A hybrid scheme for geoacoustic inversion

A hybrid inversion scheme of geoacoustic parameters, which combines dispersion characteristics of normal modes with transmission loss, has been proposed based on the facts that different parameters have different effects on sound field. First, considering the dispersion characteristics of normal modes were sensitive to the density and the sound speed of seabottom, and not sensitive to the seabottom attenuation coefficient, the group time delays of different modes and different frequencies were acquired through adaptive optimal kernel time-frequency representation, then the group time delays were taken as the cost function, and using a global optimal algorithm, the seabottom density and the profile of seabottom sound speed were deduced. Successively, the validity of inversion results was evaluated by the a posteriori probability. Last, the attenuation coefficient of sediment is inverted using the transmission loss data recorded from the ship radiation noise. The validity of the total inversion results has been evaluated by making use of the matched field processing source localization.     

A Broadband Geoacoustic Inversion Scheme

A geoacoustic inversion scheme, which combines several inversion methods together to invert for the bottomparameters, has been proposed based on the fact that the bottom acoustic parameters have different sensitivitiesto the different physical parameters of acoustic field. Firstly, the characteristic impedance of the bottom is invertedby measuring the vertical bottom reflective coefficients. Secondly, the derived bottom characteristic impedance isused as a constrained condition in another inversion procedure, which is very sensitive to the bottom sound speedbut less sensitive to the attenuation, to inverse the bottom sound speed and bottom density. Lastly, the bottomattenuation can be estimated from methods such as transmission loss data, the vertical correlation of propagationdata, and the normal mode attenuation. To obtain the characteristic impedance of the bottom accurately, vacuumglass spheres (VGS) are used as broadband sound sources, and a special mechanism is designed to trigger theVGS imploded at the preset depth. The inversion scheme has been successfully used for a set of sea experimentaldata. It shows that the inverted bottom parameters could distinguish the atlas marked bottom type quite well.The excellent comparison of the numerical results with the experimental data shows the validity of the invertedparameters.     

Research on sound wave receiving theory of inertial sphere type vector hydrophone

Sound pressure wave and particle velocity wave of the receiving theory of iner- tial sphere type vector hydrophone was studied. Based on measurement principle of particle velocity hydrophone with co-oscillating sphere, the mathematical expressions of sound wave receiving response to both rigid sphere and elastic sphere in a freely moving acoustic plane- wave field were derived, and the relationship between the frequency response curves of velocity hydrophone and its geometrical dimension and density was analyzed. In addition, according to sound wave receiving theory of spherical receiving transducer, the mathematical expression of the vector hydrophone＇s sound pressure receiving response was derived, and the laws of the pressure distribution on the surface of particle velocity hydrophone and relationships between the pressure receiving coefficient of the vector hydrophone and the parameters, such as the dimensions of the receiving surface, the radius of the particle velocity hydrophone, the layout position and radius of sound pressure hydrophone, were analyzed and calculated. The analysis method of sound wave receiving theory of vector hydrophone was established, which lays the theoretical foundation for design and development of the vector hydrophone.     

Inversion for Sound Speed Profile by Using a Bottom Mounted Horizontal Line Array in Shallow Water

Ocean acoustic tomography is an appealing technique for remote monitoring of the ocean environment. In shallow water, matched field processing （MFP） with a vertical line array is one of the widely used methods for inverting the sound speed profile （SSP） of water column. The approach adopted is to invert the SSP with a bottom mounted horizontal line array （HLA） based on MFP. Empirical orthonormal functions are used to express the SSP, and perturbation theory is used in the forward sound field calculation. This inversion method is applied to the data measured in a shallow water acoustic experiment performed in 2003, Successful results show that the bottom mounted HLA is able to estimate the SSP. One of the most important advantages of the inversion method with bottom mounted HLA is that the bottom mounted HLA can keep a stable array shape and is safe in a relatively long period.     

Sensitivity correction of co-vibrating vector hydrophone in standing wave tube by numerical calculation

When the sensitivity of a large-size vector hydrophone is calibrated in a standing wave tube, the distribution of the calibration sound field will be uneven, resulting in a large error in the calibration results. In the case that the accurate analytical expression of the calibration sound field cannot be obtained, the sound field simulation analysis model is established based on the actual standing wave tube calibration device. The sound pressure and acceleration values of vector hydrophone and ...     

Spatial coherences of the sound pressure and the particle velocity in underwater ambient noise

The spatial coherences were investigated between the sound pressure and the three orthogonal components of the particle velocity in underwater ambient noise. Based on the ray theory, integral expression was derived for the spatial coherence matrix of the sound pressure and the particle velocity in a stratified ocean with dipole noise sources homogenously distributed on the surface. The integrand includes a multiplying factor of the vertical directivity of the noise intensity, and the layered ocean environment affects the spatial coherences via this directivity factor. For a shallow water environment and a semi-infinite homogenous medium, the coherence calculation results were given. It was showed that the sound speed profile and the sea bottom could not be neglected in determining the spatial coherences of the ambient noise vector field.     

Multi-step geoacoustic inversion with a towed line array

Geoacoustic inversion is important for acoustic field predictions and matched field localizations in shallow water.Combing the Matched-field inversion(MFI) and the Reflectionloss inversion,a multi-step Bayesian inversion for geoacoustic parameters was presented.This method applied the posterior probability density(PPD) or inversion results from one inversion as prior information for subsequent inversion.First,the sensitive parameters were determined by the MFI.Second,the insensitive parameters were determined by the Reflection-loss inversion based on the PPD and inversion results from the MFI.The PPD results indicated that the multi-step inversion method was performed better than direct matched-field inversion,and the inversion results of some parameters were improved significantly.To demonstrate the advantages of the multi-step inversion method on the sound field prediction,the statistical properties of transmission loss based on the posterior probability were introduced.The transmission loss distribution showed that the predicted acoustic fields based on the multi-step inversion method had smaller errors.     

Near fields scattered by an underwater finite cylindrical baffle

In this work,acoustic vector characteristics of near fields scattered by an underwater finite cylindrical baffle are investigated theoretically and experimentally.The analytic expressions for the scattered pressure and particle velocity are derived using the elastic thin shell theory.Calculations are presented for the scattered near fields of the pressure,the particle velocity and the intensity.It is found that the pressure and the particle velocity fields near the surface of the cylindrical baffle are characterized by complex interference structure,particle velocity directions and the source bearings are not consistent.The phase difference between the pressure and the particle velocity is not zero and the intensity vector does not reflect the sound bearings.It can be noted that the distortions of the fields will make the original vector signal processing method based on the free space assumption be no longer applicable in the presence of the cylindrical baffle.These results can serve as a basis of the application for the acoustic vector sensor on board.     

Investigation of the spatial correlations of flow noise in vector hydrophone towed linear array

Following the wall pressure spectrum of the turbulent boundary layer developed by Corcos, a method in the frequency-wavenumber space was presented to analyze the flow noise in the vector hydrophone towed linear array. The general forms of the acoustic pressure and particle velocity in the flow noise field were obtained, and the spatial correlations of the flow noise were calculated. The numerical analysis results based on wavenumber integration show that： （1） The spatial correlations of flow noise drops rapidly with increasing axial separation between the elements, so the flow noise received by different vector hydrophones usually sampled in a half-wavelength rate can be considered as independent; （2） The flow noise is highly correlated in the radial direction at low frequency, and only those of high frequency componet can be neglected.     

匹配垂直质点振速的浅海地声参数反演

海底声学参数对海洋波导中的声场特性研究和相关应用具有重要意义。针对一次夏季黄海声传播实验,分析了浅海负跃层环境下垂直质点振速的传播特性和简正波结构,说明当声源和接收器均位于负跃层下时,除海底附近外的大部分深度上垂直质点振速能量较高,且与声压相比,号数高的简正波对垂直质点振速的贡献更大,利用垂直质点振速进行匹配场反演能获得更高的海底参数敏感性。分析了海底吸收系数对垂直质点振速匹配场反演的影响,结果表明只有当进行匹配场反演时设置的海底吸收系数接近真实值时,才能获得准确的海底声速、密度和海深反演结果。利用实验中矢量水听器获取的垂直质点振速信号进行匹配场反演,将海底吸收系数在变化范围内取不同值对海底声速、密度和平均海深进行全局搜索,根据代价函数值最大确定了海底声速、密度及平均海深的反演结果,并利用不同距离上的声压传播损失反演出不同频率下的海底吸收系数。根据反演得到的海底声学参数计算声压传播损失,与实验中声压水听器测量结果符合较好。     

一种基于简正波模态频散的远距离宽带海底参数反演方法

在浅海环境中, 海底环境参数对声传播有着重要的影响. 由于利用单个宽带声源进行海底参数反演时, 随着距离的增大, 误差变大, 本文提出利用warping变换对在浅海波导中传播的, 不同距离上的两个宽带爆炸声源进行简正波的有效分离, 实现了宽带爆炸声源的远距离海底参数反演. 采用全局寻优遗传算法对提取出的模态频散到达时间差与理论计算的模态频散到达时间差进行匹配处理, 并结合随距离连续变化的声传播损失, 实现了利用单水听器进行海底参数的反演. 实验结果表明: 运用反演出的海底参数提取模态频散时间差和实测数据提取出的模态频散时间差吻合得较好; 而通过传播损失反演得到的海底衰减系数与频率呈指数关系. 最后, 对反演结果进行了后验概率分析, 并将本组爆炸声源的反演结果用于另一组不同距离上爆炸声源时仍然有效, 来评价反演结果的有效性.     

一种地声参数的联合反演方法

根据地声参数对不同声场物理量影响不同,提出了一种利用简正波频散特征结合声传播损失反演地声参数的联合反演方法。首先,考虑到简正波的频散特性(群速度)对海底的密度和声速较为敏感,而对海底吸收系数不敏感,利用自适应时频分析方法,获得不同频率不同号数简正波的到达时间差,以此作为代价函数,采用全局优化算法,反演出海底密度和海底声速的分层结构,并用概率统计的方法评价反演结果的有效性。反演出海底密度和声速后,利用实验船辐射噪声得到随距离连续的声传播损失来反演出海底吸收系数。最后,把反演的参数很好的用于声源匹配定位验证了反演结果的有效性。      

利用气枪声源数据的地声参数反演*

本文通过对东海采集的气枪声源数据进行处理,基于地声参数对不同声场观测量的敏感性差异,利用分步反演的策略进行分析。首先选择距离接收阵七个不同的距离点数据,通过warping变换准确提取第三阶至第八阶简正波的频散曲线;利用海底声速对频散曲线敏感的特性来反演声速;由Hamilton经验公式求得海底密度;通过传播损失拟合获得海底衰减。不同距离点数据反演的海底声速与密度一致性较高。实验提取的频散曲线和和反演参数仿真结果、实验获取的传播损失与反演参数获得传播损失均拟合较好。     

一种低声速沉积层海底参数声学反演方法

软泥底环境下沉积层参数的声学反演是国际水声领域的一个研究热点.浅海中,当高声速基底和海水之间存在一层低声速(小于海水声速)的沉积层时,小掠射角情况下不同频率声传播损失会出现周期性增大现象.基于此现象,提出一种适用于低声速沉积层的海底参数声学反演方法.首先,推导给出小掠射角情况下传播损失周期增大的频率间隔与沉积层声速、厚度及近海底海水声速之间的解析表达式;其次,利用一次黄海实验中软泥底环境下的宽带声传播信号,提取了小掠射角下传播损失增大的频率周期;再次,把该解析表达式作为约束条件,结合Hamilton密度与声速的经验公式,采用匹配场处理反演给出沉积层的声速、密度、厚度及基底的声速、密度;然后,利用声传播损失数据反演得到泥底环境下不同频率的声衰减系数,通过拟合发现泥底声衰减系数随频率近似呈线性关系;最后,给出了双层海底模型和半无限大海底模型等效性的讨论.反演结果为低声速沉积层海底声传播规律研究与应用提供了海底声学参数.     

同振球型矢量水听器声波接收理论研究

对同振球型矢量水听器声压和质点振速的声波接收理论进行了研究。以同振球型振速水听器测量原理为基础,推导了自由运动刚性球体和弹性球体的声波接收响应数学表达式,分析了振速水听器几何尺寸、平均密度与其频响特性曲线之间的关系;另外,根据球面接收器的声波接收理论,推导了矢量水听器声压接收响应数学表达式,通过理论分析和数值计算,研究了振速水听器表面上的声压分布规律以及声压水听器的声波接收压力系数与其接收面的大小、质点振速水听器的半径、布放的位置和半径等参数之间的关系;从理论上建立了矢量水听器声波接收理论模型和分析方法,为矢量水听器的设计和研制提供了理论依据。      

利用传播损失反演海底单参数

根据地声反演复杂性随着待反演参数的个数减少不断降低的原理,提出一种利用传播损失反演海底单个参数的方法。通过对海底声阻抗的推导,利用声速、密度和衰减系数拟合出海底反射损失对掠射角的斜率F。基于简正波理论推导了用F描述声场的公式,并据此设计出对传播损失数据进行最小二乘法处理的反演方法。得益于将待反演参数减少至一个,该方法只需单个水听器,避免了复杂测量及多维寻优。对东海实验数据进行了实际反演,并介绍了利用反演结果F进行传播损失预报和海底性质估计的步骤。所获结果与多参数混合反演方法及实测真值进行比较,其一致性验证了方法的有效性。      

一种海洋环境噪声分步反演地声参数方法

分析不同海底参数对环境噪声垂向空间特性的敏感度,根据海底密度对环境噪声垂直指向性的小掠射角部分不敏感,而对等效海底损失的大掠射角部分相对敏感的特点,提出了一种海洋环境噪声分步反演地声参数方法:先用环境噪声垂直指向性小掠射角部分反演海底声速、衰减;之后利用大掠射角部分来反演海底密度。仿真算例和海上实验数据处理结果验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:分步反演加强了匹配物理量对海底参数敏感部分的关注,在反演结果精度(海底密度)以及反演效率上都有所改善,具有一定可行性。      

一种矢量水听器基阵模拟器的设计

矢量水听器的每个阵元同时测量声场中声矢量和质点振速的3个分量,相对于声压水听器阵来说,矢量阵获取声场中更多的信息。利用矢量阵所获得速度场的信息可以去除目标方位估计中的 180°模糊。模拟器可以模拟实际海洋环境中目标的辐射特性和噪声特性,应用模拟器可以有效地缩短声纳的研制周期。本文提出一种矢量水听器基阵模拟器的设计方案,该方案解决了矢量阵中宽带信号的90°移相问题、时延精确控制问题和宽带噪声的谱状控制问题。     

利用海底反射信号进行地声参数反演的方法

针对现有反演方法的缺点,提出了一种基于海底反射信号的地声参数高分辨反演方法.它利用短距离声源在不同深度上发射宽带线性调频信号,采用垂直阵进行接收,首先通过匹配滤波方法提取多径到达信息,然后利用海底反射损失曲线,反演海底表层的声速和密度,最后利用浅底层反射信号估计沉积层参数.由于海水中直达波受到内波的强烈影响,选择海底表面反射作为参考,用以可靠地计算浅底层反射的相对到达时间和幅度,从而估计出沉积层的厚度、速度和衰减系数.通过海上实验,验证了利用浅底层反射信号反演参数的有效性. 关键词： 海底参数 反演 浅底层反射信号