可控热氛围下丙烷柴油混合燃料喷雾特性试验研究

利用可控热氛围燃烧系统提供的稳定均匀温度场,使用高速摄像机研究丙烷/柴油混合燃料的稳态喷雾特性。研究了不同混合比例、背景温度和喷射压力下混合燃料的喷雾发展过程和相关喷雾特性参数的变化规律。结果表明,相对于纯柴油燃料,丙烷/柴油混合燃料喷雾在形态上有明显差别,丙烷含量增加,喷雾的最大贯穿距离减小,喷雾锥角变大,少量的丙烷添加,变化就极为明显。背景温度对纯柴油和混合燃料的喷雾参数的影响趋势相同,最大贯穿距离和喷雾锥角随背景温度的升高而减小,其中丙烷/柴油混合燃料对背景温度的变化更为敏感。     

PODE3-5/柴油混合燃料高海拔喷雾特性研究

利用定容弹喷雾试验台,开展了柴油、PODE_3-5/柴油混合燃料(20%PODE_3-5+80%柴油)、PODE_3-5三种燃料喷雾特性试验,研究了不同海拔热力学边界条件下混合燃料喷雾浓度场分布,喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角以及喷雾体积、卷吸质量、轴向和径向当量比、索特平均直径的变化规律。结果表明：随着海拔的升高,混合燃料喷雾过程中韦伯数和奥内佐格数降低,抑制了燃料二次雾化破碎,环境压力对喷雾纵向发展影响较为明显,环境温度对喷雾横向发展更为明显。PODE_3-5燃料较低的蒸馏点和运动黏度促进了雾化发展,导致喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角同时降低,且降低幅度随PODE_3-5含量增加和海拔升高而增大。海拔5500m环境条件下,PODE_3-5/柴油混合燃料喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角比柴油分别减小9.2%和22.1%。     

冷起动工况柴油/煤油燃料喷雾燃烧特性研究

本文利用流动式定容燃烧弹结合米散射法、直拍法对低温冷起动工况下柴油/煤油混合燃料喷雾燃烧特性进行可视化测量。结果表明:柴油/煤油混合燃料液相喷雾贯穿距离随着煤油掺混比、温度和密度的增加呈现减小趋势。液相喷雾锥角随着煤油掺混比和环境密度的增加分别呈现减小和增大的趋势,而对环境温度的变化不敏感。不同环境温度、密度下,混合燃料滞燃期、火焰浮起长度、蓝色火焰占总体火焰强度比例随着煤油掺混比的增加呈现先减小后增加的变化趋势。此外,环境温度和密度的增加均使得着火滞燃期显著缩短。     

戊醇/生物柴油喷雾微观与宏观特性可视化研究

戊醇掺混生物柴油是非常具有潜力的可再生高活性替代燃料,但其掺混后喷雾雾化特性是制约其能否清洁燃烧关键因素。本研究在可视化定容燃烧弹中借助分光镜,将装配了长焦镜头和长工作距显微镜头的两台高速数码相机垂直布置,搭建了长焦高速阴影成像和长工作距离显微高速阴影成像同步测量平台,同步实时捕捉多个喷射循环内宏观和微观喷雾图像,开展了戊醇/生物柴油喷雾宏观和微观特性的可视化试验。针对微观喷雾液滴直径和瞬时速度特征,开发了基于液滴分离和液滴追踪的颗粒追踪测速方法;针对宏观喷雾特性,基于最大类间方差法,获得喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角。本文定量表征了远场离散液滴回卷过程中直径(分布)和瞬时速度(分布),回卷平均速度约为轴向平均速度的1/20。     

喷孔直径对柴油射流雾化影响的实验研究

本文利用可视化高压定容弹,就常压环境下高速射流在破碎过程中的近场及远场的雾化特性随喷孔直径变化的规律进行实验研究。研究结果表明:对于远场喷雾来说,随着喷油压力和喷孔直径的增大,导致流动阻力的减小,从而导致贯穿加速度增大;而在近场区域,利用长焦显微技术拍摄的微观图像显示,随着喷雾的发展,液柱逐渐失稳,出现类似不稳定波的拟序结构;近场喷雾锥角随着喷孔直径的增大呈现增长的趋势,这是主要是因为长径比的减小导致流动阻力的减少,进而引起湍动能的增加,最终体现在法向湍流脉动速度的增加引起了锥角的增大。     

预混式双流体静电喷嘴喷雾特性及荷电性能

为实现高湿环境下脱硫塔内复杂烟气的高效除尘,设计了一种预混式双流体静电雾化喷嘴,并对其喷雾特性及荷电性能进行了试验研究。试验测量了喷雾粒径、锥角和荷质比等参数,通过量纲分析,得到了该喷嘴粒径分布与雷诺数Re的数学模型。试验结果表明:喷雾粒径随气液比(GLR)的增加呈指数减小,当气液比小于0.1时,喷雾粒径随气液比增加迅速减小,当气液比大于0.1时,喷雾粒径减小幅度趋于平缓;喷雾粒径随雷诺数的增加呈线性减小。喷雾锥角随着气液比增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,当气液比为0.1时喷雾锥角最大。气液比增加,喷雾荷质比增加,荷电效果逐渐增强。荷电电压的升高使得喷雾的单分散性提高,弥散空间逐渐增加。     

在定容燃烧装置中进行柴油机喷雾特性的研究

本文报道了作者在自行设计的高温高压燃烧装置中,对柴油机的喷雾特性进行了研究。在实验中,用高速纹影摄影技术观察研究了燃烧室中的空气温度、空气压力、空气涡流以及喷孔直径对喷雾贯穿距离、喷雾锥角、喷雾形状和喷雾碰壁反溅现象的影响,并得出了相应的结论。     

喷孔长度和喷油体温度对乙醇柴油空化及近场喷雾的影响

利用高速摄像机和放大比例的单孔透明喷嘴搭建可视化试验台,研究喷孔长度和喷油体温度对喷孔内乙醇柴油空化流动特性和近场喷雾的影响,试验用喷嘴的孔径均为2 mm,孔长分别为4 mm、6 mm和8 mm,喷油体温度分别控制在303 K、333 K和363 K。试验发现,随着孔内燃油平均流速的增加,各喷孔的空化现象依次经历了无空化、空化初生、空化发展和超空化5个阶段,短喷孔内更易发生空化现象,且在相同的空化阶段短喷孔的孔内燃油平均流速小于长喷孔;此外在相同进出口压差下短喷孔对应的近场喷雾锥角要大于长喷孔喷雾锥角。喷油体温度也会影响喷孔内空化流动特性和近场喷雾形态,喷油体温度越高,空化现象越强烈,空化变化速率越大;当喷孔进出口压差相同时,喷油体温度在303 K、333 K和363 K所对应的近场喷雾锥角依次增大。最大近场喷雾锥角所需的喷射压力随喷油体温度的升高而减小。     

缸内高压直喷柴油/天然气喷射混合过程分析

在天然气发动机中,天然气和柴油射流的喷射及混合过程对燃烧排放性能有重要影响。本文基于AVL FIRE软件,模拟了定容燃烧腔内高压天然气和柴油射流喷射过程,分析了不同喷孔高度、喷孔倾斜角以及喷孔交角下柴油和天然气射流的混合情况,研究结果表明喷孔高度,倾斜角,交角与喷雾贯穿距呈正比,柴油喷雾贯穿距是影响雾化质量的重要因素。喷孔相对位置中喷孔交角因素对射流的影响最大,对柴油喷雾的雾化效果提升明显。     

静电喷雾粒子场和沉积特性的数值模拟

本文使用拉格朗日方法,研究了静电喷雾中荷电液滴流场和沉积特性,探讨了不同发射结构、加载电压对粒子速度、喷雾锥角、沉积形貌等参数的影响规律。通过分析不同结构下电场场强分布和粒子受力情况,分析了影响静电喷雾流场形状变化的主要作用机制。结果表明,采用双电极结构可以获得更小的喷雾锥角和更大的粒子平均速度;随着电极电势提高,粒子平均速度加快,喷雾锥角变小,相邻喷雾沉积图案会发生分离。     

含甲缩醛柴油喷雾和燃烧排放特性的试验研究

应用激光相位多普勒技术测量了含甲缩醛柴油喷雾的速度场和粒径场,在直喷式柴油机上研究了该含氧混合燃油的燃烧排放特性。结果表明,添加甲缩醛可改善柴油的雾化,增加喷雾轴线上的粒子速度,但减小喷雾锥角;同时以远大于其加入的比例降低柴油机排气烟度,但对氮氧化物的排放影响不大。柴油机采用甲缩醛作燃油添加剂时,需改造燃油系统。     

高温条件下甲醇喷雾的燃烧特性

高温条件下甲醇喷雾的燃烧特性杨长林，舒国才，刘月辉，王懿铭（天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室天津３０Ｏ０７２）关键词高温环境，甲醇喷雾，燃烧特性１前言甲醇作为一种内燃机代用燃料，已经受到了人们的广泛重视，但由于甲醇的十六烷值低，着人性能差，因此在柴...     

Butanol–acetone mixture blended with cottonseed biodiesel: Spray characteristics evolution,combustion characteristics,engine performance and emission

Increasing energy demands and more stringent legislation relating to pollutants such as nitrogen oxide (NO_x) and carbon monoxide (CO) from fossil fuels have accelerated the use of biofuels such as biodiesel. However, current limitations of using biodiesel as an alternative fuel for CI engines include a higher viscosity and higher NO_x emissions. This is a major issue that could be improved by blending biodiesel with alcohols. This paper investigates the effect of a butanol–acetone mixture (BA) as an additive blended with biodiesel to improve the latter's properties. Macroscopic spray characteristics (spray penetration, spray cone angle and spray volume) were measured in constant volume vessel (CVV) at two injection pressures. A high-speed camera was used to record spray images. The spray's edge was determined using an automatic threshold calculation algorithm to locate the spray outline (edge) from the binary images. In addition, an engine test was carried out experimentally on a single-cylinder diesel engine. The engine's performance was measured using in-cylinder pressure, brake power (BP) and specific fuel consumption (SFC). Emission characteristics NO_x, CO and UHC were also measured. Neat biodiesel and three blends of biodiesel with up to 30% added BA were tested. The experimental data were analyzed via ANOVA to evaluate whether variations in parameters due to the different fuels were significant. The results showed that BA can enhance the spray characteristics of biodiesel by increasing both the spray penetration length and the contact surface area, thereby improving air–fuel mixing. The peak in-cylinder pressure for 30% BA was comparable to neat diesel and higher than that of neat biodiesel. Brake power (BP) was slightly improved for 10% BA at an engine speed of 2000 rpm while SFC was not significantly higher for any of the BA-biodiesel blends because of the smaller heating value of BA. Comparing the effect on emissions of adding BA to biodiesel, increasing the amount of BA reduced NO_x and CO (7%) and (40%) respectively compared to neat biodiesel, but increased UHC.     

On the instability of conical protrusions of liquid surface in electric field

Electric field is analyzed at the tip of the conical protrusion of a conductive liquid surface that forms as the field strength approaches certain threshold values. When the field exceeds the threshold, the cone tip generally becomes unstable and emits a slender jet. The field strength at the sharp tip of a conducting liquid cone tends to infinity. Even though the field has a singularity, the cone tip becomes unstable only if the semi-cone angle decreases below the Taylor angle, which is the same for all conducting liquids. It is shown that similar conical protrusions can form if the liquid is a dielectric and its permittivity is sufficiently high. In this case, the equilibrium cone angle depends on the permittivity. When the permittivity is lower than approximately 17.60, cones cannot form, and the ensuing phenomena do not occur.     

Light intensity and image visualization of GDI injector sprays according to nozzle hole arrangements

The light intensity measurement and image visualization of multi-hole injection spray due to different hole arrangements and hole numbers were investigated. The light intensities and behavior characteristics of the GDI spray were analyzed through the axial and diagonal spray penetration, cone angle, and spray area from the spray images by using the image visualization system and image analysis system. The atomization performance of GDI injectors was analyzed by the local and overall Sauter mean diameter (SMD) measurement.     

超声速气流中液体横向射流雾化过程数值模拟

为了更加深入了解超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中的燃料雾化机理,对来流Mach数为1.94的超声速气流中液体横向射流的雾化过程进行了数值模拟研究.计算采用Euler-Lagrange方法,液滴二次破碎模型采用K-H/R-T模型.计算结果表明:考虑液滴二次破碎时,采用雾化锥模型获得的射流穿透深度以及液滴速度分布与实验结果符合得很好;初始液滴直径对射流穿透深度和液滴分布的影响很小;随着初始雾化锥角的增加,相同横截面上的射流穿透深度逐渐减小.当不考虑液滴二次破碎时,液滴穿透深度及分布与所选的初始液滴直径有很大关系.      

Modelling biodiesel–diesel spray combustion using multicomponent vaporization coupled with detailed fuel chemistry and soot models

A multicomponent vaporization model is integrated with detailed fuel chemistry and soot models for simulating biodiesel–diesel spray combustion. Biodiesel, a fuel mixture comprised of fatty-acid methyl esters, is an attractive alternative to diesel fuel for use in compression-ignition engines. Accurately modelling of the spray, vaporization, and combustion of the fuel mixture is critical to predicting engine performance using biodiesel. In this study, a discrete-component vaporization model was developed to simulate the vaporization of biodiesel drops. The model can predict differences in the vaporization rates of different fuel components. The model was validated by use of experimental data of the measured biodiesel drop size history and spray penetration data obtained from a constant-volume chamber. Gas phase chemical reactions were simulated using a detailed reaction mechanism that also includes PAH reactions leading to the production of soot precursors. A phenomenological multi-step soot model was utilized to predict soot emissions from biodiesel–diesel combustion. The soot model considered various steps of soot formation and destruction, such as soot inception, surface growth, coagulation, and PAH condensation, as well as oxidation by oxygen and hydroxyl-containing molecules. The overall numerical model was validated with experimental data on flame structure and soot distributions obtained from a constant-volume chamber. The model was also applied to predict combustion, soot and NOx emissions from a diesel engine using different biodiesel–diesel blends. The engine simulation results were further analysed to determine the soot emissions characteristics by use of biodiesel–diesel fuels.     

An empirical correlation between spray dispersion and spray tip penetration from an edge detection of visualized images under the flow condition of a solid body rotating swirl

In this study, spray tip penetration and dispersion in high-pressure environment were simulated experimentally with an emphasis on the swirl effect. A rotating constant volume chamber was designed in order to generate a swirl that could be varied continuously with a flow field that closely resembled the solid-body rotation. An emulsified fuel was injected into the chamber and the developing process of fuel spray was observed. The effect of swirl on the spray dispersion was analyzed by measuring the dispersion area as a function of the spray tip penetration and the time after the start of the injection. The effect of swirl on the spray dispersion was quantified through getting a relationship between the swirl and the dispersion. The experimental results of the spray dispersion with time after the fuel injection process began showed similar characteristics to those of the spray tip penetration with time after the start of the fuel injection. The spray dispersion characteristics while varying the spray tip penetration were also investigated. The results showed that the spray dispersion depends linearly on the spray tip penetration, when it is small. As the spray tip penetrates into longer distance, the dispersion depends on the spray tip penetration to the power of 1.6.     

油束撞击形成混合气及其燃烧过程的机理研究

本文介绍了用多次喷雾叠加摄影与激光粒子分析技术对燃油喷雾撞击前后的粒径、贯穿度以及喷雾锥角等因素变化所进行的观察和测量以及介绍了利用双像高速摄影技术对燃油束撞击雾化形成的混合气以及燃烧过程特点的研究。结果表明,燃油经撞击后可显著地增大油束扩散角、不同程度地影响了燃油束的贯穿度,但对燃油束撞击前后滴径变化的影响不大。混合气形成及其燃烧过程的高速摄影研究结果表明,燃油束撞击雾化对加快燃油与空气的混合并促进其火焰扩展起到重要作用。另外撞击反弹方向和喷油压力等也是影响混合气形成和燃烧的重要因素。