关于Krain实验叶轮几何型线及其流道二次流旋涡结构的讨论

Krain关于高速离心式压缩机叶轮内部流畅的LDA实验测量不仅对认识这种特定的复杂流动有重要意义,而且亦为验证正在迅速发展的CFD软件提供了比较依据。但是作者发现,Krain公开发表的实验叶轮的几何型线缺少叶轮出口附近区域的型线坐标,直接用其进行数值计算分析将引起误差。为此,本文根据Krain在不同文献中所提供的有关实验叶轮的资料,重新构造补全了实验叶轮出口区域的型线坐标。然后,利用一多功能CFD软件对该实验叶轮进行了计算分析,较详细、深入地探讨了叶轮流道内二次流旋涡结构的形成和发展过程。     

离心泵内部流态的高速摄影研究方法

离心式流体机械内,特别是离心叶轮内部的流动相当复杂,单靠理论计算来正确预测叶轮内部流态和设计高效率的叶轮是有困难的。七十年代以来,运用三元流动理论和流动分析法求解叶轮内流场分布获得很大进展,但由于粘性对叶轮壁面的影响和叶轮出、入口的边界条件不易确定,计算结果与真实流动模型尚有一定差距。因此用实验方法     

周向弯曲低压轴流风机叶顶泄漏流动数值研究

本文采用数值模拟的方法,对三种带有周向弯曲叶片的低压轴流通风机(原型叶轮、周向前弯及后弯叶轮)的叶顶泄漏流动进行了研究。在数值计算与试验测量结果较为吻合的条件下,从流场和压力场等不同角度分析探讨了叶片周向弯曲后,叶顶泄漏流动和泄漏涡的形成和发展规律。数值计算结果表明,叶顶周向前弯加剧了泄漏涡与主流的掺混;周向后弯叶轮比前弯叶轮有助于减弱叶顶泄漏流动;强度大、衰减慢的泄漏涡,降低了叶顶的通流能力,同时与主流的掺混加剧也增大了叶轮的端部损失;此外,顶部间隙高度的增加,泄漏流动加强,旋涡的起始点更靠近叶片后缘。     

液固两相流中流体旋涡对固体粒子运动影响的数值研究

基于离散涡方法求得的非定常、不稳定流场和颗粒的Lagrangian运动方程,数值计算了四种St数下的泥沙粒子在圆柱绕流场中的运动。计算结果证明了颗粒运动与流体旋涡存在着明确的相关结构：在钝体（圆柱）表面附着泥沙,当流体流过钝体时产生具有剧烈分离的不稳定流动,带动钝体表面泥沙起浮。对于小St数（0．15～0．59）与中等St数（1．33～2．36）的泥沙颗粒被流体旋涡所带起,井被卷入流体旋涡结构内,被卷入流体旋涡结构内的泥沙颗粒在运动过程中始终分布于旋涡区,即在旋涡区聚集。     

离心泵蜗壳内旋涡流动的数值研究

采用"冻结转子法"处理叶轮与蜗壳间动静耦合流动的参数传递和相互干扰问题,研究了蜗壳进口周向非均匀来流对其内旋涡的演化发展的影响。分析表明,叶轮与蜗壳的干扰所造成的蜗壳进口周向流动的不均匀性是非常强烈的,整个蜗壳内的流动是以旋涡形式向出口推进的,且随工况的不同表现不同的演化过程,从而导致蜗壳内较大的流动损失。同时也说明只有考虑蜗壳来流的非均匀性影响,才能准确地模拟其内的旋涡运动。     

离心式叶轮机匣处理的整周非定常数值分析

针对不带机匣、带周向机匣和带轴向机匣的三种类型的Krain叶轮进行了整周非定常数值计算,通过使用"交错叶片"和"下游变面积喷嘴"的方法来模拟小流量工况下叶轮的非稳定流场特性。数值计算结果表明,"交错叶片"和"下游变面积喷嘴"的方法并不一定能触发离心式叶轮中的旋转失速涡团,流场参数的非定常脉动频率主要是叶片扫掠频率的N次谐波。周向机匣处理可以有效的减小叶轮上游流场的脉动幅度,而轴向机匣的减小程度很微弱。机匣中的流体主要在前缘面附近返回到叶轮主流道,这是机匣处理扩大叶轮失速裕度的一个原因。     

用DES数值模拟分离绕流中的旋涡运动

脱体涡模拟(Detached-Eddy Simulation,DES)是近年来出现的一种结合雷诺平均方法和大涡数值模拟两者优点的湍流模拟方法.采用基于Spalart-Allmaras方程模型的DES方法,数值求解Navier-Stokes方程,模拟绕流发生分离后的旋涡运动.其中空间区域离散采用有限体积法,方程空间项和时间项的数值离散分别采用Jameson中心格式和双时间步长推进方法.通过模拟圆柱绕流以及翼型失速绕流,观察到了与物理现象一致的旋涡结构,得到与实验数据相吻合的计算结果.     

用谱方法数值模拟槽道内的气固两相流动

在数值模拟领域内,谱方法具有收敛快、分辨率高和精度高的优点．谱方法处理边界方便,随着数值方法的改善和计算机的发展,它在数值模拟中的作用愈加重要．这里采用谱方法数值求解三维Ｎ—Ｓ方程,用这一方法计算了直槽道内流体的流动．计算得到的层流和湍流结果与理论结果符合地较好．在此基础之上进一步模拟了几种不同槽道内的三维粘性流体层流流动,特别在弯曲槽道内的流动计算中,发展了源项处理方法,正确地反映了弯曲固壁对流体流动的影响．通过对湍流计算获得的脉动速度场的统计可以得到湍流运动的许多统计量,正确地反映了湍流运动的特征,说明可以用模拟得到的流场来代替真实的流场．进行了气固两相流动的研究,由直接模拟得到的流体瞬时速度场对固体粒子的作用进行了粒子运动的模拟计算,得到了颗粒在真实流场中运动的浓度,轨道等有用信息和运动特性,得到了令人鼓舞的结果．     

贯流风机内部旋涡非定常演化的数值模拟

本文采用非定常三维Navier-Stokes方程、κ-ε两方程模型分析了贯流风机内部旋涡产生、发展、耗散、消失的演化过程。数值模拟显示:偏心涡产生于进气侧,随后横穿叶轮内部朝出气侧移动,最后位于出气侧叶片内圆周上。叶轮外圆周脱落的旋涡是不稳定的,它们互相融合,最后被吸入叶轮内部。数值模拟的结果显示偏心涡先于贯流而产生,是由于偏心涡的存在导致了贯流的产生,并非贯流形成了偏心涡。本文证实了ECK的旋涡理论和文献[3]的实验结果。     

向心透平级叶轮内三维复杂流动的数值研究

对向心透平叶轮内部复杂流动在级环境下进行了全三维黏性数值模拟,结合拓扑学原理分析了设计工况和非设计工况下其内流动分离及各种涡系发展的演变过程,初步建立了向心透平叶轮内的旋涡模型,阐述了流动损失的形成机理。研究表明:向心透平叶轮内部涡系与轴流式透平存在较大差别,且流动分离及涡系主要集中在吸力面侧;设计工况下向心透平叶轮内的主要旋涡包括马蹄涡、通道涡及泄漏涡,其主要表现为通道涡与泄漏涡相互影响和掺混,是主要损失的形成原因;非设计工况下,主流在叶轮叶片前缘处发生大范围的分离及回流,造成了较大的能量损失,但二次流损失所占比例较小。     

Artificial compressibility, characteristics-based schemes for variable-density, incompressible, multispecies flows: Part II. Multigrid implementation and numerical tests

The paper presents an investigation of the accuracy and efficiency of artificial compressibility, characteristics-based (CB) schemes for variable-density incompressible flows. The CB schemes have been implemented in conjunction with a multigrid method for accelerating numerical convergence and a fourth-order, explicit Runge–Kutta method for the integration of the governing equations in time. The implementation of the CB schemes is obtained in conjunction with first-, second- and third-order interpolation formulas for calculating the variables at the cell faces of the computational volume. The accuracy and efficiency of the schemes are examined against analytical and experimental results for diffusion broadening in two- and three-dimensional microfluidic channels, a problem that has motivated the development of the present methods. Moreover, unsteady, inviscid simulations have been performed for variable-density mixing layer. The computations revealed that accuracy and efficiency depend on the CB scheme design. The best multigrid convergence rates were exhibited by the conservative CB scheme, which is obtained by the fully conservative formulation of the variable-density, incompressible equations.     

Mathematical Development and Verification of a Finite Volume Model for Morphodynamic Flow Applications

The accuracy and efficiency of a class of finite volume methods are investigated for numerical solution of morphodynamic problems in one space dimension. The governing equations consist of two components, namely a hydraulic part described by the shallow water equations and a sediment part described by the Exner equation. Based on different formulations of the morphodynamic equations, we propose a family of three finite volume methods. The numerical fluxes are reconstructed using a modified Roe's scheme that incorporates, in its reconstruction, the sign of the Jacobian matrix in the morphodynamic system. A well-balanced discretization is used for the treatment of the source terms. The method is well-balanced, non-oscillatory and suitable for both slow and rapid interactions between hydraulic flow and sediment transport. The obtained results for several morphodynamic problems are considered to be representative, and might be helpful for a fair rating of finite volume solution schemes, particularly in long time computations.     

Numerical modelling of radionuclide transport through a water saturated rock massif

The paper deals with the introduction to combined schemes for numerical modelling of water transport of radionuclides through a rock massif modelled as a system of fractures. Inside the fracture system, Darcy flow of water is supposed. The combined schemes for solution of convective-reactive-diffusive transport of radionuclides with sorption and radioactive decay in the fracture flow field are mentioned and referenced and results of numerical computations are presented.     

Numerical modelling of radionuclide transport through a water saturated rock massif

The paper deals with the introduction to combined schemes for numerical modelling of water transport of radionuclides through a rock massif modelled as a system of fractures. Inside the fracture system, Darcy flow of water is supposed. The combined schemes for solution of convective-reactive-diffusive transport of radionuclides with sorption and radioactive decay in the fracture flow field are mentioned and referenced and results of numerical computations are presented.     

High-order non-uniform grid schemes for numerical simulation of hypersonic boundary-layer stability and transition

The direct numerical simulation of receptivity, instability and transition of hypersonic boundary layers requires high-order accurate schemes because lower-order schemes do not have an adequate accuracy level to compute the large range of time and length scales in such flow fields. The main limiting factor in the application of high-order schemes to practical boundary-layer flow problems is the numerical instability of high-order boundary closure schemes on the wall. This paper presents a family of high-order non-uniform grid finite difference schemes with stable boundary closures for the direct numerical simulation of hypersonic boundary-layer transition. By using an appropriate grid stretching, and clustering grid points near the boundary, high-order schemes with stable boundary closures can be obtained. The order of the schemes ranges from first-order at the lowest, to the global spectral collocation method at the highest. The accuracy and stability of the new high-order numerical schemes is tested by numerical simulations of the linear wave equation and two-dimensional incompressible flat plate boundary layer flows. The high-order non-uniform-grid schemes (up to the 11th-order) are subsequently applied for the simulation of the receptivity of a hypersonic boundary layer to free stream disturbances over a blunt leading edge. The steady and unsteady results show that the new high-order schemes are stable and are able to produce high accuracy for computations of the nonlinear two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for the wall bounded supersonic flow.     

一种具有较小数值耗散的对称TVD格式

为了减小TVD格式的数值粘性,提高TVD格式的分辨度,提出了一种具有较小数值耗散的Harten型TVD格式.数值模拟结果表明,这种Harten型TVD格式比原来的Harten格式^[1]及其改进形式Harten-Yee^[2]的TVD格式能更好地模拟出边界层及涡流.     

A finite element method with mesh adaptivity for computing vortex states in fast-rotating Bose–Einstein condensates

Numerical computations of stationary states of fast-rotating Bose–Einstein condensates require high spatial resolution due to the presence of a large number of quantized vortices. In this paper we propose a low-order finite element method with mesh adaptivity by metric control, as an alternative approach to the commonly used high-order (finite difference or spectral) approximation methods. The mesh adaptivity is used with two different numerical algorithms to compute stationary vortex states: an imaginary time propagation method and a Sobolev gradient descent method. We first address the basic issue of the choice of the variable used to compute new metrics for the mesh adaptivity and show that refinement using simultaneously the real and imaginary part of the solution is successful. Mesh refinement using only the modulus of the solution as adaptivity variable fails for complicated test cases. Then we suggest an optimized algorithm for adapting the mesh during the evolution of the solution towards the equilibrium state. Considerable computational time saving is obtained compared to uniform mesh computations. The new method is applied to compute difficult cases relevant for physical experiments (large nonlinear interaction constant and high rotation rates).     

A geometrically-conservative,synchronized, flux-corrected remap for arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian computations with nodal finite elements

This article describes a conservative synchronized remap algorithm applicable to arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian computations with nodal finite elements. In the proposed approach, ideas derived from flux-corrected transport (FCT) methods are extended to conservative remap. Unique to the proposed method is the direct incorporation of the geometric conservation law (GCL) in the resulting numerical scheme. It is shown here that the geometric conservation law allows the method to inherit the positivity preserving and local extrema diminishing (LED) properties typical of FCT schemes. The proposed framework is extended to the systems of equations that typically arise in meteorological and compressible flow computations. The proposed algorithm remaps the vector fields associated with these problems by means of a synchronized strategy. The present paper also complements and extends the work of the second author on nodal-based methods for shock hydrodynamics, delivering a fully integrated suite of Lagrangian/remap algorithms for computations of compressible materials under extreme load conditions. Extensive testing in one, two, and three dimensions shows that the method is robust and accurate under typical computational scenarios.     

Wavenumber-extended high-order oscillation control finite volume schemes for multi-dimensional aeroacoustic computations

A new numerical method toward accurate and efficient aeroacoustic computations of multi-dimensional compressible flows has been developed. The core idea of the developed scheme is to unite the advantages of the wavenumber-extended optimized scheme and M-AUSMPW+/MLP schemes by predicting a physical distribution of flow variables more accurately in multi-space dimensions. The wavenumber-extended optimization procedure for the finite volume approach based on the conservative requirement is newly proposed for accuracy enhancement, which is required to capture the acoustic portion of the solution in the smooth region. Furthermore, the new distinguishing mechanism which is based on the Gibbs phenomenon in discontinuity, between continuous and discontinuous regions is introduced to eliminate the excessive numerical dissipation in the continuous region by the restricted application of MLP according to the decision of the distinguishing function. To investigate the effectiveness of the developed method, a sequence of benchmark simulations such as spherical wave propagation, nonlinear wave propagation, shock tube problem and vortex preservation test problem are executed. Also, throughout more realistic shock–vortex interaction and muzzle blast flow problems, the utility of the new method for aeroacoustic applications is verified by comparing with the previous numerical or experimental results.     

Vortices in the Two-Dimensional Simple Exclusion Process

We show that the fluctuations of the partial current in two dimensional diffusive systems are dominated by vortices leading to a different scaling from the one predicted by the hydrodynamic large deviation theory. This is supported by exact computations of the variance of partial current fluctuations for the symmetric simple exclusion process on general graphs. On a two-dimensional torus, our exact expressions are compared to the results of numerical simulations. They confirm the logarithmic dependence on the system size of the fluctuations of the partial flux. The impact of the vortices on the validity of the fluctuation relation for partial currents is also discussed in an Appendix.