萘的熔化和凝固实验的改进

针对萘熔化和凝固实验的不足,采用了在萘中掺入金属丝的方法使萘均匀传热,并用热电传感器控制实验温度,得到了萘熔化和凝固过程温度随时间变化的数据,较好地反映了晶体的熔化和凝固规律.     

基于用D I S系统对晶体凝固和熔化的研究

本文采用D I S数字化信息系统对晶体的熔化与凝固实验进行了研究. 在按照初中物理教材的实验安 排, 用海波水浴加热法测量晶体的熔化曲线的基础上, 本文做了两个改进, 一是选择用水替代海波, 先让水凝固成 冰, 然后再利用空气浴法让冰在空气中自然熔化, 从而测量冰的凝固与熔化过程温度 时间曲线( 即凝固曲线和熔 化曲线) , 全程观察冰的凝固与熔化过程其温度及状态的变化; 二是采用D I S温度传感器来替代液体温度计人工测 量温度, 实时记录了冰的凝固曲线和熔化曲线. 实验结果表明, 采取上述改进后, 既提高了该实验的准确性、 可靠性 和直观性, 也增强了实验的说服力     

传感器在固体熔化凝固实验中的运用

基于固体的熔化和凝固实验的传统做法,结合现代测量技术对其进行了改进,对晶体海波和非晶体石蜡的熔化和凝固进行了全程监控,取得了很好的实验效果并节省了实验时间,提高了实验的准确性.     

晶体熔化和凝固实验的改进

对晶体熔化和凝固实验的实验装置和加热方式进行了改进，提出了控制实验时间的方法。     

硅熔化特性的分子动力学模拟–-不同势函数的对比研究

分别采用Stillinger-Weber (SW)势、修正的成熟原子嵌入模型(MEAM)势、 Tersoff势和HOEP (highly optimized empirical potential)势来描述硅原子间相互作用, 运用分子动力学方法对比模拟研究了四种势函数的硅晶体的体熔化和表面熔化特性. 结果表明: 四种势函数均能反映出硅的热膨胀、高温熔化和熔化时吸热收缩等基本物理规律. 但综合对比发现, Tersoff势和MEAM势相对更适合描述硅的熔化和凝固过程, SW势次之, HOEP势则不适合描述硅的熔化和凝固过程. 关键词： 硅 势函数 熔化 分子动力学     

NB物理实验在初中物理实验教学中的应用——以“探究固体熔化时温度的变化规律”为例

初中物理"探究晶体非晶体熔化实验"这类实验中,由于实验条件苛刻,实验现象不理想,导致真实的实验较难开展.文章以这一实验教学为例,将信息技术融合到日常教学之中,采用NOBOOK物理实验软件的虚拟仿真实验模式,探究海波与石蜡的熔化特性.模拟利用普通温度计与温度传感器测量晶体与非晶体熔化时的温度变化规律.虚拟仿真实验既克服了传统实验的不足,又极大地提高了课堂效率和实验的教学效果,能为线上教学提供较理想的参考方案.     

晶体各向异性实验的改进

高中物理二册晶体各向异性的实验在可见度方面,存在如下两个问题:1、云母片上的石蜡受热熔化后和周围没熔化的石蜡在色泽上没多大区别;2、作为热源的钢针冷却很快,石蜡熔化后又迅速凝固,无法将实验现象保存下来。由于这两个原因使得此实验可见度很小,学生难以观察到明显的实验现     

用水作熔化和凝固实验

熔化和凝固是初中二年级必作的演示实验．用萘作实验材料,熔点和凝固点不明显,实验不易成功．用硫代硫酸钠作实验材料,熔点准确明显,但凝固时由于有过冷现象,在液态硫代硫酸钠温度降到接近凝固点时需向流体中加入硫代硫酸钠晶粒,才能观察到凝固点．用水作熔化和凝固...     

圆管外石蜡相变蓄热与释热实验研究

建立一小型圆管外石蜡相变蓄热实验系统,对石蜡的蓄热熔化和释热凝固规律进行实验研究.研究石蜡在圆管外不同位置的蓄热熔化规律,自然对流对石蜡蓄热熔化的影响,得出蓄热熔化时间和熔化厚度的优化值.研究石蜡在圆管外不同位置的释热凝固规律,自然对流对石蜡释热过程的影响.     

细节决定成败——谈晶体的熔化和凝固实验中应注意事项

“晶体的熔化和凝固”在初中物理实验教学具有重要的地位,但是做起来难以成功;其主要原因是,萘本身的导热性不强,且萘粉颗粒之间充满空气,而空气也是热的不良导体,致使真实的熔化过程是从外到内进行的．经常出现的情况就是当外层萘熔化完成,温度高于80℃时,内层萘尚处于固态,温度低于80℃．凝固过程也类似;     

MEAM势与Tersoff势比较研究——碳化硅熔化与凝固行为

运用分子动力学方法对比模拟研究了碳化硅的体熔化、表面熔化和晶体生长过程.分别采用MEAM 势和Tersoff势两种势函数描述碳化硅.结果表明:体熔化时,两种势函数描述的SiC的原子平均能量、 Lindemann指数和结构有序参数与温度的变化关系相似,但MEAM势对应的体熔点(4250 K)比Tersoff势(4750 K) 的要高.表面熔化时,两种势函数描述的SiC在相同的过热度下熔化速度相近;而在相同的温度条件下,MEAM 作用的SiC表面熔化速度更快.这是由于MEAM势SiC的热力学熔点(3338 K)低于Tersoff势SiC的热力学熔点 (3430 K)的缘故.两种势函数作用的SiC在晶体生长方面差异很大.MEAM势SiC的晶体生长速度与过冷度有关, 过冷度约为400 K时晶体生长速度最快.但Tersoff势SiC晶体却在过冷度为0—1000 K的范围内均不能生长. 综合考虑,MEAM势比Tersoff势能更好地描述碳化硅的熔化和凝固行为.     

Solid-solid phase transformation via virtual melting significantly below the melting temperature

A new phenomenon is theoretically predicted, namely, that solid-solid transformation with a relatively large transformation strain can occur through virtual melting along the interface at temperatures significantly (more than 100 K) below the melting temperature. The energy of elastic stresses, induced by transformation strain, increases the driving force for melting and reduces the melting temperature. Immediately after melting, the stresses relax and the unstable melt solidifies. Fast solidification in a thin layer leads to nanoscale cracking, which does not affect the thermodynamics and kinetics of solid-solid transformation. Seven theoretical predictions are in quantitative agreement with experiments conducted on the beta-->delta transformation in the HMX energetic crystal.     

Effects of laser fluence on near-field surface nanostructuring

In this work, molecular dynamics simulation is performed to explore the long-time (up to 5 ns) behavior of argon crystal in surface nanostructuring with an extremely localized near-field laser beam. The surface nanostructuring region is limited to tens of nanometers in diameter, although the simulated systems are much larger (comprised of more than 770,000 atoms). This study focuses on the long-time solidification and crystallization procedure, which is driven by the heat conduction in the material. The effect of the computational domain on the final nanostructure is studied in detail. Different laser fluences are used in the simulation to explore how and to what extent the energy input affects the dynamic melting behavior and the final dimension and profile of the surface nanostructure. In-depth theoretical investigation gives satisfactory explanation of the effect of the laser fluence on the melting depth. Spot-like structural defects in the sub-surface region are observed and investigated until full solidification.     

Melting and undercooling of bismuth nanocrystals by solvothermal synthesis

The nanocrystals of bismuth with nanowire and sphere in shape were synthesized by solvothermal process, and it was found that the amount of nanowires would be reduced by the proper choice of the reaction solvents. The crystal structure of the as-prepared nanocrystals was investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the nanocrystals was observed with the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Moreover, the melting and solidification processes of the bulk bismuth and as-prepared nanocrystals were comparatively studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). During the solidification process, the nanocrystals showed a larger undercooling, the value of which was about 95 and 31 °C higher than that of the bulk bismuth.     

Thermal,mechanical and spectral studies of some organic charge-transfer complexes

The thermal, mechanical and spectral properties of complex formed by picric acid with naphthalene and anthracene respectively have been studied using phase-diagram, linear velocity of solidification, degree of undercooling, fracture value, modulii of elasticity and IR, UV-visible spectral measurements. The phase-diagrams show that the 1:1 molecular complexes which are formed in these systems are stable in the solid state and remain intact in the molten state. The kinetics of solidification in both follows the Hilling and Turnbull equation and the observed kinetic data suggest the Winegard et al, mechanism for the solidification phenomena in the two complexes. The experimental and the theoretically calculated values of heats of fusion were compared. These properties of the pure components and the complexes were studied in the light of molecular interactions which play an important role in deciding the crystal structure of binary organic systems with the formation of congruent melting compounds having structures consisting of infinite stacks of alternate donor and acceptor molecules.     

晶体生长角和凝固速率对贵金属电子束区域熔炼晶体生长的作用

基于电子束区域熔炼中熔区上力的平衡关系式, 计算获得了基座法、等径区熔法两种工艺下稳定成形熔区高度的表达式, 探讨了试样尺寸、晶体生长角和凝固速率等参数对六种贵金属稳定成形熔区高度的影响. 结果发现, 区熔相同尺寸试样时, 六种贵金属能够稳定成形熔区高度大小依次排序为 Ru> Pd> Ir> Pt> Ag> Au. 同时获得了这六种贵金属的晶体生长角在8.4°-10.7°之间, 而实际的晶体生长角与界面生长机制有关. 在基座法中, 连续生长机制所能支撑的熔区高度最小, 而等径区熔法中连续生长机制支撑的熔区高度大于位错生长机制和小面生长机制. 这三种晶体界面生长机制中连续生长方式对晶体生长角和区熔熔区高度影响较小, 有利于贵金属区熔单晶制备. 另外当凝固速率达到2.4 mm·min^-1, 位错和小面生长机制对区熔熔区高度的影响也变得很小, 预测的工艺参数与Ir和Ru单晶区熔实验报道结果基本符合.     

Interactions between a cavitation bubble and solidification front under the effects of ultrasound: Experiments and lattice Boltzmann modeling

The phenomena of melting and dendritic fragmentation are captured by using an in-situ device during the ultrasound-assisted solidification of a succinonitrile-acetone (SCN-ACE) alloy. The experimental results show that the dendrite arms detach from primary trunk due to the melting of the solid phase, which is caused by a moving ultrasound cavitation bubble. To quantify the interactions between the ultrasound cavitation bubble and the solidification front, a coupled lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is developed for describing the fields of temperature, flow, and solid fraction, and their interactions. The multi-relaxation-time (MRT) scheme is applied in the LB model to calculate the liquid-gas flow field, while the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) equation is executed to simulate the evolution of temperature. The kinetics of solidification and melting are calculated according to the lever rule based on the SCN-ACE phase diagram. After the validation of the LB model by an analytical model, the morphologies of the cavitation bubble and solidification front are simulated. It is revealed that the solidification interface melts due to the increase of the temperature nearby the cavitation bubble in ultrasonic field. The simulated morphologies of the cavitation bubble and solidification front are compared well with the experimental micrograph. Quantitative investigations are carried out for analyzing the melting rate of the solidification front under different conditions. The simulated data obtained from LB modeling and theoretical predictions reasonably accord with the experimental results, demonstrating that the larger the ultrasonic intensity, the faster the melting rate. The present study not only reveals the evolution of the solidification front shape caused by the cavitation bubbles, which is invisible in the ultrasound-assisted solidification process of practical alloys, but also reproduces the complex interactions among the temperature field, acoustic streaming, and multi-phase flows.     

Acoustic field positioning for containerless processing

The non-contact positioning of materials in a space processing chamber is accomplished using a new type of acoustic levitator. Liquid and solid materials are positioned using a single source of sound. Fine control of position may be obtained by motion of an acoustical reflector. The electrical power required is usually less than 100 watts. The system operates satisfactorily at high and low temperatures and is adaptable as an “add-on” feature to existing space experiments. Containerless melting and solidification can be performed and a freely suspended liquid can be shaped to the contour of the sound field. Experiments are described in which aluminium, glass and plastic materials are melted and solidified in the containerless state. The system has applications to containerless crystal growth, melting and related processes.     

横向限制下凝固微观组织演化的相场法模拟

凝固过程中横向限制挡板的存在对晶体微观结构的演化存在重要的影响, 不同性质的横向挡板将产生不同的限制效应, 对最终凝固微观组织形成起着决定性作用. 本文利用非等温相场模型, 定性地模拟了纯金属Ni凝固过程中横向限制的存在对其枝晶微观形貌演化的影响, 研究了不同尺寸及性质的横向挡板对枝晶微观结构形成的影响, 讨论了横向限制对不同初始枝晶间距枝晶形貌发展的作用. 计算结果表明, 横向限制挡板的存在将直接影响凝固过程中微观组织的形貌演化过程并最终改变微观结构. 随着横向挡板间距的减小, 微观组织变化更加明显; 挡板初始温度越低, 枝晶形貌改变越明显; 初始枝晶间距越大, 形貌变化越明显; 不同挡板高度对微观结构具有基本相同的影响. 关键词： 相场模拟 微观组织演化 横向限制     

Modelling of laser surface alloying and dispersing of ceramics

Laser‐supported processes can be used to modify the electrical and thermal properties of ceramic substrates locally. These processes are characterized by a strong thermal interaction between the laser beam and the ceramic surface that leads to localized melting. During the dynamic melting process an additive material is injected into the melt pool in order to modify the physical properties. The heat and mass transfer during this dynamic melting and solidification process has been studied numerically in order to identify the dominating process parameters. Simulation tools based on a finite‐volume method have been developed to describe the heat transfer, fluid flow and the phase change during the melting and solidification of the ceramic. The results of the calculation have been validated against experimental results.