BH2和AlH2分子的结构及其解析势能函数

运用二次组态相关(QCISD)方法, 分别选用6-311++G(3df,3pd)和D95(3df,3pd)基组,对BH2和AlH2分子的结构进行了优化计算,得到BH2分子的稳态结构为C2v构型,电子态为2A1、平衡核间距RBH=0.1187nm、键角∠HBH=128.791°、离解能De=3.65eV、基态振动频率ν1(a1)=1020.103cm-1,ν2(a1)=2598.144cm-1,ν3(b2)=2759.304cm-1 .AlH2分子的稳态结构也为C2v构型,电子态为2A1、平衡核间距RAlH=0.1592nm、键角∠HAlH=118.095°、离解能De=2.27eV、基态振动频率ν1(a1)=780.81cm-1,ν2(a1)=1880.81cm-1,ν3(b2)=1910.46cm-1 .采用多体项展式理论推导了基态BH2和AlH2分子的解析势能函数,其等值势能图准确再现了BH2和AlH2分子的结构特征及其势阱深度与位置.分析讨论势能面的静态特征时得到BH+H→BH2反应中存在鞍点,活化能为150.204kJ/mol;AlH+H→AlH2反应中也存在鞍点,活化能为54.8064kJ/mol.     

PdH、PdH2分子的结构与势能函数

用相对论有效原子实势(SDD)和密度泛函(B3LYP)方法对PdH和PdH2体系的结构进行了优化,计算表明:PdH分子的几何构型为C∞v,其基态为X2∑+态,键长R=0.154 11 nm,离解能为De=2.511 0eV,谐振频率ωe=2 156.226 9 cm-1,并拟合得到Murrell-Sorbie势能函数;PdH2分子稳态为C2y构型,电子组态为1A1,平衡核间距RPdH=0.151 73 nm,键角∠HPdH=72.373 3°,基态简正振动频率:对称伸缩振动频率v1(b2)=2 104.369 6 cm-1、弯曲振动频率v2(a1)=528.742 6 cm-1、反对称伸缩振动频率v3(a1)=2 208.649 0 cm-1,离解能De=5.318 56 eV.在此基础上,用Murrell-Sorbie函数和多体展式理论导出PdH(C∞v,X2∑+)、PdH2(C2v,1A1)分子的解析势能函数.其等值势能面图准确地再现了PdH2分子的结构特征和离解能,由此讨论了Pd+H2分子反应的势能面静态特征.     

BeH2((X)1∑+g)与H2S((X)1A1)分子的结构与解析势能函数

运用单双取代二次组态相关(QCISD)方法,在6-311++G(3df,3pd)基组水平上,对BeH2和H2S分子的结构进行了优化计算,得到基态BeH2分子的稳定结构为D∞h构型,电子态为为(X)1∑g+,平衡核间距RBeH=0.13268nm,RHH=0.26536 nm,键角∠HBeH=180.0°、离解能De=6.283383 eV和基态振动频率v1,v2,v3;同样方法得到了基态H2S分子的稳定结构为C2v构型,电子态为(X)1A1,得到了平衡核间距RHS=0.13357 nm,RHH=0.193155nm,键角∠HSH=92.6166°,离解能De=11.45901 eV和基态振动频率v1,v2,v3;用多体项展式理论推导了基态BeH2和H2S分子的解析势能函数,其等值势能图准确再现了基态BeH2和H2S分子的结构特征及其势阱深度与位置.     

SiX2(X=H,F)分子的结构与势能函数

应用QCISD/6-311++G(3df,3pd)和B3P86/6-311++G(3d2f)对SiH2,SiF2的结构进行了优化,优化出SiH2分子的稳定构型为C2v,电子态为1A1,其平衡核间距Re=0.15149 nm、键角∠HSiH=92.5025°,离解能为3.7098 eV.SiF2分子的稳定构型为C2v,电子态为1A1,其平衡核间距Re=0.16014 nm、键角∠FSiF=100.7079°、离解能为14.1391eV.并对它们的力常数及谐振频率进行了进一步的计算.在推断出SiX2(X=H,F)的离解极限的基础上,应用多体展式理论方法,导出了基态SiX:(X=H,F)分子的解析势能函数,该势能表面准确地再现了SiX:(X=H,F)分子的结构特征和能量变化.分析讨论势能面的静态特征时得到SiH+H-SiH2反应中存在鞍点,活化能为192.971 kJ/mol,为有阈能的反应.而SiF+F→SiF2反应中没有鞍点,是无阈能的反应.     

氢化铁的自旋极化效应及势能函数

B3LYP/6-311++g**水平上预测了FeH2及FeH稳定构型讨论了其自旋极化效应,并与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明其基态分别为FeH2(5A1)和FeH(4?),自旋态对构型和物理性质均有显著影响.FeH2具有C2v对称性.势能与核间距的关系用4参数Murrell-Sorbie函数进行拟合得到其分析势能函数.由此推导出力常数和光谱数据,并由多体项展式理论导出了基态FeH2分子的分析势能函数.用这个分析势能函数分析表明:H+FeH生成FeH2(C2v)分子通道存在一个4.68 eV深的势阱,易生成H—Fe—H络合物分子.反应Fe+H2→HFeH,?H=-0.08305 eV,是放热反应.     

AlO2和Al2O分子的结构与解析势能函数

运用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法在6-311 G**水平上,对AlO2,Al2O分子的结构进行了优化计算,得到AlO2,Al2O分子的稳定结构都为D∞h.构型.AlO2电子态为X1ПC,平衡核间距RAl-O=0.1661 nm、离解能De=8.9217 eV;Al2O电子态为X1∑,平衡核间距RO-Al=0.1731 nm、离解能De=10.5269 eV.用多体项展式理论推导了基态AlO2和Al2O分子的解析势能函数,其等值势能图准确再现了基态AlO2和Al2O分子的结构特征及势阱深度与位置.     

SiO2分子的基态(X1A1)结构与分析势能函数

应用群论及原子分子反应静力学方法推导了SiO2分子的电子态及其离解极限,采用B3P86方法,在6-311G**水平上,优化出SiO2基态分子稳定构型为单重态的C2V构型,其平衡核间距Re=RSi-O=0.1587 nm,∠OSiO=111.2°,能量为-440.4392 a.u..同时计算出基态的简正振动频率:对称伸缩振动频率v(B2)=945.4cm-1,弯曲振动频率v(A1)=273.5 cm-1和反对称伸缩振动频率v(A1)=1362.9cm-1.在此基础上,使用多体项展式理论方法,导出了基态SiO2分子的全空间解析势能函数,该势能函数准确再现了SiO2(C2V)平衡结构.     

基态TiH2分子的结构与分析势能函数

用密度泛函理论的B3lyp方法,Ti原子采用相对论有效实势(LanL2DZ)收缩价基函数,氢原子采用6-311 g**全电子基函数,对TiH2体系的结构进行优化计算.得到TiH2分子最稳态为C2v构型,电子状态为(C2v(X)3A2),平衡核间距,RTi-H=0.1789 nm,键角∠HTiH =123.365°,离解能:De=5.54216 eV.基态简正振动频υ(A1)=485.4150 cm-1,υ(B2)=1507.6533 cm-1,υ(A1)=1580.2361 cm-1.由微观过程的可逆性原理分析了分子的可能离解极限,并用多体项展式理论方法分别导出基态TiH2分子的势能函数,其等值势能面图准确地再现了TiH2分子的结构特征和离解能.由此讨论了TiH2分子反应的势能面静态特征.     

用耦合簇理论及相关一致五重基研究H2S(C2v,X1A′)的解析势函数

运用CCSD(T)理论和相关一致五重基对基态H2S分子进行了结构优化以及离解能和频率的计算.得到的结果是:该分子的基态为C2v结构,平衡核间距RS-H =0.13374 nm,键角∠HSH=92.3837°,离解能D0(H-SH)=3.8999 eV,频率υ1(a1)=1121.1865 cm-1,υ2(a1)=2727.5121 cm-1,υ3(a1)=2742.8342 cm-1.这些结果与实验结果均较为相符.对H2(X1Σ+g)分子使用cc-pV6Z、对SH(X2Π)自由基使用aug-cc-pV5Z基组进行几何优化和谐振频率的计算并进行单点能扫描,且将单点能扫描结果拟合成了解析的Murrell-Sorbie函数.与实验结果及其它理论结果的比较表明,本文关于SH(X2Π)自由基光谱常数(De,Re,ωe,Be,αe和ωeχe)的计算结果达到了较高的精度.采用多体项展式理论导出了H2S(C2v,X1A′)分子的解析势能函数,其等值势能图准确再现了该分子的离解能和平衡结构特征.报导了H2S(C2v,X1A′)分子对称伸缩振动等值势能图中存在的两个对称鞍点,对应于反应SH+H→SH2,势垒高度为0.1680×4.184 kJ/mol.     

用耦合簇理论及相关一致五重基研究H2S(C2v,X1A)的解析势函数

运用CCSD(T)理论和相关一致五重基对基态H2S分子进行了结构优化以及离解能和频率的计算. 得到的结果是: 该分子的基态为C2v结构, 平衡核间距RS-H = 0.13374 nm, 键角∠HSH = 92.3837°, 离解能D0(H-SH) = 3.8999 eV, 频率υ1(a1) = 1121.1865cm-1, υ2(a1) = 2727.5121 cm-1, υ3(a1) = 2742.8342 cm-1. 这些结果与实验结果均较为相符. 对H2(X1Σ+g)分子使用cc-pV6Z、对SH(X2Π)自由基使用aug-cc-pV5Z基组进行几何优化和谐振频率的计算并进行单点能扫描, 且将单点能扫描结果拟合成了解析的Murrell-Sorbie函数. 与实验结果及其它理论结果的比较表明, 本文关于SH(X2Π)自由基光谱常数(De, Re, ωe, Be, αe和ωeχe)的计算结果达到了较高的精度. 采用多体项展式理论导出了H2S(C2v, X1A')分子的解析势能函数, 其等值势能图准确再现了该分子的离解能和平衡结构特征. 报导了H2S(C2v, X1A')分子对称伸缩振动等值势能图中存在的两个对称鞍点, 对应于反应SH+H→SH2, 势垒高度为0.1680×4.184 kJ/mol.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.