State C NMR Spectroscopy and Dipolar Dephasing Technique to Determine the Extent of Condensation in Technical Lignins

Solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and dipolar dephasing technique was used to determine the extent of condensation in various technical lignins. The accuracy of dipolar dephasing method was first investigated with the aid of some lignin model compounds and two various methods to determine the degree of condensation were compared. On the basis of the model compound experiments both methods based on dipolar dephasing technique can be applied to investigate the extent of condensation in lignin. The lignin results indicate that technical softwood lignins, as well as enzymatically isolated wood lignin, are more condensed than milled wood lignin, which is generally assumed to represent native lignin. Residual lignins isolated after oxygen delignification and peroxide bleaching stages were found more condensed than residual lignin in unbleached pulps. In studies of the spent liquor lignins of flow-through kraft pulping the extent of condensation was found to increase as the cooking proceeded.     

Rapid characterization of molecular chemistry,nutrient make‐up and microlocation of internal seed tissue

Wheat differs from corn in biodegradation kinetics and fermentation characteristics. Wheat exhibits a relatively high rate (23% h^?1) and extent (78% DM) of biodegradation, which can lead to metabolic problems such as acidosis and bloat in ruminants. The objective of this study was to rapidly characterize the molecular chemistry of the internal structure of wheat (cv. AC Barrie) and reveal both its structural chemical make‐up and nutrient component matrix by analyzing the intensity and spatial distribution of molecular functional groups within the intact seed using advanced synchrotron‐powered Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. The experiment was performed at the U2B station of the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA. The wheat tissue was imaged systematically from the pericarp, seed coat, aleurone layer and endosperm under the peaks at ～1732 (carbonyl C=O ester), 1515 (aromatic compound of lignin), 1650 (amide I), 1025 (non‐structural CHO), 1550 (amide II), 1246 (cellulosic material), 1160, 1150, 1080, 930, 860 (all CHO), 3350 (OH and NH stretching), 2928 (CH₂ stretching band) and 2885 cm^?1 (CH₃ stretching band). Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were applied to analyze the molecular FTIR spectra obtained from the different inherent structures within the intact wheat tissues. The results showed that, with synchrotron‐powered FTIR microspectroscopy, images of the molecular chemistry of wheat could be generated at an ultra‐spatial resolution. The features of aromatic lignin, structural and non‐structural carbohydrates, as well as nutrient make‐up and interactions in the seeds, could be revealed. Both principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis methods are conclusive in showing that they can discriminate and classify the different inherent structures within the seed tissue. The wheat exhibited distinguishable differences in the structural and nutrient make‐up among the pericarp, seed coat, aleurone layer and endosperm. Such information on the molecular chemistry can be used for grain‐breeding programs for selecting a superior variety of wheat targeted for food and feed purposes and for predicting wheat quality and nutritive value in humans and animals. Thus advanced synchrotron‐powered FTIR technology can provide a greater understanding of the plant–animal interface.     

二氧化氯氧化云杉木质素的光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-visible)、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱(FT-Raman)以及核磁共振(1H NMR)分析技术对云杉木质素被二氧化氯氧化前后的结构变化进行了研究。当木质素被二氧化氯氧化时,其骨架结构中的芳香环基团被有效地氧化开环。红外光谱显示木质素中的愈疮木基特征峰强度显著降低,紫丁香基苯基以及对羟基苯基特征吸收峰完全消失,在被氧化后的木质素中出现CO 共轭羰基伸缩振动特征峰。紫外光谱显示木质素在被氧化后位于280 nm处的紫外吸收显著降低。1H核磁共振波谱显示,木质素中连接在芳香环侧链的甲氧基数量被氧化后出现显著的降低,同时与苯环相连的脂肪族侧链在后也相应地减少。研究结果说明二氧化氯能有效地氧化木质素中的芳香环,并将其氧化为带有CO基因的粘康酸及其酯类物质或带有醌型基团的物质。