Evaluation of Influence of Multiple Scattering Effect in Light-Scattering-Based Applications

The extinction cross sections of a system containing two particles are calculated by the T-matrix method, and the results are compared with those of two single particles with single-scattering approximation. The necessity of the correction of the refractive indices of water and polystyrene for different incident wavelengths is particularly addressed in the calculation. By this means, the volume fractions allowed for certain accuracy requirements of single-scattering approximation in the light scattering experiment can be evaluated. The volume fractions calculated with corrected refractive indices are compared with those obtained with fixed refractive indices which have been rather commonly used, showing that fixed refractive indices may cause significant error in evaluating multiple scattering effect. The results also give a simple criterion for selecting the incident wavelength and particle size to avoid the ＇blind zone＇ in the turbidity measurement, where the turbidity change is insensitive to aggregation of two particles.     

Verification and Calculation of Negative Refractive Indices of a Meta-Material by Numerical Method

The verification and calculation of the negative refractive index of a meta-material is carried out by the finitedifference time-domain method. A slab and a prism of the meta-material are simulated. A genuine plane wave is generated by a two-direction periodic boundary condition (PBC) in the slab model. Based on an advanced phase extraction technique, the negative refractive index of the meta-material is verified by phase velocity measurement in the slab and prism measurement. From our results, not only the phenomenon of backward phase propagation but also the negative refraction is clearly observed. The index is also calculated precisely. The results from the two models are consistent.     

Influence of Complex Refractive Index on Diffuse Reflection of Biological Tissues

Complex refractive indices are introduced to solve various boundary questions at the interfaces when modelling light migration within heterogeneous tissues. Combined with the complex refractive index, Fresnel‘s formulaeare used to describe the reflection and transmission at the interfaces between two heterogeneous tissues layers.Using the Monte Carlo method, the influence of the complex refractive index on diffuse reflection of semi-infinite biological tissues is discussed. The results show that neglecting the imaginary part of the refractive index of tissues will bring a major deviation in the diffuse reflection of semi-infinite biological tissues when its emitting point is apart from the incident point.     

Refractive index of ionic liquids under electric field:Methyl propyl imidazole iodide and several derivatives

Ionic liquids have received wide attention due to their novel optoelectronic structures and devices as an optical means of regulating electricity.However,the quantitative testing and analysis of refractive index of ionic liquids under electric field are rarely carried out.In the present study,an experimental apparatus including a hollow prism is designed to measure the refractive indices of ionic liquids under different electric fields.Five groups of imidazole ionic liquids are experimentally investigated and an inversion is performed to determine the refractive indices under electric fields.The error propagation analysis of the apex angle and the minimum deflection angle are conducted,and the machining accuracy requirements of the hollow prism are determined.The results show that the refractive indices of imidazole ionic liquids change with the light wavelength,following a downward convex parabola.Furthermore,the refractive index decreases with the carbon chain length of ionic liquid at a given wavelength,presenting an order of C3MImI>C4MImI>C5MImI>C3MImBr>C3MImBF4.Notably,the refractive index of imidazole ionic liquid exhibits a nonlinear change with the applied voltage at 546 nm and a monotonical decrease at 1529 nm.Besides,the variation of refractive index at 1529 nm with the applied voltage is larger than that at 546 nm and 1013 nm.Importantly,the variation of refractive index is contrary to that of absorption coefficient under electric field.This study illustrates that the theory of electrode and carrier transport can be used to explain the law of variation of n–k value of ionic liquid under the electric field,and provides the support for the evaluation of physical properties of ionic liquids,the measurement of optical functional parameters and the regulation of electric–optic performances of optical devices.     

Analysis and Determination of Refractive Index Profiles of O^2＋ Ion-Implanted LiNbO3 Planar Waveguide Using Etching and Ellipsometry Techniques

The refractive index profiles of 3 MeV O^2＋ ion-implanted planar waveguides in lithium niobate are reconstructed based on etching and ellipsometry techniques. SRIM2003 code is used to simulate the damage distribution in waveguide. It is demonstrated that the index profile of this kind of waveguide, extending to several micrometres in depth, can be determined by etching in combination with following ellipsometric measurements. A good agreement is found between the simulated damage distributions in waveguide and the index profiles based on experimental data, and the width of refractive index barrier is wider than the result of SRIM2003.     

Optical Constants of SiO2 Films Deposited on Si Substrates

SiO2 films were deposited on single-crystalline silicon substrates by ion beam sputtering technology. Optical constants of SiO2 films are calculated from spectroscopic ellipsometry data, transmittance spectra and reflectance spectra by WVASE32 software, and the best fitted method is oStained for calculating optical constants of dielectric materials in the ultraviolet-visible-infrared （UV-VIS-IR） range. In the UV-VIS-NIR spectral range, refractive indices of SiO2 films are calculated separately by both ellipsometry data and reflectance spectra, and the obtained results are almost the same. Complex dielectric functions of SiO2films in the IR spectral range are accurately calculated with infrared transmission spectra using the GenOsc model. The obtained accuracy complex refractive index of SiO2 films in the wavelength region from 0.19μm to 25 #m is of great importance for the design of high quality coatings, such as ultra-low loss coating.     

Simultaneous temperature and refractive index measurement of liquid using a local micro-structured fiber Bragg grating

An alternative solution for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index is presented. A local micro-structured fiber Bragg grating（LMSFBG）is formed as the sensing head,in which a standard grating is etched by HF.According to the phase shift theory,the main spectral change of the LMSFBG is the formation of a narrow allowed band,which is strongly dependent on the etching features and the surrounding refractive index.As such,the temperature and refractive index measurements can be achieved by the shifts of the double peaks and narrow allowed band,and their fitting linearity coefficients are 0.996 and 0.994,respectively.Thus,the reflection and transmission peaks of the LMSFBG have a good linear relationship with temperature and refractive index.     

Refractive index sensor based on a step index multimode polymer optical fiber with a micro-hole created by a miniature numerical control machine

A compact in-fiber refractive index (RI) sensor based on a step index multimode polymer optical fiber with a micro-hole drilled by a miniature numerical control machine is presented. A good linear relationship between the transmission and RI over a large operating range from 1.335 to 1.475 and a sensitivity of 36 071.43 mV/RIU (RI unit) are found. The relationship between the transmission and the RI of the hole depends on the micro-hole’s diameter and depth. The RI sensor developed in this letter is low-cost, easily fabricated, and capable of continuous measurement.     

Physical Properties of Novel Lead-Bismuthate Glasses with Large Transmitting Windows

Novel lead-bismuthate glasses with low OH concentration have been obtained in the Bi2O3-PbO-SrO system. The role of the different components in the glass formation has been explored from the density, refractive index measurements, indicating that the physical properties are mainly agected by Bi2O3 and PbO contents. The densities and refractive indices of these glasses are in the ranges of 7.639-7.699 g/cm^3 and 2.47-2.94, respectively. A wide transmitting window from visible to infrared (IR) regions and good thermal stability for some compositions of these g/asses have been observed, which make them appealing candidates for different optical applications suc has upconverting phosphors, new laser materials, optical waveguides and crystal-free fibre drawing.     

Dispersion measurements of water with spectral interferometry

The spectral relative phase is directly derived from the spectrally resolved interferogram by the Fourier transform method. Furthermore, the spectral absolute phase can also be found. The spectral absolute phase is used to measure the refractive index. In addition, the group index and the derivatives of the refractive index with respect to the wavelength are given through the polynomial fitting process. The measured results are compared with the published data and the new measurement results of the water are given for the wavelength larger than 1.3 μm.     

掺半导体玻璃(SDG)波导非线性饱和的导波测量方法

掺半导体玻璃波导的折射率分布是通过多模波导有效折射率测量得到的.当耦合进入波导的激光功率密度变化时,可在不同模深度处,测量到波导的非线性折射率系数,并获得波导非线性折射率系数与功率密度的关系.从而得到波导的非线性饱和值为1.54×10-4.     

界面折射率不一致对显微成像穿透深度的限制

在运用共焦显微术及低相干显微成像术等进行光学断层成像时,要将光束聚焦到样品内部以便实现光学断层成像,然而由于生物组织等的折射率与盖玻璃以及浸液不同,因而会引入很大的球差,从而使入射电磁波发生畸变.分析了由于多层折射率不一致而引入的球差的大小,并运用所得的公式计算了折射率不一致对光在样品中穿透深度及焦面附近光场分布的影响.     

用全反射方法测量离体动物组织的折射率

利用全反射原理测量了新鲜离体动物组织在650 nm处的折射率.选择了鸡胸肉、猪肌肉、牛肌肉、羊肉、猪肝脏和猪肾脏六种类型的组织作为研究对象,将其制成2 mm厚的切片进行测量,折射率的测量结果范围在1.384 52~1.418 26.特别是对其中肌肉纤维取向明显的鸡胸肉、猪肌肉、牛肌肉,分别测量了肌肉纤维在平行和垂直棱镜与生物组织界面两种情况下的折射率.结果表明,测量的肌肉纤维垂直界面时的折射率要大于平行时的结果.     

色散、群速与群折射率

本文讨论了群折射率存在的物理意义,指出群折射率不仅包含了折射率概念而且还体现了折射率的色散性质,同样能作为材料本身的光学性质参量.接着指出在折射率的白光干涉法测量中存在着忽视色散作用而导致的将群折射率误认为折射率的情况.将群折射率与折射率区别开来,不仅可以消除折射率测量中所存在的错误,而且可以突出色散现象在光传播时间特性上的意义.为此建立了折射率与群折射率的相互变换关系,通过对于典型物质的折射率与群折射率变换关系的计算,说明二者在数值上的差别甚至对于气体介质来说也是不能忽略的.     

太赫兹波段微腔器件的设计及其特性研究

采用磁控溅射法制备了金属Cr膜, 并利用太赫兹时域光谱法获得了其光学参数. 利用Cr膜的光学参数计算了其相位穿透深度, 设计了基于低温GaAs 的全金属平面微腔光电导太赫兹辐射器件. 模拟结果表明: 器件的谐振频率分别为0.32, 0.65, 0.98, 1.31和1.65 THz, 与自由空间的光电导太赫兹谱相比, 在谐振频率为0.32 THz处的峰值强度提高了25倍, 光谱半高全宽压缩了50倍. 讨论了辐射偶极子与腔内驻波场之间的耦合强度对器件辐射强度的影响, 发现当辐射中心位于驻波场波腹处时, 器件辐射最强, 位于波节处时辐射被严重抑制. 太赫兹波段微腔效应的研究对于实现单色性好, 连续调谐, 高效高辐射强度的太赫兹源具有一定的理论意义.     

皮肤组织容积脉搏波400~1000 nm光谱特性仿真研究

根据皮肤组织解剖结构特性建立了六层层状模型,并给出了皮肤组织各层的特性参数;考虑了氧合血红蛋白和还原血红蛋白的吸收特性,依据皮肤组织各层的水、血、脂肪、血氧饱和度含量以及血管大小给出了皮肤组织各层的光谱吸收系数;对不同波长散射系数做了适当简化,给出了皮肤组织各层的光谱散射系数。利用蒙特卡罗方法仿真血管组织在收缩与舒张两种状态下, 400~1 000 nm波长光在皮肤组织多层模型中的传输过程,并通过统计大量光子的分布特性,获得了皮肤组织光谱反射系数,并利用模拟所得的两种状态下的反射系数计算得到了光谱容积脉搏波幅度。仿真结果表明,当入射光强一定时,绿光的容积脉搏波幅度优于红光和蓝光。通过计算不同波长光沿皮肤组织深度方向光能流率衰减为1/e时对应的皮肤组织深度,获得了皮肤组织光谱穿透深度。结果显示,血管舒张状态下蓝光和绿光的穿透深度较小,蓝光大部分只能达到表皮层,绿光能到达微循环层,红光可直达真皮层。考虑到光在皮肤组织中传播包含了一个从收缩到舒张的动态过程,基于此,根据穿透深度定义了脉搏波信号产生深度,利用血管舒张与收缩两种不同状态下的穿透深度计算得到了光谱产生深度。结果表明,不同波长光产生深度大于其穿透深度,蓝光产生深度较浅,且其受到的血液吸收调制较小,因而其获得的脉搏信号易受噪声干扰;红光的容积脉搏波产生深度较大,但是相比于绿光其受血液吸收调制较小,且绿光产生深度足够达到真皮血管层,因而红光容积脉搏波的幅度小于绿光。上述仿真结果明确了皮肤组织部分光谱特性,为皮肤组织多光谱容积脉搏波的精确获取及其他相关研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

量子真空计量标准中的非极性稀薄气体折射率测量研究

为进一步提高真空量值的复现性和准确性,最新研究采用量子技术实现对真空量值的测量与表征.该方法利用Fabry-Perot谐振腔实现腔内气体折射率的精密测量,并反演出气体密度,进而获得对应的真空量值,其中气体折射率的测量是影响真空量值准确性的关键.本文基于第一性原理,利用从头计算理论计算了在已知压力和温度条件下的氦气折射率,给出腔内气体压力与折射率关系的表达式,并利用基于Fabry-Perot激光谐振腔的真空测量装置,通过双腔谐振激光拍频精确测量了充气前后谐振激光频率的变化,测出了氦气折射率,并分析了测量不确定度.将理论计算值与实验测量值进行了对比分析,得出了制约准确度提高的主要因素,并提出了修正方法.     

Ag+-Li+离子交换制作Er3+/Yb3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃平面光波导

制备了化学稳定的Er3+/Yb3+共掺的磷酸盐玻璃,并在其中制作了用于光放大器和激光器的平面光波导.这种磷酸盐玻璃的失重速率为4.7×10－5g·cm－2·hr－1,小于Kigre公司商业化的磷酸盐玻璃QX/Er的失重速率.采用Ag+-Li+交换技术制作了平面光波导并用m-线光谱在632.8 nm测量了平面光波导的有效折射率.根据反WKB法得到折射率形貌,计算了离子交换参数如:离子交换深度、表面折射率,折射率改变和扩散系数等.     

Effective refractive index for determining ray propagation in an absorbing dielectric particle

The ray-tracing technique can be employed to simulate the scattering of light by a dielectric particle whose characteristic dimension is much larger than the incident wavelength. When a scattering particle is absorptive, a localized electromagnetic wave refracted into the scatterer is inhomogeneous, which requires the use of an effective refractive index to determine the propagation direction of the refracted ray. The effective refractive index for the first-order reflection–refraction event (i.e., the case for the ray-transmission from air into a particle) has been previously derived by the authors. In this study, we further develop recurrence formulae for the effective refractive indices associated with higher-order reflection–refraction events when the ray-transmission is from a particle to air. It is shown from the new formulae that effective refractive indices in this case depend upon ray history. Numerical results indicate that the real and imaginary parts of the effective refractive index are larger and smaller, respectively, than the real and imaginary parts of the inherent complex refractive index of an absorbing particle. Furthermore, if the particle faces associated with two sequential internal reflections are parallel to each other, the corresponding effective refractive indices are the same.