Heat transfer for diode side-pumped YAG slabs

Thermal heating is a major limiting factor in scaling the average power of a solid-state laser. The heat transfer coefficient is affected by the coolant flow rate, the physical properties of the laser slab and the coolant, and the pumping cavity geometry. The relationship between the heating effects and the heat transfer coefficient has been studied by considering the variations of thermal conductivity and expansion coefficient of the laser slab with temperature. It is concluded that different heat transfer coefficients should be adopted according to different heat intensities inside the laser slabs in order to obtain better pumping input as well as to optimize the cooling effects.     

板状激光振荡介质温度场和应力场的数值模拟

以非均匀内热源模型为基础,并考虑材料的导热系数和热膨胀系数的温度相关性,利用有限元方法,对板状激光振荡介质在不同功率和冷却强度下的温度和热应力分布进行了数值模拟及分析。根据计算结果提出了最大有效换热系数的概念,指出换热系数超过最大有效换热系数后,继续强化传热对减小高功率激光器的热效应已无明显效果。以此得出采用常规冷却技术所允许的最大泵浦加热功率。     

侧面抽运板状激光介质的热汇冷却

高热负荷固体激光介质的热效应已经成为制约激光器功率进一步提高的严重障碍,只有对激光介质进行有效的冷却才能保证其安全运行。以不均匀换热系数模型为基础,研究了具有非均匀内热源的侧面双向抽运板状激光介质在狭窄通道强制对流冷却情况下的耦合换热问题,对热汇冷却方案下介质的温度分布和热应力分布进行了数值模拟和分析,并对复合介质、蓝宝石和金刚石三种热汇材料进行对比。结果表明,忽视换热系数的非均匀性将导致应力计算结果偏低。对于侧面抽运、侧面冷却的激光介质,金刚石热汇冷却方案最佳,蓝宝石热汇方案次之,而复合介质方案不宜采用。     

Optimum convective heat transfer coefficient for diode-pumped laser slabs

It is important for laser designers to study the characteristics of heat transfer from the laser crystal slab to the coolant in high-power DPSS laser operations. We have simulated and obtained the optimum heat transfer coefficient and coolant flow rate for our cavity design, in which the circulating coolant is maintained at a constant temperature. It has been determined that the coolant temperature and the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) are important parameters in the thermal analysis. The coefficient h is affected by the coolant flow rate, the physical properties of the laser slab and the coolant and the pumping cavity geometry. Using analytical heat transfer equation, for cooling water temperature of 300 K, the optimum flow rate for our cavity geometry is found to be 390 cm³/s, corresponding to h=5 W/cm² K.     

激光二极管阵列端面抽运复合棒状激光器热效应的有限元法分析

建立了激光二极管阵列(LDA)端面抽运棒状激光介质的数值模型.考虑到介质与空气的对流换热和介质的热力学参数随温度的变化,根据经典热传导方程和热弹性方程,运用有限元法得出了复合棒状介质和未复合棒状介质内瞬态温度、热应力和应变的时空分布,分析了温度、热应力和应变随抽运功率、换热系数和时间的变化规律.结果表明,复合棒的最高温度、最大张应力和最大轴向应变的位置与未复合棒不同,并且数值分别为未复合棒的73%,60%和33%.由此可知,利用复合棒可极大地减小热效应的影响.理论分析结果可为LDA抽运固体激光器的结构优化设计和实验研究提供理论参考.     

流体直接冷却薄板条介质温度及应力的解析表达

基于对流传热和热传导原理, 建立了流体直接冷却均匀抽运薄板条激光工作介质的热效应分析模型, 采用平面应力近似和最小功原理, 得到了板条工作介质内部温度分布和应力分布的解析表达式. 研究了不同流道厚度时对流热交换系数和冷却液温升与流体流速的关系, 分析了流道厚度对工作介质的温度分布和应力分布的影响规律, 讨论了之字形和直通光路时, 热致波前畸变随产热功率的变化趋势. 结果表明: 层流和湍流时, 较厚的流道可以实现更好的热管理效率; 增益介质中的热分布关于中心平面对称, 纵向最大温升出现在出水口端, 最大应力畸变集中在板条两端及其侧边; 流道厚度较大时, 工作介质更易形成一维的温度梯度, 产生的应力更小; 之字形光路可以明显缓解热光效应导致的波前畸变.     

Temperature prediction for CO2 laser heating of moving glass rods

This paper presents a heat transfer model to calculate the temperature field in moving glass rods heated by a CO₂ laser. Conduction and radiation heat transfer in radial and axial directions are taken into account in the current model. The Rosseland diffusion approximation is incorporated to analyze the radiation heat transfer in the glass rod. A two-band model is used to simulate the spectral property of the glass. Results of the simulation show that glass rods of sufficiently large optical thickness should be treated as a semitransparent medium for radiative transfer, and it is reasonably accurate to assume it to be opaque to CO₂ laser irradiation. It has been shown that the resulting temperature profile is strongly dependent on the laser parameters, i.e., the size of laser beam and the power of the laser. The diameter and speed of the moving glass rod are also important in determining the temperature field although the convective heat transfer coefficient between the glass rod and the environment has little effect.     

A study of the heat transfer characteristics of a laser rod in a concentric circular tube

An analytical solution was derived from a two-dimensional heat conduction model with non-uniform boundary conditions for a side-pumped, side-cooled cylindrical laser rod. The convective heat transfer coefficient and the spatially varying fluid temperature were determined from the theoretical solutions or experimental correlations of convective heat transfer in an annular passage with prescribed heat fluxes. The first term of the analytical solution coincides with the result of the one-dimensional model. The other terms indicate that the axial temperature-rise in a laser rod has positive correlations with the axial coolant temperature-rise, the radial Biot number and the length-to-radius ratio of the laser rod. Subsequently, a conjugate numerical simulation that couples up the fluid convection and the solid conduction was performed. Compared with the analytical solution, the conjugate numerical simulation better exhibits the entrance effects of flow and heat transfer; therefore, it may provide more accurate solution in specific cases. PACS 44.10.+i; 44.90.+c     

Improved performance of diode-end-pumped Nd:GdVO<Subscript>4</Subscript> 912 nm laser property with indium solder technology

A novel indium-solder technology is demonstrated to deal with the serious thermal dissipation problem in the 912 nm Nd:GdVO₄ laser operation. By use of indium-solder between the laser rod and the heat-sink, the contact resistance is reduced by removing the air bubble and heat conducting silicon and the boundary heat transfer coefficient is raised. After the indium-solder was used, it is found that the temperature in the laser rod and the deformation in the pumping end surface are eased remarkably based on a simulation of finite element analysis. Experimental results show that the continuous-wave 912 nm laser performance is improved obviously, both in a plano-plano cavity and a plano-concave cavity.     

LDA侧面抽运棒状激光器热透镜效应的有限单元法分析

建立了激光二极管阵列端面抽运棒状激光介质的数值模型.考虑到介质与空气的对流换热和介质的热力学参量随温度的变化,根据经典热传导方程和热弹性方程,运用有限单元法,得出了棒状介质内瞬态温度、热应力和应变的分布.分析了热透镜焦距随抽运功率的变化规律,所得的规律与有关文献相符合.理论分析结果可为激光二极管阵列抽运固体激光器的结构优化设计和实验提供理论参考.     

水力入口段对流体直接冷却片状激光器热效应的影响

流体直接冷却Nd:YAG片状激光器系统中,流体流经增益介质时存在水力入口段,使用Ansys仿真软件,讨论了不同水力入口段距离对流体热交换系数的影响,并在此基础上,将水力入口段距离进行分类,分析了水力入口段距离对热应力以及光束传输的影响;模拟了不同冷却液的冷却效果;研究了流体处于不同流动状态时,水力入口段距离与流体热交换系数的关系,以及水力入口段距离与增益介质温度分布的关系;得到了这种高功率激光器冷却系统中,最佳水力入口段距离的范围。结果表明:流体流经增益介质时,不同的水力入口段距离只是规律性地移动了流体的热交换系数曲线,因此,避开流体热交换系数曲线中变化较大的区域,即0～2.25 mm范围内的水力入口段距离,可实现介质内更小的温度梯度,同时降低热应力以及波前畸变,从而实现更好的冷却效果。     

切向气流对激光辐照树脂基复合材料的影响

 为了考察切向强迫气流对激光辐照下树脂基复合材料热响应的影响,基于边界层换热理论,研究了切向气流与靶面的对流换热系数和热分解气体对表面热交换的覆盖效应,并用有限差分法对激光辐照下树脂基复合材料的1维热响应模型进行数值求解。数值计算表明：高速切向气流的存在会加速靶材表面与外部环境的热交换,从而明显降低激光对靶材的加热效率;边界层换热理论给出的对流换热系数和覆盖因子是合理有效的,适用于数值模拟切向气流对激光辐照下树脂基复合材料热响应的影响;向靶材表面溢出的热分解气体对靶材表面与外部环境的热交换有一定的抑制作用,但影响较小,基本可以忽略不计。     

微通道-微槽群中间换热器特性实验研究

 对用于固体激光介质冷却的组合式中间换热器的流动与传热特性进行了实验研究。实验研究结果表明：努塞尔数随雷诺数的增加而增加，总热阻随微通道侧蒸馏水流量的增加而减小，总换热量随微通道侧蒸馏水流量的增加而增加，且换热器的传热系数可以达到1.5×104 W/(m²·K)，总热阻小于0.3 K/W，能较好地解决当前固体激光介质冷却系统中间换热器所存在的问题。     

含双圆柱亚表面缺陷板条材料的表面温度分布

基于非傅里叶热传导方程,采用复变函数法和镜像法,研究了含双圆柱亚表面缺陷板条材料热波散射的温度场,并给出了热波散射温度场的解析解。分析了入射波波数、热扩散长度、缺陷的埋藏深度以及板条材料的厚度等对板条表面温度分布的影响。温度波由调制光束在材料表面激发,缺陷表面的边界条件为绝热。该分析方法和数值结果可为工程材料结构的传热分析、热波成像和材料内部缺陷评估,以及热物理反问题研究提供参考。     

千瓦级半导体抽运的固体热容板条激光器

报道了千瓦级激光二极管面阵抽运固体热容激光器的理论与实验研究,分别采用Nd∶YAG单板条和双板条串接的热容激光器,利用热容激光器的理论计算模型计算了在一定的工作时间内激光输出特性,并进行了实验验证。实验中采用的晶体尺寸均为59mm×40mm×4.5mm,对单板条进行抽运时平均功率大约为5.6kW,双板条串接时为11.2kW,重复频率为1kHz,占空比为20%。实验中观察了1s的工作时间内脉冲能量输出的波动情况,单板条时单脉冲能量输出最大为1.3J,在1 s后单脉冲能量输出下降到开始的70%左右,而双板条串接时单脉冲能量输出最大为2.06J,在1s后单脉冲能量输出下降到开始的50%左右,对单块晶体采用通水冷却的准热容热管理模式能有效地降低其热效应。     

Laser flash method for measurement of liquid metals heat transfer coefficients

New laser flash technique for the measurement of heat transfer coefficients of liquid metals is presented. The thermal diffusivity of the liquid mercury has been studied experimentally over the room temperature range. The thermal conductivity coefficient has been calculated with the use of the reference data on density and heat capacity. Analysis of systematic errors of the measurements has shown that the data error is about 3%. Comparison of the obtained results with data available in publications has proved their reliability.     

Cooling performance of a nanofluid flow in a heat sink microchannel with axial conduction effect

In this work, the forced convection of a nanofluid flow in a microscale duct has been investigated numerically. The governing equations have been solved utilizing the finite volume method. Two different conjugated domains for both flow field and substrate have been considered in order to solve the hydrodynamic and thermal fields. The results of the present study are compared to those of analytical and experimental ones, and a good agreement has been observed. The effects of Reynolds number, thermal conductivity and thickness of substrate on the thermal and hydrodynamic indexes have been studied. In general, considering the wall affected the thermal parameter while it had no impact on the hydrodynamics behavior. The results show that the effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on the increasing of normalized local heat transfer coefficient is more efficient in thick walls. For higher Reynolds number, the effect of nanoparticle inclusion on axial distribution of heat flux at solid–fluid interface declines. Also, less end losses and further uniformity of axial heat flux lead to an increase in the local normalized heat transfer coefficient.     

激光二极管端面泵浦Yb:YAG圆棒热效应研究

基于激光二极管端面泵浦Yb∶YAG棒工作特点的分析,提出了端面绝热、周边恒温的激光晶体热分析模型,采用了一种新的热传导方程求解方法,得到了超高斯光束端面泵浦Yb∶YAG棒温度场的一般解析表达式。同时分析了不同阶次、不同光斑半径、不同功率超高斯光束以及晶体参数改变时对于Yb∶YAG棒温度场分布的影响。研究结果表明,若准直聚焦到Yb∶YAG棒泵浦面42.5W的光束具有4阶超高斯强度分布时,掺Yb3+质量分数为10.0at.%、长度为2.5mm、半径为2mm的Yb∶YAG棒的泵浦面获得74.20℃的最高温升。新的热传导方程求解方法在研究激光棒温度场分布方面具有计算量小、精度高等特点。研究结果对减小激光晶体的热效应,提高全固态Yb∶YAG激光器性能提供了理论依据。     

Coupled thermal-optic effects and electrical modulation mechanism of birefringence crystal with Gaussian laser incidence

We study the Gaussian laser transmission in lithium niobate crystal(LiNbO3) by using the finite element method to solve the electromagnetic field's frequency domain equation and energy equation. The heat generated is identified by calculating the transmission loss of the electromagnetic wave in the birefringence crystal, and the calculated value of the heat generated is substituted into the energy equation. The electromagnetic wave's energy losses induced by its multiple refractions and reflections along with the resulting physical property changes of the lithium niobate crystal are considered.Influences of ambient temperature and heat transfer coefficient on refraction and walk-off angles of O-ray and E-ray in the cases of different incident powers and crystal thicknesses are analyzed. The E-ray electrical modulation instances, in which the polarized light waveform is adjusted to the rated condition via an applied electrical field in the cases of different ambient temperatures and heat transfer coefficients, are provided to conclude that there is a correlation between ambient temperature and applied electrical field intensity and a correlation between surface heat transfer coefficient and applied electrical field intensity. The applicable electrical modulation ranges without crystal breakdown are proposed. The study shows that the electrical field-adjustable heat transfer coefficient range becomes narrow as the incident power decreases and wide as the crystal thickness increases. In addition, it is pointed out that controlling the ambient temperature is easier than controlling the heat transfer coefficient. The results of the present study can be used as a quantitative theoretical basis for removing the adverse effects induced by thermal deposition due to linear laser absorption in the crystal, such as depolarization or wave front distortion, and indicate the feasibility of adjusting the refractive index in the window area by changing the heat transfer boundary conditions in a wide-spectrum laser.     

真空热流法测定不良导体的导热系数

以恒定导热原理为基础,选用由温度表和温差电偶组成的温度测量装置,在真空环境下测量试样上下压杆对称位置的温度、有效传热面积和试样的厚度,通过计算机计算试样的导热系数.与传统的稳态法比较,采用真空热流法测定导热系数,材料内部的温度分布很快达到稳定,可以减小测量过程中试样及上加热盘和下散热盘侧面散热产生的影响.