中微子振荡与中微子的静止质量

简要回顾了中微子的发现过程,论述了中微子的基本性质及三种不同类型的中微子,讨论了中微子振荡的最新实验结果及其与中微子静止质量的关系,指出了中微子的静止质量在物理学与天文学中的重要性以及确定中微子的静止质量有待进一步解决的问题。     

中微子质量和中微子振荡实验

本介绍中微子质量测量的历史和现状。介绍太阳中微子丢失实验的结果和大气μ中微子丢失实验结果。这些结果表明存在中微子振荡,即中微子具有质量。它是超出标准模型的信号。本还介绍了21世纪初研究中微子振荡的若干重要实验,例如长基线中微子振荡实验以及建造μ子 贮存环来产生高能电子中微子束进行中微子振荡的实验以及测量中微子振荡时的CP破坏的设想。     

认识中微子

由于中微子的作用截面很小而不容易被探测和认识，从而人们给予中微子一些独特的性质，如中微子没有确定的内禀宇称，没有静止质量和磁矩或存在所谓中微子振荡现象等。     

中微子的探索

从中微子概念的提出、中微子的发现及中微子振荡等方面,回顾了对中微子的探索历程.着重叙述了1988年、1995年、2002年获得诺贝尔物理学奖的中微子研究成果及我国大亚湾中微子实验的重大成就,并扼要介绍了未来的中微子研究方向.     

中微子质量和中微子振荡实验

本文介绍中微子质量测量的历史和现状。介绍太阳中微子丢失实验的结果和大气 μ中微子丢失实验结果。这些结果表明存在中微子振荡 ,即中微子具有质量。它是超出标准模型的信号。本文还介绍了 2 1世纪初研究中微子振荡的若干重要实验 ,例如长基线中微子振荡实验以及建造 μ子贮存环来产生高能电子中微子束进行中微子振荡的实验以及测量中微子振荡时的CP破坏的设想。     

太阳中微子失踪案和中微子振荡

 《科技日报》公布的2000年国际十大科技新闻的第5条“中微子质量已成定论”报道说:“2000年6月17日,在加拿大卡尔加里召开的国际中微子科学会议上,日本和美国的科学家小组发表论文,阐述了太阳中微子有质量的理论和实验报告,受到会议的肯定,结束了中微子有无质量的长期争论。7月17日,美、日、韩3国科学家发表最新实验结果,确认中微子有质量的概率达95%”。中微子有质量意味着什么?为了使读者了解它,本文首先介绍著名的“太阳中微子失踪案”,然后进一步介绍与中微子质量问题密切相关的“中微子振荡”问题。     

太阳中微子失踪案和中微子振荡

 (续前)五、“中微子振荡”是物理学家的法宝按照粒子物理的标准模型,中微子质量为零,它们以光速运动。存在着3种不同类型(即3种“味”)的中微子:电子型中微子(记为νｅ),μ-中微子(记为νμ)和τ-中微子(记为ντ),它们之间彼此不相关,分别只同电子、μ轻子和τ轻子密切相关。不过,早在戴维斯等人公布首批氯探测器的探测结果的1968年,庞托科沃就提出了这3种“味”的中微子很有可能互相来回地转化,称为“中微子振荡”。在太阳内部的热核燃烧过程中产生的中微子都是νｅ。但它们在从太阳到地球的漫长行进过程中,νｅ不断地转化为νμ和ντ。     

Davis对中微子的探测及其影响

Ｄａｖｉｓ对中微子的探测及其影响１９９６年１１月２５日收到初稿，１９９７年３月３日修回王较过季淑莉（陕西师范大学物理系，西安７１００６２）１９３０年，泡利提出了中微子假说．之后，费米用中微子假说以巧妙的方式构筑了弱相互作用的理论．由于中微子与其他...     

中微子振荡和太阳中微子

现在,普遍相信至少有三种(或三“味”)中微子,分别表示为ν_e,ν_μ和ν_τ。也有三种相应的反中微子ν_e,ν_μ和ν_τ。它们之间的区别在于其相互作用不同。ν_e是原子核在β衰变时同正电子一道发射出的粒子,也是预期会由太阳发射出的一种中微子。ν_μ是μ子和π介子衰变时发射出的。ν_τ还从未被直接探测到,但通常认为τ轻子衰变时会发射出ν_τ粒子。 费米在他第一篇关于β衰变理论的论文中提出了中微子质量问题,并指出高能端电子谱对中微子质量是敏感的。近年来,关于中微子质量的实验集中于研究氚的β衰变 3H→3He + e~-+ v_e释放出…     

探索中微子之谜:回顾与展望

中微子的静质量是２０世纪末物理学中一个有待解决的重要问题,它在粒子物理学、宇宙学和天体物理学中占有重要的地位。文章首先评述了太阳中微子实验、大气中微子实验、超新星中微子实验和加速器中微子实验的历史、现状和发展。多年来的实验显示,中微子具有不为零的静质量,可以通过 不同的味之间转换。至少有两个理论描述了中微子振荡,即真空振荡机制和ＭＳＷ机制,文章讨论了这两个理论及其实验判据。最后,介绍了测量中微子静     

Quantum Mechanics of Neutrino Oscillations

We present a simple but general treatment of neutrino oscillations in the framework of quantum mechanics, using plane waves and intuitive wave packet principles when necessary. We attempt to clarify some confusing statements that have recently appeared in the literature.     

Solar neutrino oscillation phenomenology

This article summarises the status of the solar neutrino oscillation phenomenology at the end of 2002 in the light of the SNO and KamLAND results. We first present the allowed areas obtained from global solar analysis and demonstrate the preference of the solar data towards the large-mixing-angle (LMA) MSW solution. A clear confirmation in favour of the LMA solution comes from the KamLAND reactor neutrino data. The KamLAND spectral data in conjunction with the global solar data further narrows down the allowed LMA region and splits it into two allowed zones a low Δm ² region (low-LMA) and high Δm ² region (high-LMA). We demonstrate through a projected analysis that with an exposure of 3 kton-year (kTy) KamLAND can remove this ambiguity.     

Earthquake forecast via neutrino tomography

We discuss the possibility of forecasting earthquakes by means of (anti)neutrino tomography. An- tineutrinos emitted from reactors are used as a probe. As the antineutrinos traverse through a region prone to earthquakes, observable variations in the matter effect on the antineutrino oscillation would provide a tomog- raphy of the vicinity of the region. In this preliminary work, we adopt a simplified model for the geometrical profile and matter density in a fault zone. We calculate the survival probability of electron antineutrinos for cases without and with an anomalous accumulation of electrons which can be considered as a clear signal of the coming earthquake, at the geological region with a fault zone, and find that the variation may reach as much as 3% for ν<,e> emitted from a reactor. The case for a ν<,e> beam from a neutrino factory is also investigated, and it is noted that, because of the typically high energy associated with such neutrinos, the oscillation length is too large and the resultant variation is not practically observable. Our conclusion is that with the present reactor facilities and detection techniques, it is still a difficult task to make an earthquake forecast using such a scheme, though it seems to be possible from a theoretical point of view while ignoring some uncertainties. However, with the development of the geology, especially the knowledge about the fault zone, and with the improvement of the detection techniques, etc., there is hope that a medium-term earthquake forecast would be feasible.     

Solving Solar Neutrino Puzzle via LMA MSW Conversion

We analyze the existing solar neutrino experiment data and show the allowed regions. The result from SNO＇s salt phase itself restricts quite a lot the allowed region＇s area. Reactor neutrinos play an important role in determining oscillation parameters. KamLAND gives decisive conclusion on the solution to the solar neutrino puzzle, in particular, the spectral distortion in the 766.3 Ty KamLAND data gives another new improvement in the constraint of solar MSW-LMA solutions. We confirm that at 99.73% C.L. the high-LMA solution is excluded.     

Bi-large Neutrino Mixing See-Saw Mass Matrix with Texture Zeros and Leptogenesis

We study constraints on neutrino properties for a class of bi-large mixing See-Saw mass matrices with texture zeros and with the related Dirac neutrino mass matrix to be proportional to a diagonal matrix of the form diag(ε,1,1). Texture zeros may occur in the light (class a) or in the heavy (class b) neutrino mass matrices. Each of these two classes has 5 different forms which can produce non-trivial three generation mixing with at least one texture zero. We find that two types of texture zero mass matrices in both class a and class b can be consistent with present data on neutrino masses and mixing. None of the neutrinos can have zero masses and the lightest of the light neutrinos has a mass larger than about 0.046 eV for class a and 0.0027 eV for class b. In these models although the CKM CP violating phase vanishes, the non-zero Majorana phases can exist and can play an important role in producing the observed baryon asymmetry in our universe through leptogenesis mechanism. The requirement of producing the observed baryon asymmetry can further distinguish different models and also restrict the See-Saw scale to be in the range of 10¹²～10¹⁵ GeV. We also discuss RG effects on V₁₃.     

Muon与Tau中微子的运动学有效质量及其不可探测性

利用最新的WMAP观测数据推导出电子、Muon和Tau中微子的运动学有效质量的一般上限:e2+μ2+τ2=m12+m22+m32<0.5eV2,或α<0.71eV(其中α=e,μ,τ)。考虑现有中微子振荡的实验数据,进一步得到e<0.24eV以及μ≈τ<0.24eV. 因此有效质量_μ和_τ太小而无法被探测.     

Leptogenesis models and neutrino mass constraints

Through leptogenesis, baryogenesis could have the same origin as neutrino masses. We review the various ways of implementing the leptogenesis mechanism. Emphasis is put on the conditions which, in order that this mechanism works, need to be fulfilled by the neutrino masses as well as by the heavy state masses.     

Atmospheric neutrinos and discovery of neutrino oscillations

Neutrino oscillation was discovered through studies of neutrinos produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere. These neutrinos are called atmospheric neutrinos. They are produced as decay products in hadronic showers resulting from collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei in the atmosphere. Electron-neutrinos and muon-neutrinos are produced mainly by the decay chain of charged pions to muons to electrons. Atmospheric neutrino experiments observed zenith-angle and energy dependent deficit of muon-neutrino events. Neutrino oscillations between muon-neutrinos and tau-neutrinos explain these data well. Neutrino oscillations imply that neutrinos have small but non-zero masses. The small neutrino masses have profound implications to our understanding of elementary particle physics and the Universe. This article discusses the experimental discovery of neutrino oscillations.