瞬态波位移场计算方法在相控阵声场模拟中的实验验证

通过实验研究了声束偏转不同角度和声场半径变化时线性相控阵的声场特性,并与基于瞬态波位移解析解的相控阵声场计算方法得到的理论结果进行了对比。首先研究了基于半圆圆弧离面瞬态位移的声场计算方法,并进行了数值计算可靠性的优化。然后建立了一套相控阵瞬态波位移场的测量系统,以半圆形钢板为试件,纵波传感器为接收传感器,测量了偏转角度为-10°,-30°,-50°,-70°,及声场半径为50 mm,75 mm,100 mm和125 mm时线性超声相控阵的声束指向性;同时以基于瞬态波位移解析解的相控阵声场计算方法,计算了相同条件下该相控阵的声束指向性。最后将实验结果与理论结果进行了对比,取得了较好的一致。说明基于瞬态波位移的相控阵声场计算方法可以较好地计算线阵的声场,对于声束偏转较大角度和声场半径变化时也同样有效。      

方位远探测声波测井仪接收声系实验研究

方位远探测声波测井仪接收声系中各通道接收换能器及相应采集电路的综合一致性极大地影响处理结果的精确度,必须测试并进行必要的校正。在实验室构建了接收声系测试系统,使用主频10 k Hz的单极子声源辐射声场,测量了阵列化声系中每个换能器单独正对单极声源时所有通道的采集波形,分析了波形的时域和频域特征,对声系站内、站间的各通道综合一致性进行了评价并给出接收通道一致性不好时的校正公式;对比了相控接收子阵与单个阵元的接收特性。实验结果表明,该声系各通道综合一致性较好,不需要校正;软件相控处理后,接收阵的能量比单个阵元强、指向性更好,有利于提高有用信号的信噪比和空间的探测分辨率。     

超宽谱电磁脉冲辐射场测量系统

 介绍了一套自行研制的高功率超宽谱电磁脉冲辐射场测量系统，该系统主要由TEM喇叭接收天线、同轴传输线、宽带示波器及微型计算机组成。其中，TEM喇叭上极板为等腰三角形金属板，顶角14°，高60 cm，下极板为80 cm×30 cm矩形金属板，两金属板间夹角为7°，采用同轴线直接馈电方式，馈电点高度1 mm。分析了测量系统的基本理论，采用时域有限差分和离散傅里叶变换相结合的方法对TEM喇叭接收天线的传递函数进行了计算，建立了信号衰减补偿方法。实测了抛物反射面脉冲辐射天线的辐射场，测得主轴上远区辐射场主脉冲波形与辐射天线的激励信号近似成微分关系，当激励信号的前后沿变快时，测得的辐射场也相应增大。测量结果表明，该系统能够反映脉冲辐射场的变化特性，具有良好的波形保真性和宽频带特性。     

电磁声换能器的辐射声场研究

分析了一种圆环形螺线圈、垂直偏置磁场结构的电磁声探头在非铁磁性介质铝中的辐射声场特性。首先根据电磁感应原理对探头进行了物理和数学建模,将表面力源近似成水平和竖直分布的两种,且水平分量远大于竖直分量,推导出该种力源产生的声场的理论解析解。分别数值计算出了横波和纵波的切向和法向指向性,并和实验结果进行对比。实验结果和理论计算符合较好,为此种结构的电磁声换能器的实际工程应用提供了理论依据。      

基于多圆环谐振腔MIM波导多路分频特性

在可见光到近红外频段,利用时域有限差分数值模拟计算方法,研究了一种多圆环形金属-介质-金属等离子体波导结构的电磁传输特性.结果表明,由于谐振作用,不同波长电磁波能量被分别束缚于圆环中,之后被耦合到各出口端进行传输,从而实现了电磁波的多路分频传输功能.圆环的共振波长与圆环半径之间存在近似线性关系,且随着圆环内填充介质折射率的增大呈现明显的红移现象;各出口端共振波长对应电磁能量的传输率随着介质波导与圆环间耦合厚度的增大而急剧降低.利用电磁波共振理论阐述了电磁能量的谐振束缚现象,与数值模拟结果吻合.研究结果可应用于未来光子集成器件中.     

有耗介质层上多导体传输线的电磁耦合时域分析方法

目前,针对空间电磁场作用有耗介质层上传输线的电磁耦合,仍缺乏有效的数值分析方法.因此,本文提出一种高效的时域混合算法,很好地解决了有耗介质层上传输线电磁耦合建模难的问题.首先,对经典传输线方程进行改进,推导了适用于有耗介质层上多导体传输线电磁耦合分析的修正传输线方程.然后,结合时域有限差分方法和相应插值技术,求解修正传输线方程,获得多导线及其端接负载上的电压和电流响应,并实现空间电磁场辐射与多导线瞬态响应的同步计算.最后,通过相应计算实例的数值模拟,与CST软件的仿真结果进行对比,验证了时域混合算法的正确性和高效性.     

基于多圆环谐振腔MIM波导多路分频特性（英文）

在可见光到近红外频段,利用时域有限差分数值模拟计算方法,研究了一种多圆环形金属-介质-金属等离子体波导结构的电磁传输特性.结果表明,由于谐振作用,不同波长电磁波能量被分别束缚于圆环中,之后被耦合到各出口端进行传输,从而实现了电磁波的多路分频传输功能.圆环的共振波长与圆环半径之间存在近似线性关系,且随着圆环内填充介质折射率的增大呈现明显的红移现象;各出口端共振波长对应电磁能量的传输率随着介质波导与圆环间耦合厚度的增大而急剧降低.利用电磁波共振理论阐述了电磁能量的谐振束缚现象,与数值模拟结果吻合.研究结果可应用于未来光子集成器件中.     

应用共焦显微镜原理测量倾斜工程表面

用基尔霍夫衍射公式分析反射式共焦光路 ,得到了被测件有一定倾斜角度表面的共焦轴向响应理论模型。由菲涅耳衍射近似公式得到的共焦轴向响应特性只是它的理论模型的一个特例。同时 ,对接收端采用差动连接的共焦测量的聚焦瞄准信号进行了分析 ,得到了表面倾斜角对聚焦瞄准信号影响的关系。应用共焦实验系统及差动测量系统对具有不同倾角的块规斜面的轴向响应信号进行了测量。理论模型的数值分析与实验结果相吻合。用差动共焦光学系统作为瞄准传感器、用电容传感器进行位移监测 ,对倾角为 10°的角规的斜面进行测量 ,得到分辨率小于 2 0nm的表面形貌图。     

时域全波电磁计算程序JEMS-FDTD在复杂电磁环境研究中的应用

将自主研发的大规模并行三维全波电磁场时域求解程序JEMS-FDTD应用于复杂电磁环境问题,计算并分析了楼宇内电波传播特性和飞行器瞬态电磁特性。对楼宇内电波传播特性的计算获得了建筑物内任意位置的电磁场分布和电磁脉冲在建筑物内的时域传播过程,其结果可用于无线通信和电磁环境安全研究;对飞行器瞬态电磁特性的计算获得了飞行器舱内外瞬态电磁近场分布,其结果可用于飞行器强辐射场防护等研究。     

弯管缺陷形状与位置对超声导波传播特性影响*

基于超声数值模拟,研究椭圆形冲蚀缺陷的几何尺寸和位置与接收端超声波能量之间的关系。通过控制椭圆形冲蚀缺陷几何尺寸,研究缺陷在弯管θ= 0°且ψ= 20°位置处,不同几何尺寸的缺陷对接收端压电传感器(PZT)时域信号能量的影响。此外,为研究相同几何尺寸的椭圆形冲蚀缺陷位于弯管不同位置时,对接收端时域信号能量的影响,椭圆形冲蚀缺陷位于弯管以下位置：ψ= 20°且θ取值范围为0°~ 30°,每间隔2.5°取一个值;θ= 0°且ψ取值范围为15°~ 45°,每间隔2.5°取一个值。数值模拟结果表明：缺陷位于弯管θ= 0°且ψ= 20°位置处,随着缺陷面积增加,接收端上侧PZT时域信号能量减少;随着缺陷深度和缺陷深度与面积都增加的两种情况下,上侧PZT时域信号能量均出现先减小,当缺陷深度达到弯管厚度的75%(6 mm)时,上侧PZT时域信号能量再增加;相同几何尺寸的缺陷位于弯管θ= 0°,随着ψ增加,上侧PZT时域信号能量先减小后增加;相同几何尺寸的缺陷位于弯管ψ= 20°,随着θ增加,θ与 呈现出单调递增的关系。通过上述结果可知,椭圆形冲蚀缺陷的几何尺寸和位置与接收端时域信号能量之间存在相关性,基于此可通过能量变化实现对缺陷几何尺寸大小和位置的评估。     

Assessment of recovery and recrystallisation behaviours of cold rolled IF steel through non-destructive electromagnetic characterisation

The recovery and recrystallisation behaviours of cold rolled IF steel have been investigated by destructive (optical microscopy and hardness) and non-destructive electromagnetic sensor, (which allows direct measurement of strip samples with no surface preparation) techniques. The onset and completion of recrystallisation are clearly monitored through destructive techniques of optical microscopy and hardness measurements. The nucleation of new recrystallised grains is observed in the sample annealed at 600 °C/15 min, while completion of recrystallisation takes place at 700 °C/15 min. The destructive techniques are not very accurate in monitoring recovery, for example, changes in hardness of <20% are seen. In contrast, the magnetic properties of annealed steel show the onsets of both recovery and recrystallisation, with recovery accounting for ≈60% change in the coercivity value. Therefore, the measurement of magnetic softening through an electromagnetic sensor acts a crucial role for understanding recovery and recrystallisation behaviours of steels during industrial processing. The present investigation is aimed not only for controlling product quality but also saving characterisation time through off line monitoring during steel processing at industry.     

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为了标定EAST装置电磁测量系统中的磁探针位置偏差和回路增益,通过分析该装置中的误差源,设计了极向场线圈的通电模式。运用格林函数等算法程序对测量数据进行预处理,利用简化的泰勒线性展开,结合带权重的最小二乘法对数据进行多次循环迭代,拟合出磁探针的位置偏差和回路增益。实验结果表明,使用该方法标定是合理的。     

磁探针参数的标定

为了标定EAST装置电磁测量系统中的磁探针位置偏差和回路增益,通过分析该装置中的误差源,设计了极向场线圈的通电模式。运用格林函数等算法程序对测量数据进行预处理,利用简化的泰勒线性展开,结合带权重的最小二乘法对数据进行多次循环迭代,拟合出磁探针的位置偏差和回路增益。实验结果表明,使用该方法标定是合理的。     

Temperature-insensitive strain measurement using a birefringent interferometer based on a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber

We propose a novel and simple scheme for a temperature-insensitive strain measurement by using a birefringent interferometer configured by a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF). The wavelength-dependent periodic transmission in a birefringent interferometer can be achieved by using a PM-PCF between two linear polarizers. Since the PM-PCF is composed of a single material, such as silica, the peak wavelength shift with temperature variation can be negligible because of the small amount of the birefringence change of the PM-PCF with temperature change. The measured temperature sensitivity is −0.3 pm/°C. However, the peak wavelength can be changed by strain because the peak wavelength shift is directly proportion to strain change. The strain sensitivity is measured to be 1.3 pm/με in a strain range from 0 to 1600 με. The measurement resolution of the strain is estimated to be 2.1 με. The proposed scheme has advantages of simple structure and low loss without a Sagnac loop, temperature insensitivity, ease installation, and short length of a sensing probe compared with a conventional PMF-based Sagnac loop interferometer.     

用电光采样法测量相对论电子束团长度

 介绍了电光采样法测量电子束束团长度的实验原理和装置,理论分析并模拟计算了被测电子束团库仑场分布、ZnTe晶体的电光效应与束团电场的关系,并利用琼斯矩阵法分析了探测光通过电光晶体时在束团电场作用下的偏振变化、测量信号与束团长度的关系等。分析表明：测量中应使束团库仑场垂直于ZnTe的［001］方向,探测光偏振方向与ZnTe晶体y″轴成45°或者135°夹角,1/4波片快轴与探测光偏振方向夹角应取45°,这时平衡探测器输出信号与束团库仑场Eb成正比。1/4波片的作用是将电光晶体的工作点从非线性段移到线性段,平衡探测的作用是简化信号与Eb的关系,并提高信噪比。为实际测量应用提供参考。     

Validity of rough surface backscattering models

Abstract

A study of the regions of validity for rough surface scattering models is conducted for surfaces with Gaussian and power law power spectra. Models included in the study are physical optics (PO), geometrical optics, small perturbation method and small slope approximation. The range of validity of the PO model is commonly described by a bound on the radius curvature of the surface relative to the electromagnetic wavelength. We show empirically that for backscattering the region of accuracy is more accurately described by a bound on surface slope. For surfaces with a Gaussian power spectrum, the PO model is accurate to within 2 dB for RMS surface slope values less than 0.59 cos³θ. For surfaces with a power law power spectral density, the PO model is accurate for significant slope values (RMS surface height/wavelength of the dominant spectral peak) less than 0.037 cos³θ. These conditions are valid up to approximately 30°. The regions of validity of other models in the study are also shown to be well approximated by bounds on surface slope.     

Computer simulation of atomic mixing during ion bombardment

The atomic mixing in the target under ion bombardment is assumed to result from cascades of atomic collision events. Computer simulations have been applied to collision cascades to estimate the depth resolution of surface analysis with an ion probe. The Monte Carlo method based on a single scattering model has been used mainly in the calculation under the assumptions of random collision process, no diffusion and no target saturation processes. High-energy collisions are characterized by a Lenz-Jensen or a Thomas-Fermi potential, while a Born-Mayer potential is used in the low energy region. The simulations have been performed for the bombardment of Ar ions withE ₀=5 keV and 10 keV at angles of incidence θ=0° and 60° on Si targets. The depth resolutions [the definition of which is explained by (15) in the text] are about 140Å for the Lenz-Jensen cross section and about 80Å for the Thomas-Fermi one for θ=0° atE ₀=5 keV, and decrease by 20–40% at θ=60° and increase by 70–90% forE ₀=10 keV.     

Amorphous structure heat: Heats of solution versus temperature for polysulfone in o-dichlorobenzene

The data presented for polysulfone in o-dichlorobenzene support previous observations on other systems in which the heats of solution decrease linearly with increasing temperature of measurement. Consistent with similar measurements on polycarbonate and polyphenylene oxide, a dramatic slope change from 0.078 cal/g-C° below 120°C to 0.019 cal/g-C° above 120°C occur for the data on polysulfone. The source of these heats is due primarily to the enthalpy difference between the solid polymer and its corresponding liquid amorphous state at the measurement temperature since the heats of mixing are rationalized to be small.     

Synthesis, thermal treatment and characterization of cobalt ferrite-based nanocomposites

We have used time-differential perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy with ¹⁸¹Ta-probes to study the electric field gradient at Zr-sites in synthetic zircon and hafnon between room temperature and 1,200°C. PAC spectra are similar to those obtained from naturally occurring zircons. In particular, a change in slope of the quadrupole coupling vs. temperature is observed in the synthetic zircon at the same temperature as seen in natural zircons from the Mud Tank carbonatite (Australia). The synthetic hafnon data also shows this feature but at somewhat higher temperature. Low-temperature PAC spectra of both synthetic zircon and hafnon have a clearly reduced anisotropy. We believe that the cause for this is a electronic defect, possibly created during the β-decay of the probe parent nucleus.     

Acoustothermometric study of the human hand under hyperthrmia and hypothermia

The results of an acoustothermometric study of the human hand under local hyperthermia and hypothermia are presented. Individuals under testing plunged their hands in hot or cold water for several minutes. Thermal acoustic radiation was detected by two sensors placed near the palm and near the backside of the tested hand. The internal temperature profiles of the hand were reconstructed. The indirect estimate of the reconstruction error was 0.6°C, which is acceptable for medical applications. Hyperthermia was achieved by placing the hand in water with a maximal temperature of 44°C for 2 min. In this case, the internal temperature was 35.4 ± 0.6°C. Hypothermia was achieved by placing the hand in water with a temperature of 17.8°C for 15 min. In this case, the internal temperature decreased from 26 to 24°C. The use of a four-sensor planar receiving array allowed dynamic mapping of the acoustic brightness temperature of the hand.