DNA双链断裂产额的新算法

DNA双链断裂(DSB)的定量分析是高传能线密度辐射生物学效应机理研究的重要手段.从实际应用出发,推导了一个新的计算公式———平均分子量法.该法不探究DSB片段的具体分布模式,实际操作中却又包含了片段的含量和分布;而且形式简单、操作简便,尤其适合于荧光扫描数据. Quantitive analysis of DNA double strand break (DSB) is of importance for studying on the mechanisms of radiobiological effects induced by high linear energy transfer(LET) irradiation. For the practical use, one new calculating formula named the method of average molecular weight is deducted. In this method, the factual distribution of DSB fragments is not considered, but actually, the content and distribution of DSB fragments are included. Totally, this method is simple in shape and easy to use, esp...     

Temperature of Heavy Fragments in Heavy-Ion Collisions

The heavy fragments in heavy-ion collisions are finally formed after the hot prefragments undergo sequential decay,of whom the temperature should be much lower than that of prefragments.Using the double ratio(DR) method,the isotopic thermometer(Tiso) for heavy fragment is constructed using the yield of heavy isotopes.T iso of heavy fragment is obtained by analyzing the measured data in the 1A GeV124,136Xe and 140A MeV 48Ca/64Ni reactions.Result shows that T iso varies from 0.5 MeV to 10 MeV.But most T iso is around 1±0.5 MeV,which is much lower than temperature of light particles.Result also indicates that the difference between T iso of heavy fragments in different reactions is very small,and T iso is independent on the size of the reaction system,the incident energy and the neutron-richness of the projectile.     

Projectile fragment emission in the fragmentation of 56Fe on C,Al and CH2 targets at 471 A MeV

The emission angle and the transverse momentum distributions of projectile fragments produced in the fragmentation of 56Fe on CHs, C and A1 targets at 471 A MeV are measured. It is found that for the same target, the average value and width of the angular distribution decrease with an increase of the projectile fragment charge; for the same projectile fragment, the average value of the distribution increases and the width of the distribution decreases with increasing the target charge number. The transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained by a single Gaussian distribution and the averaged transverse momentum per nucleon decreases with the increase of the charge of projectile fragment. The cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained well by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature parameter of the emission source of the projectile fragment, calculated from the cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution, decreases with the increase of the size of the projectile fragment.     

Determination of the nucleon-nucleon interaction in the ImQMD model by nuclear reactions at the Fermi energy region

The nucleon-nucleon interaction is investigated by using the improved quantum molecular dynamic （ImQMD） model with three sets of parameters IQ1, IQ2 and IQ3, in which the corresponding incompressibility coefficients of nuclear matter are different. The charge distributions of fragments are calculated for various reaction systems at different incident energies. The parameters strongly affect the charge distributions and the fragment multiplicity spectrum below the threshold energy of nuclear multifragmentation. The fragment multiplicity spectrum for 238U＋197Au at 15 A MeV and the charge distributions for 129Xe＋12~Sn at 32 and 45 A MeV, and 197Au＋197Au at 35 A MeV are reproduced by the ImQMD model with the set of parameter IQ3. It is found that： 1） The charge distribution of the fragments and the fragment multiplicity spectrum are good observables for testing the model and the parameters. 2） The Fermi energy region is a sensitive energy region for studying nucleon-nucleon interaction.     

Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement of DNA Fragment Induced by Heavy Ions

Choosing ^7 Li and ^12C heavy ions respectively with different linear energy transfer (LET) values, purified plasmid DNA samples in aqueous solution are irradiated with various doses. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used for analysis of DNA fragments induced by both the kinds of heavy ions. There is a change of three forms of DNA, i.e. supercoiled, open circular and linear form, as the dose is observed. The distribution function of DNA fragment length is obtained for the first time and fitted with the Tsallis entropy statistical theory. The result indicates that AFM is a useful tool for analysis of the short fragment of DNA, high-LET heavy ion radiation induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) more effectively, and the distributions of the DSBs are more local and dense in comparison with low-LET radiation.     

Projectile fragment emission in the fragmentation of ~(56)Fe on C,Al and CH_2 targets at 471 A MeV

The emission angle and the transverse momentum distributions of projectile fragments produced in the fragmentation of ⁵⁶Fe on CH₂, C and Al targets at 471 A MeV are measured. It is found that for the same target, the average value and width of the angular distribution decrease with an increase of the projectile fragment charge; for the same projectile fragment, the average value of the distribution increases and the width of the distribution decreases with increasing the target charge number. The transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained by a single Gaussian distribution and the averaged transverse momentum per nucleon decreases with the increase of the charge of projectile fragment. The cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained well by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature parameter of the emission source of the projectile fragment, calculated from the cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution, decreases with the increase of the size of the projectile fragment.     

A revisit to the neutron skin thickness of neutron-rich nuclei in the statistical abrasion ablation model

The cross sections of the fragments produced in the projectile fragmentation reactions of the even calcium isotopes from A=36 to A=52 are calculated using the statistical abrasion ablation model.The neutron skin thickness are studied by investigating the fragments isotopic cross section distributions.The neutron-skin thicknesses of the calcium isotopes have a good linear correlation to the peak positions of their fragment isotopic cross section distributions.The correlation between the neutron skin thickness and the neutron density distributions of 48 Ca is investigated by introducing a parameter to adjust the diffuseness parameter in the fermi-type density distribution.     

Photon Radiation Induced by Multiple Parton Rescattering in Deeply Inelastic Scattering

Photon radiation induced by multiple parton rescattering and corresponding parton energy loss in eA deeply inelastic scattering are investigated by using the generalized factorization of higher twist parton distributions beyond the helicity amplitude approximation.It turns out that the behaviour fo the nuclear size dependence of the parton energy loss is different in the photon and gluon radiation cases.The parton energy loss due to photon radiation depends linearly,instead of quadratically,on nuclear size due to gluon radiation.     

重离子辐射哺乳动物细胞敏感性的分子机理

研究了用传能线密度125.5keV/μm的12C6+辐照小鼠黑色素瘤、中国仓鼠肺、人的宫颈癌、人的肝癌细胞的敏感性以及DNA双链断裂和DNA双链断裂片段分布,结果表明细胞敏感性与DNA双链断裂之间没有一致的关系,提出了细胞辐射敏感性的一种可能的分子机理,即DNA序列敏感性位点协同DNA双链断裂互补性机理.由此解释了4种细胞系的不同敏感性问题. Four types of cells, melanoma B16, cervical squamous carcinima HeLa, Chinese hamster V79 and hepatoma SMMC 7721, were irradiated by 125.5 keV/μm carbon ions. Celullar sensitivities to irradiation indicated by D50 , DNA double strand break (DSB) and distribution of DSB fragments expressed by molecular weight are studied. The results show that there is not a consistent relationship between cellular sensitivity and DNA DSB induction, a possible molecular mechanism of radiosensitivity which...     

Determination of the nucleon-nucleon interaction in the ImQMD model by nuclear reactions at the Fermi energy region

The nucleon-nucleon interaction is investigated by using the improved quantum molecular dynamic (ImQMD) model with three sets of parameters IQ1,IQ2 and IQ3,in which the corresponding incompressibility coefficients of nuclear matter are different. The charge distributions of fragments are calculated for various reaction systems at different incident energies. The parameters strongly affect the charge distributions and the fragment multiplicity spectrum below the threshold energy of nuclear multifragmentation. The fragment multiplicity spectrum for ²³⁸U+¹⁹⁷Au at 15 A MeV and the charge distributions for ¹²⁹Xe+¹²⁰Sn at 32 and 45 A MeV,and ¹⁹⁷Au+¹⁹⁷Au at 35 A MeV are reproduced by the ImQMD model with the set of parameter IQ3. It is found that: 1) The charge distribution of the fragments and the fragment multiplicity spectrum are good observables for testing the model and the parameters. 2) The Fermi energy region is a sensitive energy region for studying nucleon-nucleon interaction.     

Novel image processing interface to relate DSB spatial distribution from experiments with phosphorylation foci to the state-of-the-art models of DNA breakage

We apply new image processing tools and computer modeling of DSB formation to analyze new experimental data on DSB (DNA double-strand break) yield (#DSB per base pair per Gray). There is LET-dependent DSB clustering within the nucleus volume, and clustering of DSBs along the DNA length, which we show through modeling the whole set of human chromosomes. In recent experiments, DSBs are imaged as phosphorylation sites of the histone protein H2AX, denoted as γH2AX foci, and it is suggested that foci images indicate the spatial distribution of DSBs. For high-LET radiation, DSBs should be located closer to the track center or grouped around ionization sites leading to clustered DSBs as described theoretically, and as can be seen in images. We describe the successful segmentation of foci images and determine foci statistics that will relate models of DSB spatial correlation and clustering along DNA length to the experimental data. The foci data can be used to analyze high-LET effects on DNA fragment sizes and DSB distributions.     

Long- and Short-Range Correlations in Genome Organization

We study the size distribution of coding and non-coding regions in DNA sequences. For most organisms we observe that the size distribution P _c(S) of the coding regions of size S shows short range distribution, whereas the size distribution of the non-coding regions follows a power-law decay P _nc(S) S ^{–1 –} , with power exponents indicating clear long-range behavior. We argue, using the Generalized Central Limit Theorem, that the long-range distributions observed in the non-coding are related to the lower level clustering of purines and pyrimidines (1d islands) which follow similar long-range laws. We also address the question of clustering of coding segments in the two complementary strands of DNA. We observe a short-range clustering of coding regions in both strands, expressed by an exponential decay in the clustering size distribution. The decay exponent expresses the degree of short-range correlations and the deviation from random clustering.     

射线引起DNA双链断裂的统计分布

辐射过程引起的生物细胞的DNA双链断裂是一种很重要的细胞损伤过程.射线在细胞中能量沉积比较大时,DNA双链断裂的碎片分布会偏离随机断裂模型给出的结果,为此发展了新的模型分析方法-统计碎裂模型.根据统计物理学的原理和方法，放射性射线照射细胞后，将射线的能量传递给细胞中的DNA分子，当沉积的能量比较大时，体系会经过一个弛豫过程，DNA碎片大小l按照统计规律分布.体系熵值取极大的分布是最可几的分布，从而得到了辐射导致DNA双链断裂后碎裂片段随其大小l的分布函数exp(αl+βl²)，它对应于 两种成分，一种成分随碎裂片段的大小l的增大而迅速减小，这对应于分布函数中的exp(βl ²)项，对于质量比较小的碎裂片段，这种成分是主要贡献；另外一种成分随碎 裂片段的大小l的增大而缓慢减小，这对应于分布函数中的exp(αl)项，对于质量比较大的 碎裂片段，这种成分是主要贡献.根据实验所测的碎裂片段分布，通过数值解法解积分方程 ，将热力学参数α，β解出，与实验结果进行比较，实验的结果支持了DNA双链断裂后碎裂 片段分布的统计碎裂模型. 关键词： 熵 统计碎裂模型 DNA双链断裂     

Bi—dimension Position Sensitive Detector Used in the Study of Fusion Fission of Heavy Ions at the Sub—Coulomb Barrier Energy Region

The structure,operation principle and performance of the bi—dimension position sensitive avalanche chamber (BPAC) used in the study of fusion fission induced by heavy ions at the near and sub-Coulomb barrier energy region are describerd.
The fold angle distribution of fragments in different angle region for 84MeV(E_cm)¹⁶O+²³²Th reaction system was obtained by using BPAC,from which the angle distribution of transfer—fission fragments has been distinguished from that of compound mucleus fission fragments.It is thereby certified that transfer—fission is not the reason of anomalous anisotropies of fragment angle distribution.Meanwhile experimental results supported the preequilibrium fission model,in frame of which the anomalous anisotropies of fragment distribution was explained.     

Emission properties of fission fragments and their isomeric ratios

The properties of neutron emission from fragments formed in the spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf and in the thermal-neutron-induced fission of ²³⁵U are analyzed on the basis of the statistical model of nuclear reactions. Upon extracting the mean excitation energies of fission fragments from experimental data on the mean multiplicities of neutrons, the observables of neutron emission can be described over wide ranges of total kinetic energies and masses. The observed values of mean fragment spins are also reproduced. A method for calculating the isomeric ratios of the independent yields of fission fragments that is based on the cascade-evaporation model of excited-nucleus decay is employed to describe experimental data on ²³⁵U fission induced by thermal neutrons and on ²³⁸U fission induced by alpha particles. The effect exerted on the isomeric ratios for fission fragments by two different assumptions on the spin distributions of primary-fragment populations—the assumption of the distribution associated with rotational degrees of freedom and the assumption of the distribution associated with the internal degrees of freedom of fully accelerated fragments—is investigated.     

快中子辐照对枯草芽孢杆菌DNA损伤研究

采用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术检测并定量分析了CFBR-Ⅱ快中子脉冲堆产生的快中子在不同剂量和剂量率条件下, 对枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种(ATCC 9372)DNA双链断裂的诱导. 通过DNA释放百分比PR值、DNA断裂水平L值、断裂DNA平均分子量和DNA片段分布等指标的分析, 结果表明：在不同的辐射条件下, DNA片段均明显分布于两个区域, 表明枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种DNA分子上可能存在对中子辐射较为敏感的位点; 并且随着中子辐射剂量和剂量率的变化, DNA~释放百分比PR值、DNA断裂水平L值和各片段区双链断裂的含量也会发生一定规律性的变化.     

Distribution of DNA fragment sizes after irradiation with ions

Ionizing radiation is responsible for production of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in a DNA structure. In contrast to sparsely ionizing radiation, densely ionizing radiation produces DSBs that are non-randomly distributed along the DNA molecule and can form clusters of various size. The paper discusses minimalistic models that describe observable patterns of fragment length in DNA segments irradiated with heavy ions and applies the formalism to interpret the recent experimental data collected by use of atomic force microscope (AFM).