Development of non-destructive quantitative measurement system of water vapour density enclosed in halogen lamp bulbs

A simple, low-cost spectrometric system for non-destructive quantitative measurement of water vapour density enclosed in halogen lamp bulbs has been developed using a near-infrared semiconductor laser system. A working curve was successfully obtained using a temperature stabilized, perturbed-injection-current near-infrared semiconductor laser system. A minimum detectable water vapour density as low as several tens of ppm with good reliability has been confirmed. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

镝灯研制及其在照相制版中的应用

本文介绍镝灯的基本工作原理、结构和特性。镝灯是一种稀土金属卤化物灯,是利用在碘化镝、碘化钬的蒸汽中放电发光而制成。它的发光效率在70流明/瓦以上,色温为6000K左右,目前使用寿命可达200小时以上。已在照相制版中试验应用。与碳精灯相比较,镝灯具有亮度高、体积小、电弧稳定、清洁等优点,是改进照相制版的一种新型光源。     

Pulsed Operation of High-Pressure-Sodium Discharge Lamps

Results of spectral and photometric measurements are presented for pulsed operated high-pressure-sodium lamps. Choosing for the colour temperature a value of 3000 K, the output spectrum was optimized with respect to colour rendition and lamp efficacy taking the pulse parameters, the sodium mole fraction, and the cold spot temperature as quantities to be varied. For the nominal rating of 70 W a maximum lamp efficacy of 70 lm/W and a colour rendering index of 40 can be obtained. Further improvements of the colour rendition require an enhanced sodium vapour pressure which can be achieved by operating the lamp at rised cold spot temperature.     

Flow field around growing and rising vapour bubble by PIV measurement

A study on flow field measurement around growing and rising vapour bubbles by use of PIV technique is presented. Bubbles were generated from single artificial cavities. Experiments have been conducted with saturated boiling of distilled water at atmospheric pressure. In the experiment fluid velocity field surrounding the bubbles was visualized by use of polyamide tracer particles and a sheet of a YAG pulse laser beam. The images were recorded with a cross-correlation CCD-camera. It has been shown that for lower heat flux density bubble growths in an almost quiescent bulk of liquid. For higher heat flux density the train of bubbles creates a vapour column with strong wake effect. Maximum liquid velocity recorded is approximately equal to the terminal velocity of bubble rising in a stagnant liquid.     

非标准光源在颜色测量中的差异性分析

不同光源因光谱功率分布差异,具有不同色温、显色指数,测色差异很大。D65标准光源最接近日光光色,是国际照明委员会(CIE)推荐测色标准光源。但其价格昂贵、工作条件苛刻且不易得,实际测色中常用非标准光源代替。为了研究非标准光源的测色差异,设计了一套溶液比色系统,分别采用高压脉冲氙灯、LED灯、卤钨灯作为光源,亚硝酸盐显色实验为基础,以色度学原理计算3种光源的测色差异。结果显示,氙灯、LED灯光谱分布较为均匀,色度坐标接近等能白光E(0.33, 0.33), 测色比较接近真实颜色,而卤钨灯测色误差较大。氙灯与LED灯在L*a*b*空间测色平均色差ΔE_ab在10 NBS以内,两者与卤钨灯测色平均色差ΔE_ab在20 NBS以上。     

The temperature dependence of the quenching of Na-D-doublet by N2 and H2O in flames of 1500–2500 K

The temperature dependence of the quenching cross section of the Na-D-doublet by N₂ and H₂O molecules has been measured in flames at temperatures from 1500 to 2500 K. The nitrogen and water cross sections are temperature independent. Their values were found to be σ_N2 = (22±2) Ų and σ_H2O = (2.2±0.3) Ų. Our value of the nitrogen cross section is about half of the value measured at about 400 K in vapour bulbs. A possible explanation for this difference is given.     

氪灯和氙灯光谱强度分布和光谱效率测量

氪灯、氙灯光谱强度分布和光谱效率测量是反映氪灯、氙灯性能的关键指标。介绍了一套新型的氪灯、氙灯光谱强度分布和光谱效率检测系统。该系统是一套测量连续发光灯和脉冲闪光灯发光性能及效果的综合检测设备。该检测单元采用计算机进行操控,人机界面良好,便于检验人员进行氪灯和氙灯光谱强度分布和光谱效率的批量检测。检验人员利用该系统可进行装机模拟试验和可靠性试验,可对氪灯和氙灯的性能进行必要的分析研究,不断地积累了氪灯和氙灯的检验数据和经验。     

The near-infrared spectra and distribution of excited states of electrodeless discharge rubidium vapour lamps

The population ratio between the excited states of rubidium in the electrodeless discharge rubidium vapour lamp is calculated according to the near-infrared spectra in the region of 780-1550 nm.By using a 1529 nm laser,we measure the density of natural rubidium atoms at the 5P 3/2 level.The populations of different excited states are then clarified.     

Isotope separation of some rare-earth elements by two step photoionization

The experimental results of the laser isotope separation (LIS) of europium, samarium and gadolinium atoms by two step selective photoionization are reported. The atom vapour of Eu, Sm, Gd atoms has been produced by the heating of a crucible containing the metal. A dye laser has been used as a selective exciter of the atoms. For the photoionization N₂-laser or mercury lamp have been used.     

Shot-by-shot frequency calibration of CARS spectra: Application to the measurement of the collisional line shift in oxygen

A technique using a Fabry-Perot interferometer has been developed to calibrate high-resolution spectra obtained by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). This technique was used to measure simultaneously the Raman frequency and the Raman signal at each laser shot. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method by measuring theQ(15) line shifts of molecular oxygen due to collisions with oxygen and water vapour.     

The near-infrared spectra and distribution of excited states of electrodeless discharge rubidium vapour lamps

The population ratio between the excited states of rubidium in the electrodeless discharge rubidium vapour lamp is calculated according to the near-infrared spectra in the region of 780-1550 nm. By using a 1529 nm laser, we measure the density of natural rubidium atoms at the 5P_3/2 level. The populations of different excited states are then clarified.     

测量光栅常量的一种简便方法

介绍了用普通日光灯作光源测量光栅常量的简便方法。     

Magnetization transfer and double-quantum filtered imaging as probes for motional restricted water in tulip bulbs

Parameter sensitive MRI experiments were performed on tulip bulbs before and after storage at two different temperatures, 4 degrees C (chilled), and 20 degrees C (non-chilled). Quantitative measurements of the amount of magnetization transfer (MT) in the storage scales of the bulbs, were compared to the average values of the relaxation rates R(1) and R(2), and the apparent normalized spin density (NSD). At the end of the storage period, bulbs were also scanned using 1H double quantum (DQ) filtered imaging. Both MT and DQ filtered imaging revealed significant differences between chilled and non-chilled bulbs, which were consistent with the differences observed in the average values of NSD, R(1,) and R(2.) The results indicated a smaller fraction of solid protons (e.g., starch, sugars, and possibly bound water), or less contact between these solid protons and (free) water in the storage scales of the chilled bulbs, after 8 weeks of storage at low temperature.     

Influence of UV light irradiation on film thickness distribution of tin oxide films by photochemical vapour deposition

Tin oxide (non-doped) films have been prepared by a photochemical vapour deposition (photo-CVD) from Tetramethyltin (TMT) (Sn(CH₃)₄) and O₂ (containing O₃). A low-pressure mercury lamp was used as the light source. The effect of the UV light irradiation on the film thickness distribution along 5 cm×5 cm area was examined. By piling Teflon films on the surface of the suprasil window, the light intensity of 184.9 nm UV wavelength of the low-pressure mercury lamp was controlled, while that of 253.7 nm wavelength through the Teflon hardly changed. As a result, the uniformity of the film thickness distribution was improved as the light intensity (184.9 nm) increased. The UV 184.9 nm light irradiation may have improved the uniformity of the reactive species distribution in the vapour phase, which may result in the formation of the uniform thickness distribution.     

First real-time measurement of the evolving 2H/1H ratio during water evaporation from plant leaves

We have studied the temporal behaviour of the deuterium isotope ratio of water vapour emerging from a freshly cut plant leaf placed in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The leaf material was placed directly inside the sample gas cell of the stable isotope ratio infrared spectrometer. At the reduced pressure ( approximately 40 mbar) inside the cell, the appearance of water evaporating from the leaf is easily probed by the spectrometer, as well as the evolving isotope ratios, with a precision of about 1 per thousand. The demonstration experiment we describe measures the 2H/1H isotope ratio only, but the experiment can be easily extended to include the 18O/16O and 17O/16O isotope ratios. Plant leaf water isotope ratios provide important information towards quantification of the different components in the ecosystem water and carbon dioxide exchange.     

Near-infrared resonant photoacoustic gas measurement using simultaneous dual-frequency excitation

The simultaneous dual-frequency operation of a resonant photoacoustic gas sensor based on the differential mode excitation photoacoustic (DME-PA) technique is presented. The DME-PA method uses the excitation of two different modes in a resonant photoacoustic cell and the gas concentration is derived from the amplitude ratio of these acoustic modes. With the simultaneous dual-frequency excitation, the amplitude ratio needed by the DME-PA technique is obtained instantaneously, in contrast to the sequential modulation scheme where additional time delays are introduced by changing the modulation frequency. For a given excitation power reaching the photoacoustic cell, and a total acquisition time longer than 7 s, the simultaneous modulation scheme provides an improved measurement uncertainty compared to the sequential scheme. The proposed sensor allows measuring water vapour with a ±150 ppmV uncertainty using current-modulated near-infrared LEDs and a 15 s total acquisition time.     

基于小波变换的CCD光谱信号消噪及汽车车灯颜色测试的应用研究

研制了一种新型测色系统。依据小波变换理论 ,对颜色测量中所接收到的光谱信号采用了小波变换消噪平滑数据处理技术 ,提高了系统测色的精度。采用CCD作为光电转换元件 ,接收汽车车灯光谱并转换为电信号 ,提高了测量速度。给出了CCD关于颜色测量的光谱标定方法。通过测量色度值与其标准色度值比较 ,所得偏差Δx≤ 0 0 0 8,Δy≤ 0 0 0 8;重复性Δx≤ 0 0 0 8,Δy≤ 0 0 0 8。     

Computermodelling of Fluorescent Lamp Plasmas

• 1 A computer model is designed in which the lamp voltage is obtained by solving the equations of the operating circuit.
• 2 The lamp resistance is determined by using hydrodynamic equations for the lamp plasma with following conditions:
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Diode laser spectroscopy of He,N2 and air broadened water vapour transitions belonging to the (2ν1 + ν2 + ν3) overtone band

The line shape parameters of rovibrational transitions of water vapour belonging to the (2ν₁ + ν₂ + ν₃) overtone band due to collisions between absorber molecules and noble gas helium have been measured in the spectral range between 11988.494 cm^?1 and 12218.829 cm^?1 using NIR diode laser spectrometer. In addition nitrogen and air broadening effects on some water vapour transitions belonging to the same band have also been studied. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy along with phase sensitive detection technique are used to record first derivative (1f) signal of buffer gas broadened water vapour transitions. Observed line shapes are fitted to standard Voigt profiles by non-linear least squares fitting program to extract the line shape parameters, like line strength and pressure broadening coefficients. The broadening effects induced by different types of buffer gases on water vapour line shapes are compared. Rotational quantum number (J) dependence of broadening coefficients of water vapour transitions is also examined.     

In situ measurement of CO2 and water vapour isotopic compositions at a forest site using mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy

We conducted continuous, high time-resolution measurements of CO₂ and water vapour isotopologues (¹⁶O¹²C¹⁶O, ¹⁶O¹³C¹⁶O and ¹⁸O¹²C¹⁶O for CO₂, and H₂¹⁸O for water vapour) in a red pine forest at the foot of Mt. Fuji for 9 days from the end of July 2010 using in situ absorption laser spectroscopy. The δ¹⁸O values in water vapour were estimated using the δ²H–δ¹⁸O relationship. At a scale of several days, the temporal variations in δ¹⁸O-CO₂ and δ¹⁸O-H₂O are similar. The orders of the daily Keeling plots are almost identical. A possible reason for the similar behaviour of δ¹⁸O-CO₂ and δ¹⁸O-H₂O is considered to be that the air masses with different water vapour isotopic ratios moved into the forest, and changed the atmosphere of the forest. A significant correlation was observed between δ¹⁸O-CO₂ and δ¹³C-CO₂ values at nighttime (r²≈0.9) due to mixing between soil (and/or leaf) respiration and tropospheric CO₂. The ratios of the discrimination coefficients (Δ_a/Δ) for oxygen (Δ_a) and carbon (Δ) isotopes during photosynthesis were estimated in the range of 0.7–1.2 from the daytime correlations between δ¹⁸O-CO₂ and δ¹³C-CO₂ values.