酯化前后酵母菌的红外光谱比较

对啤酒酵母酯化前后的红外光谱进行了分析。啤酒酵母的红外光谱图主要由蛋白质的吸收带、碳水化合物的吸收带组成。16 5 2cm- 1 处的吸收峰为酰胺Ⅰ带 ,是CO的伸缩振动 ,15 4 2cm- 1 的吸收峰是酰胺Ⅱ带 ,是N—H的弯曲振动和C—N的伸缩振动 ,12 4 0cm- 1 是酰胺Ⅲ带 ,是C—N的伸缩振动和N—H的弯曲振动引起的。14 5 4cm- 1 处的吸收峰为CH3和CH2 的弯曲振动峰 ;116 0cm- 1 处出现的峰可能为细胞壁的主要成分———碳水化合物中C—O的伸缩振动峰 ;10 80cm- 1 处的吸收峰是由啤酒酵母中的RNA ,DNA或细胞壁中存在的碳水化合物或醇中的C—O伸缩振动引起的。用甲醇酯化后在 174 4和 14 5 4cm- 1 处的吸收峰强度增加 ,说明酵母菌细胞表面的羧基发生了酯化反应。酯化后细胞的主要成分和结构保持完整。     

梧桐树叶吸附铜离子前后红外光谱分析比较

本文对吸附Cu2 前后梧桐树叶的红外光谱进行了分析比较.梧桐树叶的红外吸收光谱图主要由碳水化合物如木质素、纤维素等吸收带组成.1735cm-1和1615cm-1处的吸收峰是由C=O的伸缩振动引起的;1515cm-1的吸收峰是苯环的骨架振动峰,1243cm-1处是苯羟基中C-O的伸缩振动峰.1447cm-1处的吸收峰为CH3和CH2的不对称弯曲振动峰,1370cm-1处是甲基的弯曲振动峰.吸附Cu2 后,羧基的羰基峰(1735cm-1附近)向低波数移动1-2cm-1,酮羰基峰(1616cm-1附近)向高波数移动2-8cm-1;天然树叶1242cm-1处的吸收峰红移至1238cm-1处.红外光谱比较分析的结果表明吸附Cu2 后树叶的结构仍保持完整.     

肺癌患者及正常人指甲的红外光谱比较研究

用傅立叶变换红外光谱研究了6例肺癌患者和16例正常人手指甲的红外光谱.结果表明,它们在峰形,峰频率,峰强等方面均有差异:在3315cm-1处蛋白质酰胺A带N-H峰向低波数频移,而在3061cm-1处蛋白质酰胺B带N-H峰向高波数频移;在1539cm-1处蛋白质酰胺I带和1396cm-1处角蛋白脂质CH3弯曲振动向低波数频移;CH2和CH3的相对吸收强度比值A2848/A2872和A2918/A2956在肺癌患者指甲中要小于正常人指甲;在1072cm-1处核酸分子磷酸二酯基团PO-2的对称伸缩振动的相对吸收强度明显高于正常人指甲;在1041cm-1处糖原C-O的伸缩和弯曲振动峰向高波数频移了约6cm-1.     

航天诱变育种甜椒品系的红外光谱分析

首次采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)对航天诱变育种甜椒品系种子和一般大田生产的甜椒品种种子进行了对比研究,比较了它们红外光谱的异同.甜椒种子的红外光谱主要由蛋白质的吸收带和碳水化合物的吸收带组成.航天育种的两个甜椒品系种子(SP11和SP18)红外光谱的主要吸收峰的峰位、峰形与普通甜椒品系种子相同,表明经航天诱变的甜椒其主要化学成分和基本结构并未发生变化.太空甜椒种子,在2 854,1 652,1 542以及1 160～1 062 cm-1范围内的吸收都较普通甜椒种子增加.2 855 cm-1峰是CH2-伸缩振动,1 652 cm-1处的吸收峰为酰胺Ⅰ带,是C=O的伸缩振动峰,1 542 cm-1的吸收峰是酰胺Ⅱ带,是N-H的弯曲振动和C-N的伸缩振动,1 160 cm-1处的峰可能为碳水化合物的C-O的伸缩振动引起.表明航天诱变使甜椒种子的蛋白质和碳水化合物含量增加.     

氮氢共掺杂金刚石中氢的典型红外特征峰的表征

所有天然Ia型金刚石红外光谱中都存在3107 cm-1特征峰,而在金属触媒直接合成的金刚石红外光谱中没有检测出3107 cm-1特征峰.本文在6.3 GPa,1500?C条件下,通过Fe70Ni30触媒中添加P3N5直接合成出具有3107 cm-1特征峰的氮氢共掺杂的金刚石.红外光谱分析表明,合成的金刚石中氢有两种存在形式:一种对应着乙烯基团C=CH2中C—H键的伸缩振动(3107 cm-1)和弯曲振动(1450 cm-1)的吸收峰,另一种对应着sp3杂化C—H键的对称伸缩振动(2850 cm-1)和反对称伸缩振动(2920 cm-1)的吸收峰.通过分析发现,3107 cm-1吸收峰与金刚石中聚集态的氮原子有关,当金刚石中没有聚集态的氮元素时,即使氮含量高也不会出现3107 cm-1峰;并且2850和2920 cm-1附近的吸收峰比3107 cm-1附近的吸收峰更为普遍存在.这说明sp3杂化C—H键比乙烯基团的C—H键更广泛存在于金刚石中,从两者的峰值看,天然金刚石中的氢杂质主要以乙烯基团C=CH2存在.3107 cm-1吸收峰与聚集态的氮原子的这种存在关系为天然金刚石形成机制的研究提供了一种新思路,同时较低的合成条件也可能为氢与其他元素共掺杂合成具有n型半导体特性的金刚石提供一个较理想的合成环境.     

鼻咽癌患者指甲的红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱研究了 2 0例正常人和 3例鼻咽癌患者手指甲的红外光谱 ,结果表明 :癌指甲样品与正常指甲样品的红外光谱在峰形、峰强度、峰频率等方面均存在明显差异 ;它们的最大区别是 :酰氨Ⅱ带峰形的变化 ,δs(CH3 )峰的消失 ,以及 874 0cm-1附近有无吸收峰。还着重研究了磷酸二酯基团的对称和反对称伸缩振动 ;以及C—O基团伸缩振动峰的变化。并从蛋白质、核酸氢键的角度以及膜脂碳氢链排列及构像变化角度等方面分析了发生变化的原因。磷酸二酯基团的对称伸缩振动峰呈现有规律的变化 ,即癌样品由 10 80 0位移到 10 77 6cm-1,反对称伸缩振动由 12 39 4位移到 12 38 4cm-1,表明指甲核酸分子内磷酸二酯键骨架的结构发生了改变。另外 ,膜脂分子中的CH2 弯曲振动δ(CH2 )的波数也有些改变 ,即癌样品由 14 5 3 1位移到 14 5 3 7cm-1。而且 ,峰的强度也有所增强 ,说明癌患者指甲的膜脂中亚甲基链的无序状态较正常人的大。     

马达加斯加黄色方柱石的谱学特征研究

利用常规宝石学仪器、电子探针、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、紫外-可见分光光度计和三维荧光光谱仪等,对马达加斯加黄色方柱石的宝石学性质及谱学特征进行了研究分析。马达加斯加方柱石的宝石学特征与方柱石理论值基本一致;方柱石样品颜色均匀,具有玻璃光泽,原石晶型较为完好且表面普遍可见纵纹及褐红色杂质,部分样品表面可见晕彩效应,样品内部可见多种包裹体,如黑云母、无色晶体包裹体等。红外光谱分析结果表明,样品在指纹区均显示1 039,1 105和1 196 cm-1处 Si（Al）—O伸缩振动吸收峰;752 cm-1处Si—Si（Al）伸缩振动吸收峰;551,687和624 cm-1处O—Si (Al)—O 弯曲振动吸收峰;459 cm-1处Si—O—Si的弯曲振动与Na（Ca）—O伸缩振动的耦合吸收峰;416 cm-1处Si—O—Si弯曲振动吸收峰。红外光谱官能团区的诊断性鉴定依据为：3 530和3 592 cm-1处O—H振动引起的吸收峰;2 499,2 629和2 964 cm-1处CO2-₃振动产生的吸收峰。拉曼光谱分析结果表明,桥氧弯曲振动产生459和538 cm-1两处吸收峰;Al—O振动导致775 cm-1吸收峰;硅氧四面体Q₄结构单元振动产生1 114 cm-1吸收峰。紫外-可见光吸收光谱可知,马达加斯加方柱石为过渡金属元素致色,铁离子的存在导致了379和420 nm两处吸收峰,且420 nm吸收峰的强弱影响着方柱石的颜色深浅。致色原因为占据了晶体结构中四面体位置的Fe2+与Fe3+之间电荷转移,从而产生黄色。三维荧光光谱分析显示,方柱石具有较为一致的发光行为,均可见一强一弱两个荧光峰,多集中在302 nm(λ_ex)/343 nm(λ_em)附近。电子探针成分分析结果表明样品属于方柱石族系列中的针柱石,Ma值范围为66%～69%, 平均Ma值为68.1%,且随着Ma值的增高,双折射率随着变小。谱学测试作为无损测试技术,适用于鉴定宝石品种。对鉴定马达加斯加方柱石具有重要的意义,同时为产地溯源、区分优化处理品种提供数据支持。     

宝石级钠沸石的振动光谱表征

国际珠宝交易市场上最近出现了一批价值不菲的无色透明的宝石级钠沸石刻面成品,为提供快速区分其与仿制品材料的依据,文章通过红外光谱和拉曼光谱对三颗钠沸石样品的振动光谱进行了研究。结果表明,其红外光谱主要表现为:4 000~1 200cm-1的吸收峰是结构中水导致的吸收;1 200~600cm-1的强吸收与TO4四面体的内部T—O(T为Si或Al)的反对称和对称伸缩振动有关。拉曼光谱散射峰主要分布在300~600和700~1 200cm-1两个区间。300~360cm-1处较弱强度的拉曼散射峰是由于结构中水分子所导致。482cm-1处中等强度的峰归属于硅氧四面体内部由于变形导致的拉曼位移。726cm-1处的拉曼散射峰归属于Al—O的伸缩振动;974,1 038,1 084cm-1的三处拉曼散射峰都是Si—O的伸缩振动导致的拉曼位移。     

犀牛角及其替代品的红外光谱分析

对犀牛角及其替代品进行红外光谱分析,结果表明,犀牛角在2350cm-1有两个磷脂P-H伸缩振动的吸收峰,水牛角在此处也有两个吸收峰,强度稍高于犀牛角,而其他角样品在此处只有一个吸收峰或无吸收峰;在1733cm-1有氨基己糖和磷脂的C=O伸缩振动弱吸收峰,在881cm-1有牛磺酸的S-O伸缩振动吸收峰,其他角样品都无此吸...     

基于中红外光谱检测牛奶中掺杂的尿素

采用中红外光谱技术对牛奶中掺杂尿素目标物进行检测.配置含有尿素浓度范围为1～18 g·L-1之间18个牛奶样品,分别研究了纯牛奶和掺杂尿素牛奶的红外光谱特性,并进行了对比分析.利用尿素1 562 cm-1处酰胺Ⅲ带C=O伸缩振动吸收峰面积A1 562与1 464 cm-1处C-N伸缩振动吸收峰面积A1464的比值A1 ...     

Topological dislocation-type defects and mechanisms of plasticity and failure of nanostructured and amorphous materials

Possible mechanisms of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials have been considered. It is shown that the most probable carriers of plastic deformation in these materials are macrodislocations—linear topological defects of the regular nanocrystallite packing in the nanostructure or cluster packing in amorphous materials. Continuum models are proposed to describe the processes of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials. Original Russian Text ? L.S. Vasil’ev, S.F. Lomaeva, 2009, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2009, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 128–131.     

Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Electronic States and Spectra of TeH and TeLi

Gas-phase emission spectra of the hitherto unknown free radical TeLi have been measured in the NIR range with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The emissions were observed from a fast flow system in which tellurium vapor in argon carrier gas was passed through a microwave discharge and mixed with lithium vapor in an observation tube. Two systems of blue-degraded bands were measured at high spectral resolution in the ranges 8000-9000 and 5700-6700 cm(-1) and vibrational and rotational analyses were performed. In order to aid in the analysis of the experimental data, a series of relativistic configuration interaction calculations has been carried out to obtain potential curves for the low-lying states of TeLi and the isovalent TeH and also electric dipole transition moments connecting them. As in the TeH system, the ground state of TeLi is found to be X(2)Pi(i), but with a remarkably smaller spin-orbit splitting. The TeLi calculations indicate a strongly bound A(2)Sigma(+) state, while in TeH the analogous state is computed to lie significantly higher at approximately 32 000 cm(-1), and it is strongly predissociated. Based on the theoretical analysis, the observed TeLi band systems are assigned to the transitions A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(1)(2)Pi(3/2)(X(1)3/2) and A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(2)(2)Pi(1/2)(X(2)1/2). Analysis of the spectra has yielded the molecular constants (in cm(-1)) X(1)(2)Pi(3/2):omega(e)=457.49(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.482(9), B(0)=0.408908(8); X(2)(2)Pi(1/2): T(e)=2353.44(3), omega(e)=456.28(4), omega(e)x(e)=2.635(8), B(0)=0.414954(8), p(0)=1.00637(4); A(2)Sigma(+): T(e)=8574.64(2), omega(e)=437.81(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.581(8), B(0)=0.423903(8), p(0)=-0.19915(2), where the numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations of the parameters. Comparison of the isovalent TeLi and TeH systems emphasizes that the difference in bonding character (ionic in TeLi vs covalent in TeH) is responsible for qualitative differences in the electronic spectra of these two molecules. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

NOx formation and flame velocity profiles of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol

NO formation and flame propagation are studied in premixed flames of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol through experimental measurements and direct simulation of experimental profiles. The stabilized flame is realized through the impingement of a premixed combustible jet from a contraction nozzle against a temperature-controlled plate. The velocity field is obtained by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and nitric oxide concentration profiles are measured using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), calibrated using known NO seeding levels. It is found that NO formation in n- and iso-isomers is comparable under the conditions considered, except for rich butanol mixtures, whereby NO formation is higher for iso-butanol. Generally, less NO is formed in butanol flames than in the butane flames. The experiment is simulated by a 1D chemically reacting stagnation flow model, using literature models of C1–C4 hydrocarbons [Wang et al., 2010] and butanol combustion chemistry [Sarathy et al., 2009, 2012]. NO prediction is tested using two of these mechanisms with a previously-published NO_x submechanism added into the butane and butanol models. While a good level of agreement is observed in the velocity field prediction under lean and stoichiometric conditions, discrepancies exist under rich conditions. Greater discrepancies are observed in NO prediction, except for the C1–C4 mechanism which shows good agreement with the experiment under lean and stoichiometric conditions. The current study provides data for further development of mechanisms with NO_x prediction capabilities for the fuels considered here.     

Quantum and surface properties of free films and nanoshells of molecular and atomic thicknesses

An original technology and the properties of new thin film nanoobjects, free films and shells of molecular and atomic thicknesses, are presented. Special attention is paid to shells of monoatomic or monomoleculer thickness with unique surface properties that have not been found in bulk materials.     

Some aspects of nucleation and evolution of microscopic and mesoscopic cracks and quasi-brittle fracture of homogeneous materials

The dynamics of nucleation of microcracks in the region of a developing macroscopic crack has been studied using scanning electron microscopy during in situ experiment and the acoustic emission method. An explosive-like nucleation of microcracks and the influence of dissipative properties of a material on the size and the rate of redistribution of local stresses of the microcracks have been established. Each of nucleations of microscopic and mesoscopic defects is considered as an act of local testing of the dissipative ability of the system, and the interaction between microcracks is determined by relaxation processes when the ability is sufficient. With deteriorating dissipative properties (with increasing residence time under loading, deformation rate, etc.), an elastic linear interaction becomes possible, and the macroscopic fracture occurs. In the microcrack dynamics, a specific ductile-brittle transition is determined by a time deterioration of the dissipative properties of the material under the action of a mechanical load. Generally, as a large latent energy is stored during deformation, a macroscopic fracture can be caused by any little discrete structural transformation.     

Accuracy and repeatability of QRAPMASTER and MRF-vFA

Our purpose is to evaluate bias and repeatability of the quantitative MRI sequences QRAPMASTER, based on steady-state imaging, and variable Flip Angle MRF (MRF-VFA), based on the transient response.Both techniques are assessed with a standardized phantom and five volunteers on 1.5 T and 3 T clinical scanners. All scans were repeated eight times in consecutive weeks.In the phantom, the mean bias±95% confidence interval for T1 values with QRAPMASTER was 10 ± 10% on 1.5 T and 4 ± 13% on 3.0 T. The mean bias for T1 values with MRF-vFA was 21 ± 17% on 1.5 T and 9 ± 9% on 3.0 T. For T2 values the mean bias with QRAPMASTER was 12 ± 3% on 1.5 T and 23 ± 1% on 3.0 T. For T2 values the mean bias with MRF-vFA was 17 ± 1% on 1.5 T and 19 ± 2% on 3.0 T. QRAPMASTER estimated lower T1 and T2 values than MRF-vFA. Repeatability was good with low coefficients of variation (CoV). Mean CoV ± 95% confidence interval for T1 were 3.2 ± 0.4% on 1.5 T and 4.5 ± 0.8% on 3.0 T with QRAPMASTER and 2.7% ± 0.2% on 1.5 T and 2.5 ± 0.2% on 3.0 T with MRF-vFA. For T2 were 3.3 ± 1.9% on 1.5 T and 3.2 ± 0.6% on 3.0 T with QRAPMASTER and 2.0 ± 0.4% on 1.5 T and 5.7 ± 1.0% on 3.0 T with MRF-vFA.The in-vivo T1 and T2 are in the range of values previously reported by other authors.The in-vivo mean CoV ± 95% confidence interval in gray matter were for T1 1.7 ± 0.2% using QRAPMASTER and 0.7 ± 0.5% using MRF-vFA and for T2 were 0.9 ± 0.4% using QRAPMASTER and 2.4 ± 0.5% using MRF-vFA. In white matter were for T1 0.9 ± 0.3% using QRAPMASTER and 1.3 ± 1.1% using MRF-vFA and for T2 were 0.7 ± 0.4% using QRAPMASTER and 2.4 ± 0.4% using MRF-vFA. A GLM analysis showed that the variations in T1 and T2 mainly depend on the field strength and the subject, but not on the follow-up repetition in different days. This confirms the high repeatability of QRAPMASTER and MRF-vFA.In summary, QRAPMASTER and MRF-vFA on both systems were highly repeatable with moderate accuracy, providing results comparable to standard references. While repeatability was similar for both methods, QRAPMASTER was more accurate. QRAPMASTER is a tested commercial product but MRF-vFA is 4.77 times faster, which would ease the inclusion of quantitative relaxometry.     

Absorption and luminescence of amino- and benzoylaminoanthraquinones

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 396–402, September, 1990.     

受控核聚变两大途径的对比与结合

目前人们探索受控核聚变主要是从两个方向着手：磁约束受控核聚变和惯性约束受控核聚变，但目前还无法判定到底哪一种途径更为可取，文章首先对这两种途径进行对比，指出各自的特点和困难，在此基础上提出了一种结构相对简单，成本相对较低的三轴六极磁镜系统设想，希望能将磁约束和惯性约束和惯性约束结合起来，以实现受控核聚变反应。     

单链核糖体失活蛋白的Raman和红外光谱

我们测定了两种单链核糖体失活蛋白(肥皂草素和天花粉蛋白)的FTIR和FTRaman光谱。利用FTIR光谱酰胺Ⅲ区域对蛋白质的二级结构进行定量分析,计算了各种二级结构的含量。从肥皂草素和天花粉蛋白的二级结构分析可见,二者在结构上具有某种相似性,为二者功能上的相似性提供了依据。