雷诺数对圆柱尾流中被动标量场的影响

本文通过实验研究雷诺数对加热圆柱尾流中温度场的影响.实验中雷诺数Re(≡U∞d/v,其中U∞为来流速度、d为圆柱直径、v为流体黏度)的取值范围为1200-8600.实验中温度是由直径为0.63 μm的冷线探针测量的.实验结果表明,一般而言,雷诺数对整个尾流的标量混合特性有着显著的影响.随着雷诺数的增加,平均标量场向外的扩散速度加快、标量脉动强度增加了但衰减也加快.本文还发现:尾流中似乎存在两个区域,一个位于卡门涡街下游靠后,另一个就是传统的远场自相似区;在这两个区域,某些描述标量和动量的相似关系式近似成立.     

有限深密度分层流体中运动物体生成内波的一种等效质量源方法

采用一种等效移动质量源来模拟有限深密度分层流体中运动物体生成内波的体积效应和旋涡、湍流尾迹激发源,结合内波本征值问题及Fourier变换等方法,建立了计算运动物体生成内波垂向位移场的一种理论模型,提出了确定移动质量源速度、回转直径及长度的具体方法.利用该理论模型,对一类典型密度分层流体中运动球生成内波的波系与波形结构,以及波高特征等进行了数值模拟与分析,结果与Robey实验结果符合良好,表明了所建立理论模型的合理与有效性. 关键词： 分层流体 内波 等效质量源     

圆管潜射流生成偶极子涡特性实验

利用溢流恒压装置产生具有稳定出流速度的圆管潜射流, 结合染色液流态显示方法, 在多种射流无量纲潜深d/H、雷诺数Re以及限制数C的组合下, 实验研究了该潜射流动量在有限深密度均匀流体中的演化特性, 其中d为射流潜深, H为水深. 研究表明, 当C<1时潜射流表现为深水特征, 而当1≤ C<2时潜射流表现为过渡特征, 在这两种情况下均不产生任何形式的大尺度相干结构; 当2≤ C<10时潜射流表现为浅水特征, 而C≥10时潜射流表现为极浅水特征, 在这两种情况下均产生大尺度的偶极子涡结构. 对极浅水特征潜射流, 在各种无量纲潜深下, 偶极子涡结构的无量纲形成时间t_f^*与无量纲射流时间T_inj^*均满足相同的正比例关系; 对浅水特征潜射流, 当d/H=0.5时, t_f^*与T_inj^*满足某种线性关系, 但对其他无量纲潜深, t_f^*与T_inj^*之间无明显规律. 关键词： 圆管潜射流 限制数 偶极子涡结构 形成时间     

环形运动势搅拌下偶极玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中的von Kármán涡街

数值研究了偶极玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体(Bose-Einstein condensate, BEC)在环形运动高斯势搅拌时的动力学行为.当高斯势运动速度和尺寸逐渐变化时,偶极BEC中将出现稳定层流、涡旋偶极子、Bénard–von Kármán(BvK)涡街以及混乱激发4种模式.结果表明高斯势在偶极BEC中圆周运动时产生涡街的条件非常苛刻,只有适当尺寸的高斯势以合适的速度运动时,尾流中周期性脱落的具有相同旋量的涡旋对稳定的分布在内外两个圆环上,形成BvK涡街.在实验参数下进行系统数值计算得到了不同偶极相互作用时的相图,讨论了偶极相互作用以及高斯势速度和尺寸对不同激发模式的影响.通过高斯势所受拖拽力的计算,分析了不同激发的物理学机制.     

绕Hydronautics水翼空化旋涡的高速录像观察

为了解hydronautics超空化水翼的绕流流场特性,采用高速摄像机等流动显示设备,在空化水洞中针对此种超空化水翼进行了一系列绕流流场显示实验。实验结果表明,绕这种超空化水翼的空化形成与发展,均与产生于翼型前端 (吸力面)和尾端(压力面)的旋涡或二者的结合体:空化涡街有关;空化数的大小,决定了空化涡街形成与溃灭的不同特征;当空化数较低时,涡街中空化旋涡的扩张形成了闭合的超空化区域。     

翼型绕流电磁控制的实验和数值研究

分布在弱电介质溶液中的电磁力(Lorentz力),可以有效地控制边界层的流动.利用以转动水槽为主的实验系统和基于双时间步Roe格式的数值方法,对翼型绕流的电磁控制进行了实验和数值研究.结果表明,对于一定攻角的翼型,电磁力可以控制其绕流形态.当电磁力方向与流动方向相同时,可以抑制分离,消除涡街,其效果与减小攻角类似.当电磁力的方向与流动方向相反时,可在流场中形成大涡组成的涡街,增强流体的混合能力,其效果与增大攻角类似. 关键词： 电磁力 翼型绕流 流体控制     

吸收式热泵降膜吸收过程传热传质理论分析及实验关联

本文对吸收式热泵的降膜吸收过程中动量、能量及质量传递进行了较全面的理论分析，建立了变膜厚降膜吸收数学模型，揭示了吸收过程中热量、动量、质量传递过程间的相互作用关系并提出以ＰＥ数为核心的凝结式降膜吸收理论。依据该理论，成功地对降膜吸收过程传热实验数据进行关联，获得了实用传热计算的无因次准则公式。     

空气横掠错排板簇换热与阻力特性的试验研究

本文采用萘升华质-热比拟技术,对锯齿形翅片的二维模型-错排板簇的换热与阻力特性进行了试验研究.试验表明在充分发展区,当Re数在1500至8800范围内,不同板长时的板簇换热与阻力综合指标i/f值与Re数的关系几乎相同.此外,还得到了板簇无因次板长L/D_h和Re数的传质(热)准则式.     

25MeV/u40Ar+197Au反应中高激发热核的时空演化

报道了25MeV/u⁴⁰Ar+¹⁹⁷Au反应中从两粒子相对动量关联函数提取的发射时间随空间大小演化的规律.结果表明，即使发射源质量数减小50%，对计算的关联函数及提取的发射时间影响仍然很小.在短发射时间(τ≤100fm/c)情况下，较小的核物质密度，导致提取的发射时间变小.因此，在正常核物质密度参数下提取的τ值可作为发射时间的上限值.在长发射时间(τ≥300fm/c)情况下发射时间不随空间大小变化，提取的τ即为实际的发射时间. 关键词：     

固体介质中电偶极子介电常数温度特性与能级密度分布关系

从电介质极化的基本方程出发,实现了直接从介电常数温度特性关系获得偶极子任意能级密度分布,该理论并不需要已知偶极子任何性质,均能实现分布计算. 关键词：     

偶极玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体在类方势阱中的Bénard-von Kármán涡街

对偶极玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体（Bose-Einstein condensate,BEC）在类方势阱中的Bénard-von Kármán涡街现象进行了数值研究.结果表明,当障碍势在BEC中的运动速度与尺寸在适当范围内时,系统中会出现稳定的两列涡旋对阵列,即Bénard-von Kármán涡街.研究了偶极相互作用强弱、障碍势尺寸以及运动速度对尾流中产生的涡旋结构的影响,得到了相图结构.对障碍势所受拖拽力进行计算,分析了涡旋对产生的力学机理.     

具有密度跃层分层流体中回转体激发内波特性实验

在具有连续密度跃层的分层流体中,对长径比为7:1的回转体在迎水和背水运动下激发体积效应与尾迹效应内波特性开展了系列实验.结果表明,体积效应激发内波属于一种相对于回转体定常的多模态Lee波结构,而尾迹效应激发主控内波为相对于回转体非定常的拟Lee波结构,这是一类由湍流尾迹中大尺度相干结构作为移动源激发的内波结构,在Lee波与拟Lee波之间存在一个与长径比近似为线性关系的临界转捩Froude数Fr_c,当FrFr_c 时拟Lee波为主控内波,而且拟Lee波相关速度Froude数近似为一个常数0.8,其无因次峰-峰幅值随Fr的增大近似线性增大,其中Fr为回转体特征直径Froude数.结果还表明,回转体头部与尾部几何形式并不影响其激发内波临界转捩Froude数Fr_c、 拟Lee波相关速度Froude数及其峰-峰幅值变化特性.     

Vortical dynamics in the wake of water strider locomotion

Abstract  

Previous studies reported that the hydrodynamic propulsion of the water strider also results from transferring momentum to the underlying fluid through hemispherical dipolar vortices shed by its driving legs. However, there are no accuracy experimental measurements of these vortical structures to prove the mechanics of vortical propulsion. Here, we reveal the vortical structures by reporting the simultaneous measurements of the water strider’s motion and the fluid velocity field with the high-speed PIV, and proposing a new method of calculating the vortex kinetic energy and vortex momentum. We found that the asymmetrical vortical structure in each dipolar vortex, generated by one driving stroke, propels the water strider forward, and the outer elliptic vortex is weaker than the inner circular vortex. The movement of the dipolar vortex is divided into two stages: (1) translating backward and (2) return curving. In this way, the water strider obtains the maximum velocity with minimal consumption of energy. The fluid vortical momentum, generated by the driving stroke, accounts for about 64–90% of the water strider’s momentum.     

Propagation of a moving point source in a stratified medium with fluid flow

Summary The problem of an acoustic field generated by a point source moving with arbitrary velocity in a stratified medium in still air has been addressed by Limet al. (Lim P. H. andOzard J. M.,J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,95 (1994) 131). The aim of this paper is to investigate the same problem in the presence of a moving fluid.     

线性密度分层流体中半球体运动生成内波的实验研究

在密度线性分布的分层流试验水槽中,对贴近侧壁面的半球体模型运动生成的内波进行了实验研究. 采用多通道电导率阵列,测量分析了拖曳模型产生内波的波形结构、垂向位移场及其相关速度等. 实验结果表明:半球体模型产生的内波可以分为两类,一类是由定常源激发的体积效应内波,另一类是由非定常源激发的尾迹内波,由前者转换为后者的临界内Froude(Fr)数是Fr_s =1.6;与球体模型实验比较,Fr_s约为球体的2/3,转换更迅速,界线更清 关键词： 分层流 半球模型 内波 尾迹     

Turbulent vortex rings in weakly turbulent and in turbulent ambient flow

Turbulent vortex rings were investigated in weakly turbulent flow and in three different grid generated turbulent flows to clarify the reciprocal action of the vortex ring with defined external turbulence. Assuming self-similarity and turbulent viscosity as proportional to V₀D₀ the equations for the ring diameter D(t) and the velocity of propagation V(t) were derived. The time difference Δt between the virtual origins of 1/V(t) respectively D²(t) led to an invariant term. The equation of momentum is fulfilled. – Position and diameter of the vortex rings were determined till their decay by means of an optical system, which did not disturb the vortex rings. The experimental results in weakly turbulent ambient flow obtained by the author and by others confirm the theory very well. The ambient turbulence was nearly constant in the measuring region; its effect could be described by simply adding its viscosity to the vortex ring’s internal turbulent viscosity. The results could be represented in unified non-dimensional diagrams. Moreover, an explanation was found as to why the mean internal turbulent viscosity is constant.     

Two-dimensional structure of the wake behind a pitching airfoil with higher non-dimensional pitching rate

Two-dimensional flow patterns have been visualized by two kinds of dyes and a VTR camera in a water tunnel atRe=4.0×10³ in order to study how flow patterns of vortex changed behind a pitching airfoil with various pitching rates and pitching amplitudes. The tested airfoil was NACA0010. The experiment was performed under the conditions such as the pitching motions with sinusoidal or triangular wave around its mid- or quarter-chord axis. The non-dimensional pitching rates werek=1.97, 2.81 and 4.22. The pitching amplitudes were changed asA=±2, ±6 and ±12, however the mean angle of attack was fixed atμ _m =0°. As a result, the followings were clarified. The flow pattern of thrust producing vortex street was observed in the wake behind the pitching airfoil with a higher nondimensional pitching rate. Similar flow patterns of the vortex were observed in spite of the differences in the location of pitching motion axis, in the pitching motion wave profile and in the pitching amplitude. Moreover, the pitching motion around the quarter-chord axis with triangular wave could realize the thrust producing vortex street more easily.     

Experimental investigation on laminar separation control for flow over a two-dimensional bump

The laminar boundary layer separation flow over a two-dimensional bump controlled by synthetic jets is experimentally investigated in a water channel with hydrogen-bubble visualisation and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. The two-dimensional synthetic jet is applied near the separation point. Two Reynolds numbers (Re = 700 and 1120) based on the bump height and free-stream velocity are adopted in this experiment, and seven different excitation frequencies at each Reynolds number are considered, focusing on the separation control as well as the vortex dynamics. The experimental results show that the optimal control can only be achieved within some excitation frequencies at both Reynolds numbers. However, beyond this range, further increasing the excitation frequency leads to an increase in the separation region. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique and vortex identification by swirling strength (Λ_ci) are applied for the deeper analysis of the separated flow. The reconstructed Λ_ci field by the first four POD modes is used and vortex lock-on phenomenon is observed. It is found that the negative synthetic jet vortex with clockwise rotation draws the separated wake shear layer as it is convected downstream, and then they syncretise together. Thus, the new vortex is induced and shedding downstream periodically.     

Turbulent structures in an optimal Taylor–Couette flow between concentric counter-rotating cylinders

The turbulent structures formed in a Taylor–Couette (TC) flow established between two concentric counter-rotating cylinders were explored numerically. The shear Reynolds number was set to Re_shear = 8000 and the radius ratio was set to r_i/r_o = 0.5. An optimal flow corresponding to the maximal angular velocity transport between the cylinders was selected for the TC flow. The mean velocity profile reached its steepest value near the cylinders in the optimal TC flow. The streamwise velocity correlations at the outer cylinder in the gap exceeded those at the inner cylinder. The large convective transport of angular velocity in the gap generated a maximal angular velocity flux to achieve the optimal flow. The angular velocity flux generated by the momentum source exceeded that generated by the momentum sink. The vorticity dispersion was larger near the inner cylinder than near the outer cylinder, but vorticity stretching near the outer cylinder exceeded than that near the inner cylinder. The skin friction coefficient budgets were plotted using the velocity–vorticity correlation. The vortex stretching contributions dominated the skin friction budgets. The area near the inner cylinder was populated by stronger vortices, but their population density was smaller than the population density of the vortices near the outer cylinder. The probability density functions of the wall-normal and streamwise velocity fluctuations delineated the presence of the large wall-normal velocity fluctuations near the outer cylinder.