Study of the stability of polarization mode dispersion in fibre

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is the ultimate limitation to high bit-rate fibre communication system. The stability of PMD is very important to its measurement and compensation. This paper puts forward a method to measure the stability of PMD by measuring the stability of the state of polarization (SOP) and introduces the conception of time evolution vector (TEV) of SOP. We observe the fact that the regularity of the principal state of polarization changing with time is the same as other SOPs‘‘, if we neglect the dependence of TEV on wavelength. We also measure the SOP‘‘s stability of some fibres with different lengths, and obtain results of PMD changing with time.     

偏分复用系统中偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用一体化方案

本文建立了偏分复用系统中偏振模色散与信号偏振态变化引起信道串扰的数学模型, 分析了偏振模色散对偏分复用信道射频功率的影响, 并提出了适用于偏分复用系统的光域偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用同时进行的方案: 用信道的射频功率作为反馈控制信号, 监测链路中偏振模色散和偏振态变化引起的信道串扰的大小, 用改进的粒子群优化算法对偏振控制器进行自适应控制, 同时完成偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用. 在112 Gb/s偏分复用-差分正交相移键控(PDM-DQPSK)传输系统中仿真验证了该方案的有效性. 结果表明该方案可以使112 Gb/s-PDM-DQPSK传输系统完成自适应偏分解复用的同时, 在1 dB的光信噪比代价下, 使系统对偏振模色散的容忍度提高20 ps. 关键词： 偏分复用系统 信道串扰 偏振模色散 偏分解复用     

SOP and PMD monitoring on deployed aerial optical fibres

State of polarization (SOP) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) are stochastic in nature due to changes in the properties of the optical fibres and its positions because of both intrinsic and extrinsic perturbations. With 184 PMD values obtained by use of the FTB-5700 single-ended dispersion analyzer, the predicted theoretical Gaussian fit was obtained with a mean of 0.47 ps and standard deviation of 0.08 ps. This small standard deviation was justification for its accuracy in measuring PMD of aerial optical fibres. A comparison is also made on the accuracy of the GINTY and the FTB-5700 on measurement of PMD of aerial optical fibres with results showing that the latter is more accurate compared to the former. The time scale over which to compensate PMD in aerial optical fibres was determined and it is slightly higher than 400 s; the decorrelation time obtained for SOPs on a particular windy and hot day. This is because the changes of the PMD vector are known to be slower than SOP changes.     

直接检测光OFDM系统中的偏振相关损耗研究

对于高速光传输,直接检测的光正交频分复用系统（direct detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, DDO-OFDM）中的偏振相关损耗（polarization dependent loss, PDL）与偏振模色散相互作用,对系统传输带来较大影响。对DDO-OFDM系统中PDL与一阶PMD作用机理和数学模型进行了分析,并通过数字仿真加以验证。结果表明:在PDL与PMD联合作用下,对OFDM信号幅度及相位均产生影响,通过发送导频序列可有效实现信号均衡;由于输出偏振态随频率产生旋转,PMD效应一定程度上缓解PDL所致系统损伤,差分群时延为50 ps条件下,以10 Gb/s的速率在单模光纤传输480 km,DDO-OFDM系统Q值提高约0.8 dB。     

Effects of polarization mode dispersion on cross-phase modulation in a WDM optical transmission system

The cross-phase modulation (XPM) changes the state-of-polarization (SOP) of various channels and leads to amplitude modulation of the propagating waves in a WDM system. Due to the presence of polarization mode dispersion (PMD), the angles between the SOP of the channels change randomly and cause the modulation amplitude fluctuation random in the perturbed channel. We analytically derive the dynamic equation of the perturbed channel, determine the combined probability density function of the random angle between the SOP of pumps and probe channel and evaluate the effects of PMD on XPM for a 4-channel IM-DD WDM system in terms of BER at bit rate of 10 Gb/s per channel. We also simulate the impact PMD on XPM for a 4-channel WDM system in terms of eye diagram and found that eye opening penalty is 1.85 dB higher when the fiber PMD coefficient increases from 0.5 to 1.5 ps/√km.     

Analysis and Compensation of Polarization Mode Dispersion in Single Channel,WDM and 32-channel DWDM Fiber Optic System

One of the most serious impairments which limit the data rate in long distance and high speed transmission systems is Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). PMD is negligible when data rate is low (i.e. in Mb/s or few Gb/s) but it will affect the high data rate transmission systems (10^s of Gb/s, Tb/s etc.), as the pulse broadening severely distorts the signal during transmission. Thus it is necessary to compensate the PMD in both single and multichannel fiber optic transmission system due to increase in the traffic demand. This paper deals with a Deterministic Differential Group Delay (DDGD) method to compensate the PMD in single channel, by delaying the fast polarization component and wavelength independent Polarization Maintaining Fiber (PMF) method for multichannel PMD compensation. The DDGD method efficiently compensates the PMD upto 45 ps in single channel 40 Gb/s transmission systems. The State of Polarization (SOP) before and after the PMD and after compensation is analyzed by means of Poincare Sphere. By using PM Fiber method, simultaneous and effective compensation of PMD in multichannel system is achieved. Here, the simulation has been carried out for 4-channel (40 Gb/s), 8-channel (80 Gb/s), 16-channel (160 Gb/s) WDM systems and 32-channel (320 Gb/s) DWDM fiber optic system with each channel having the data rate of 10 Gb/s and the results of PMD compensation for all the channels are analyzed. It is seen that the PMD compensation is achieved upto 90 ps 87 ps, 84 ps and 80 ps in 4-channel, 8-channel, 16-channel WDM systems and 32-channel DWDM systems respectively. As very high data rate of 100 Gb/s and above are in practice now-a-days, compensation of PMD is enhanced to 1.6 Tb/s (16 × 100 Gb/s) data rate for 16-channel by PMF method and 74 ps of broadening is compensated effectively.     

Demonstration of PMD compensation by using a DSP-Based OPMDC prototype in a 43-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK, 1200 km DWDM transmission

This paper reports the DSP-based prototype compensator we have made to compensate the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in fibers. It was tested in one channel of a 40 × 43-Gb/s DWDM DQPSK system, which is the commercial product line, either in the back-to-back case by using a PMD emulator, or in a 1200-km transmission testbed. The prototype showed a good performance under the tests of fast SOP and PSP rotation, DGD jump variation, and moderate knock on the testbed in a period as long as 12 h.     

旋转光纤对二阶偏振模色散的影响

论述了单模光纤生产过程中旋转光纤对二阶偏振模色散的影响. 从理论上指出虽然旋转光纤 有助于减小一阶偏振模色散，但是同时会使二阶偏振模色散增大，这对10 Gb/s以上速率的 光纤通信系统是个重要的问题. 关键词： 二阶偏振模色散 旋转光纤 动态方程     

Tuneable polarization mode dispersion emulator: Fixed polarization maintaining fibre sections and rotatable polarization orientations

We design a polarization mode dispersion (PMD) emulator capable of adjusting first-order (FO-) and second-order (SO-) PMD statistics, making it capable to mimick differerent fibre links or fibre plants. The emulator can adjust PMD statistics by controlling mode coupling angles between polarization maintaining fibres (PMFs) of fixed length using its seven rotatable electro-optic polarization rotators which act as half waveplates (HWPs). The stability and repeatability of the emulator under a stable laboratory environment makes PMD statistics reproducible. The control mechanism of the emulator is in real-time.     

Effect of cross-phase-modulation-induced polarization scattering on optical polarization mode dispersion compensation in wavelength-division-multiplexed systems

Interchannel cross-phase-modulation-induced polarization scattering (XPMIPS) and its effect on the performance of optical polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensation in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems are studied. The level of XPMIPS in long-haul WDM transmission systems is theoretically quantified, and its effect on optical PMD compensation is evaluated with numerical simulations. We show that in 10-Gbit/s ultra-long-haul dense WDM systems XPMIPS could reduce the PMD compensation efficiency by 50%, whereas for 40-Gbit/s systems the effect of XPMIPS is smaller.     

Influence of polarization mode dispersion value in dispersion-compensating fibers on the polarization dependence of Raman gain

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of amplifying or transmitting fibers may significantly change the polarization dependence of Raman gain. Experimental results are presented that show low polarization dependence of the Raman gain in dispersion-compensating fibers with high PMD values for both copropagating and counterpropagating pumping configurations. The measured data demonstrate that it is possible to avoid the need for depolarization of a pump source in Raman amplifiers.     

利用旋转波片组实现偏振变换器的两种新方法

偏振变换器作为一种重要的光学器件．以其高偏振变换精度、低成本、低插入损耗以及控制算法简单的特性在相干光纤通信和高速光纤通信领域具有十分重要的地位。提出了利用两个λ／4波片和一个λ／2波片的三波片组合实现任意偏振态变换的新方法。用改进的三维庞加莱球方法—偏振态投射平面的二维几何方法分别推导出了λ／4 λ／4 λ／2组合以及λ／2 λ／4 λ／4组合实现任意偏振态变换时每个波片的位置参量计算公式。研究结果表明：两个λ／4波片和一个λ／2波片的任意组合都可以实现任意偏振态的变换;用偏振态投射平面的几何方法处理偏振变换的相关问题比庞加莱球方法和矩阵处理方法简洁明了。研究结果为偏振变换器的设计提供了理论依据。     

A deeper analysis of the second order polarization mode dispersion in optical communications systems

This article presents a new approach to the combined analysis of the first and second-order polarization mode dispersion (SOPMD) and shows their importance in optical communication systems performance. How it affects the relation between second-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and the differential group delay (DGD) in a single mode fiber is discussed. The analysis is based on time or wavelength and temperature variations changing/impacting PMD and DGD measured values. We present long term statistical characteristics of second-order PMD over a PMD emulator, and investigate the correlation between SOPMD, depolarization (DEP) and polarization dependent chromatic dispersion (PCD). Some authors calculate these modes from measurements obtained from the first order polarization mode dispersion, assuming a positive correlation between these effects, but this not the real relationship between them. A new interpretation of SOPMD was used to analyze the problem of the spectral stability in terms of the temperature. Actual techniques for determination SOPMD, consequently DEP and PCD, use the variation in time and/or wavelength. In some studies the results obtained for SOPMD are correlated to first-order PMD (FOPMD). This paper shows, based on measurements, that the correlation between first and second order Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) in the case where the last one is a function of the temperature can assume positive or negative values.     

Cascaded dynamic eigenstates of polarization analysis for piezoelectric polarization control

We propose the cascaded dynamic eigenstates (DESs) of polarization to analyze multicomponent polarization control (PC) devices, and achieve the analytical expression of output state of polarization (SOP) as a function of voltage for piezoelectric polarization control (PPC). By measuring the DES at the output port of the device, the prestage DESs will rotate around subsequent ones. Experimental results in PPC confirm the validity of our analysis. The average error of our theoretical output SOP is 1.23 degrees, and the SOP response time is ~10 micros, which is promising to realize a quasi-open-loop high-speed PC.     

偏振模色散矢量的研究

研究了无损光纤的密勒矩阵,进而得出了偏振模色散矢量的解析表达式、主偏振态对应的斯托克斯矢量的解析表达式,以及高阶偏振模色散矢量的解析表达式.这些解析表达式是由光纤参数决定的.讨论了局部偏振模色散矢量与整体偏振模色散矢量的关系,讨论了利用偏振模色散矢量进行偏振模色散补偿的原理.引入了偏振模色散补偿元件的偏振模色散补偿矢量C,具体计算了正规的非圆光波导类的补偿元件的C.从理论上证明了仅仅利用一个正规的非圆光波导类的补偿元件,例如一根保偏光纤或是一个双折射晶体,是不能实现偏振模色散补偿 关键词： 偏振模色散 密勒矩阵 色散补偿 主偏振态斯托克斯矢量     

Research on Reduction of PMD in Single Mode Fiber

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The Statistical Analysis of Polarziation Mode Dispersion and Filter Control on Dispersion Managed Soliton Links

In this paper, the statistical distributing and magnitude of the first and the second-order PMD (polarization mode dispersion) vectors are evaluated and the filters control PMD effects also are analyzed on DMS (dispersion-managed soliton) links. Firstly, the so-called coarse-step approach is applied to the DMS links. The PMD statistical characteristics of the first and the second-order are simulated and the evolutions of energy and mean square of time displacement of DMS two polarization modes are gotten. Secondly, The DMS transmission of filter control with the conventional model of PMD is analyzed by Varitional method, from which the evolving rules of characteristically DMS parameters are obtained and the stability of filter control the DMS transmission are investigated. The results are not only very useful to simplify the measurement of the second-order PMD and instructively reveal degree of PMD effects in DMS systems, but also give that condition of stability of filter control PMD in DMS systems.     

光纤偏振模色散对信号偏振度的影响

采用一种简化的线路传输模型，详细讨论了在高速光纤通信系统中，线路偏振模色散（PMD ），尤其是二阶PMD、输入信号偏振态等对信号偏振度（DOP）的影响，并指出以信号DOP做 反馈控制信号适合于一阶PMD优化补偿系统，但在较大二阶PMD的影响下，将增加控制算法的 复杂性，使系统可能陷入局部最优解. 关键词： 信号偏振度 偏振模色散 信号偏振态     

Compensating large PMD by a fiber grating

In this paper, the first- and second-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) with the amount of 132.994-ps differential group-delay (DGD) and maximum 476.129-ps/nm second-order PMD can be compensated by a two-stages PMD compensator at a 40-Gb/s optical fiber communication system. The first stage has one free degree that is used for first order and high orders PMD compensations by rotating the state of polarization. The second-stage is used for remainder PMD compensations. After compensation, the average DGD and the maximum second-order PMD are reduced to 345.310 fs and 3.102 ps/nm, respectively.