Discrete Stochastic Modeling for Epidemics in Networks

In this paper, we construct a microscopic mechanism for the epidemic processes in heterogeneous populations, which contains two basic assumptions: all edges of the network are broken and reconnected at every time step among the epidemic process; the probability of randomly chosen two half-edges to make a pair is identical. We define the stochastic epidemic process and get the epidemic distributions numerically according to the transmission probability λ. Two different phases are observed, which means the onset of phase transition, and the threshold value is very small. Under the thermodynamic limit, the process can be approximated by a deterministic dynamical system. About this deterministic system, we get the analytical threshold value, which is consistent with the numerical results of the epidemic distributions.     

A New Tool for Eliminating Indoor Air Quality Complaints

Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) can cause a variety of health problems for building occupants including headaches, respiratory problems, eye irritation and fatigue. Traditional IAQ measurements often fail to identify the root cause of the problems and solutions remain elusive. A new IAQ metric, ultrafine particles, is shown to have a high correlation with complaint areas. Researchers are studying the toxicology of these tiny pollutants on animals and humans. Ultrafine particles are defined as particles smaller than 100nm diameter; nanoparticles, those smaller than 50nm diameter, are a subset of ultrafine particles. A battery-powered, portable condensation particle counter (CPC) can be used to quickly identify the source and transport pathways of ultrafine particle contaminants so they can be eliminated or controlled. The CPC condenses isopropyl alcohol on the particles to grow them to an optically detectable size. The hand-held instrument is fast responding, has a wide concentration range, and can log data to detect trends and short-term excursions. Adding the metric of ultrafine particles may become very important to IAQ investigations in the future.     

二进制数控电桥测室温

传统惠斯登电桥受限于电阻箱的测量精度,往往无法准确测量温度。根据二进制数控R-2R电阻网络的伏安特性,把R-2R电阻网络作为惠斯登电桥的比例臂,通过12个手动开关（或者360度旋转编码器）调节比例臂电阻的比值以实现电桥的平衡。并通过运算放大器调节检流计灵敏度以测量PT100的阻值,从而实现对室内温度的精确测量。     

Modeling of Stochastic Magnetic Perturbation by RWMEF-Coils on NSTX

A 3-D field line integration code, TRIP3D has been modified to model stochastic magnetic perturbation produced by a resistive wall mode, error field （ RWMEF ） coil in the NSTX tokamak with very low aspect ratio. The RWMEF-coil has two turns, which may produce stochastic fields with the toroidal mode number of n = 1 or 3. In this study, it is found that the stochastic field of n = 3 is larger than that of n=-1 for the same coil current. Two divertor discharges with lower single null （ LSN ） and double null （ DN ） configurations in the NSTX have been modeled with different RWMEF-coil currents and toroidal modes.     

Modeling Aggregation Processes of Lennard-Jones particles Via Stochastic Networks

We model an isothermal aggregation process of particles/atoms interacting according to the Lennard-Jones pair potential by mapping the energy landscapes of each cluster size N onto stochastic networks, computing transition probabilities from the network for an N-particle cluster to the one for \(N+1\), and connecting these networks into a single joint network. The attachment rate is a control parameter. The resulting network representing the aggregation of up to 14 particles contains 6427 vertices. It is not only time-irreversible but also reducible. To analyze its transient dynamics, we introduce the sequence of the expected initial and pre-attachment distributions and compute them for a wide range of attachment rates and three values of temperature. As a result, we find the configurations most likely to be observed in the process of aggregation for each cluster size. We examine the attachment process and conduct a structural analysis of the sets of local energy minima for every cluster size. We show that both processes taking place in the network, attachment and relaxation, lead to the dominance of icosahedral packing in small (up to 14 atom) clusters.     

FTIR同时测定多组分室内有机污染气体的方法研究

随着环保意识的增强,室内空气污染问题越来越引起人们的重视,尤其是挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的污染。急需建立室内有机污染气体的多组分同时快速检测方法。文章采用红外光谱技术与化学计量学方法相结合,建立了同时测定室内主要有机污染气体苯、甲苯、二甲苯的分析方法。选择红外光谱中3 000～2 600 cm-1,1 100～600 cm-1两个谱段建立分析校正模型,对气体样品中苯、甲苯、二甲苯3种组分的计算浓度与标准浓度之间的复相关系数(r2)分别为0.970,0.955和0.946,校正集的均方根偏差(RMSEC)分别为0.074 2,0.081 9,0.087 7,预测集的均方根偏差(RMSEP)分别为0.132,0.134和0.033 3。 对未知样品的预测结果在误差允许范围内,用该方法同时测定多组分室内有机污染气体是可行的。采用偏最小二乘(PLS)算法所得分析校正模型的各性能指标略优于主成分回归(PCR)算法。     

Numerical Modeling on Heat Transport Across Stochastic Magnetic Field

The heat diffusion across the stochastic magnetic field is studied numerically. The stochastic field is generated by the overlap of two magnetic islands. The parameter w/w_c, is found tobe an important parameter in charactering the transport, where w is the magnetic island width, and w_c is the critical island width for flattening the electron temperature across an island. For w/w_c < 1, the enhanced radial heat diffusivity χ_r is proportional to the parallel heat diffusivity χ_∥, and the heat transport is dominated by the additive effect of individual islands. For w/w_c > 3, χ_r is also proportional to χ_∥ and the additional degradation of the energy confinement due to stochastic magnetic field becomes apparent. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Modeling Oxidation of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy Using Stochastic Cellular Automata

Together with the thermodynamics and kinetics, the complex microstructure of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) exerts a significant influence on the associated oxidation mechanisms in these concentrated solid solutions. To describe the surface oxidation in AlCoCrFeNi HEA, we employed a stochastic cellular automata model that replicates the mesoscale structures that form. The model benefits from diffusion coefficients of the principal elements through the native oxides predicted by using molecular simulations. Through our examination of the oxidation behavior as a function of the alloy composition, we corroborated that the oxide scale growth is a function of the complex chemistry and resultant microstructures. The effect of heat treatment on these alloys is also simulated by using reconstructed experimental micrographs. When they are in a single-crystal structure, no segregation is noted for α-Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃, which are the primary scale-forming oxides. However, a coexistent separation between Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ oxide scales with the Al-Ni- and Cr-Fe-rich regions is predicted when phase-separated microstructures are incorporated into the model.     

连续式蓄热燃烧系统的实验研究

针对火焰切换式蓄热燃烧系统的不足和自蓄热燃烧器存在的问题,本文提出新的连续式蓄热燃烧技术方案,采用蓄热燃烧专用切换阀技术,开发出新型连续式蓄热燃烧系统。实验结果表明,该系统中单个燃烧器可以实现蓄热状态下的连续燃烧,炉内温度波动幅度变小,彻底改变了原自蓄热燃烧器存在的气流"短路"现象。     

Stretched Exponential Fixation in Stochastic Ising Models at Zero Temperature

We study a class of continuous time Markov processes, which describes ± 1 spin flip dynamics on the hypercubic latticeℤ ^d , d≥ 2, with initial spin configurations chosen according to the Bernoulli product measure with density p of spins + 1. During the evolution the spin at each site flips at rate c= 0, or 0 < α≤ 1, or 1, depending on whether, respectively, a majority of spins of nearest neighbors to this site exists and agrees with the value of the spin at the given site, or does not exist (there is a tie), or exists and disagrees with the value of the spin at the given site. These dynamics correspond to various stochastic Ising models at 0 temperature, for the Hamiltonian with uniform ferromagnetic interaction between nearest neighbors. In case α= 1, the dynamics is also a threshold voter model. We show that if p is sufficiently close to 1, then the system fixates in the sense that for almost every realization of the initial configuration and dynamical evolution, each site flips only finitely many times, reaching eventually the state + 1. Moreover, we show that in this case the probability q(t) that a given spin is in state − 1 at time t satisfies the bound: for arbitrary ɛ > 0, q(t) ≤ exp(−t ^{(1/ d ) −ɛ}), for large t. In d= 2 we obtain the complementary bound: for arbitrary ɛ > 0, q(t) ≥ exp(−t ^{(1/2) +ɛ}), for large t. Received: 12 July 2001 / Accepted: 1 February 2002