分布式位移传感下的有源声学结构误差传感策略

有源声学结构是近年来提出的一种控制结构低频声辐射的有效方案,它是智能结构在噪声控制领域中的具体应用,而实现该结构的关键问题之一是近场误差传感。本文提出将分布式位移传感材料PVDF敷设于有源声学结构初、次级板表面,用有限个PVDF、对测量辐射声功率实现有源声学结构的近场误差传感。论文首先建立了有源声学结构理论模型,然后基于声辐射模态概念和PVDF传感模型,推导了PVDF形状系数理论公式,最后用一系列的计算机仿真实例给出了初、次级板PVDF形状及有源控制效果,证明所提出的方案是有效的。     

基于分布式体积速度传感的结构声辐射有源控制实验研究

以简支矩形薄板为研究对象,首先在波数域内对结构振动体积速度与辐射声功率的关系进行分析,推导出反映结构模态对体积速度贡献规律的数学表达式.在此基础上,结合PVDF(Polyvinylidene Fluoride)压电薄膜的电荷输出方程,利用三角函数的正交性,给出一种方法来设计体积速度传感器,并针对具体模型进行了结构体积速度测量实验.结果表明,所设计的分布式体积速度传感器具有较好的传感精度.在此基础上,利用所设计的传感器进行了结构声辐射有源控制实验研究,分别针对单频和带宽信号激励情况下的有源控制实验取得了满意的控制效果,从而验证了本文PVDF体积速度传感器设计方法的正确性以及通过PVDF膜传感结构声辐射并作为误差传感器进行有源控制的有效性.     

流体加载下加肋板结构的声辐射特性研究

本文采用有限元和边界元方法对加肋板结构的声辐射进行了计算分析,研究分析了加肋板结构的板厚、板面积、板边长比、肋骨惯性矩和间距、边界条件以及板材和流体介质等对结构辐射声功率的影响,得到了一些有意义的结论,从而为揭示加板结构声辐射规律,降低结构的声辐射提供了一定的依据。     

用有限元/边界元方法进行结构声辐射的模态分析

采用有限元方法和边界元方法建立了轻流体介质中复杂结构振动声辐射的模态分析模型,可计算结构的模态辐射效率、场点声压、结构辐射声功率和辐射效率等声场特性参数．文中以板和加筋板结构的振动声辐射为例进行了模态分析,并与用远场 Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ积分计算所得结果进行了比较．研究了激励力作用位置对板结构声辐射的影响和加筋板与板的模态辐射效率特点,并指出板加筋后会改变板的模态辐射效率规律．     

声辐射问题中的模态分析:I理论

针对复杂振动表面的声辐射问题,提出一种模态分析方法。在振动表面上所有法向振速分布构成一个Hilbert空间;并在此Hilbert空间中,定义了一个包含声辐射性质并且是线性自伴正的算子。通过这个算子,确定了在Hilbert空间中的一组基函数,作为辐射模态,描述了振动表面的辐射模式。基于辐射模态,应用Helmholtz单层势构造了一组声场基函数,作为声场分布模态,描述了辐射声场的分布模式。声辐射行为可用辐射模态和声场分布模态展开表示。一种模态分析的方法引进声辐射问题的研究之中。     

弱耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态理论与计算

有源结构声控制是耦合封闭声腔的声辐射控制的有效方法。在此前的研究中有学者提出了"耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态"概念,但其在概念和应用上均存在不便之处:其定义实质上是结构模态幅值的一组基函数,这与自由空间内声辐射模态是结构表面法向振速或声压的一组基函数的物理意义并不一致;另一方面,在计算和利用其进行控制时仍然需要用到结构模态,而在实际中辐射结构有用的结构模态信息难以准确、方便地得到。为了解决这些问题,类比自由空间声辐射模态理论,将声势能直接表示为结构表面法向振速的二次型形式,提出了新的结构向耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态计算方法,并从理论上证明了当耦合面均匀离散时,在一定的条件下,可以简单地利用声腔模态投影向量代替耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态,从而有效地节约计算资源。通过理论研究,形成了与自由空间内相统一、便于应用的耦合封闭声腔声辐射模态理论,数值计算案例表明,所提出的理论方法可以极大方便耦合封闭声腔的声辐射计算及其有源结构声控制。     

板厚对无障薄板声辐射特性影响的分析

分析无障薄板的声辐射特性时通常忽略板厚对格林函数的影响而采用双层势计算.本文考虑板厚引起的声辐射阻抗,采用混合势计算结构表面声压与振速,并分析板厚对声辐射参数的影响。根据交界相容性条件,采用边界积分方程分别表示平板上下表面的声压和振速,并合并同类项.进一步将结构的动力方程代入混合势形式的振速方程中,离散声压差值和板的位移为振动模态叠加的形式,获得二重积分形式的声辐射阻抗,从而求解振动模态系数,确定声辐射特性参数.以水下简支矩形板为例计算对比了声辐射参数,并讨论了其对板厚的敏感性。结果表明:板厚引起的声辐射阻抗对声辐射参数的大小影响较小,但随着频率的增加致使共振频率发生较大偏移;在相同阶数的共振频率范围内,板厚度越大,采用双层势计算的误差越大。      

基于声辐射模态的有源结构声传入及其辐射控制

从辐射模态的概念和角度研究利用结构误差传感方法对弹性封闭空间结构声辐射进行传感和有源控制.首先分析了辐射模态的数学和物理意义并揭示了辐射模态与声腔模态之间的内在耦合关系.通过声辐射模态建立了弹性封闭空间结构声辐射传感和有源控制模型,并提出了通过传感器阵列测量结构表面有限点的振速分布和设计特定的辐射模态空间滤波器来获得控制所需的误差信号.在此基础上对封闭空间结构声辐射有源控制和误差传感策略进行了深入的理论和数值仿真分析,重点讨论了传感器的数量和布放对辐射模态传感及其有源控制效果的影响.结果表明:辐射模态与声腔模态的耦合具有严格的选择性,各阶辐射模态的形状和与相耦合的主导声模态在耦合面上的形状非常相似;利用结构传感技术传感封闭空间的辐射模态时测点不足或空间采样不足将可能产生较严重的模态泄漏问题,使得不希望的结构模态泄锘进所测的辐射模态当中来.在低频范围内,一般只需传感并最小化前三阶有效辐射模态声势能,在更低频和空间声模态频率附近,只需最小化前一阶最有效辐射模态声势能,便能和总声势能最小化策略控制效果基本一样.     

板结构的声辐射模态分析及其高分辨率法向振动速度重建

提出了一种基于声辐射模态的速度基向量构建方法,该速度基向量不受网格划分的影响,可用于高分辨率的板结构法向振动速度重建。首先对板表面稀疏网格的声辐射模态进行计算,再以声辐射模态和模态系数构建板法向振动速度分布的基向量,然后由声场测量声压求解基向量系数,最后由该系数和加密网格的速度基向量重建高分辨率的板法向振动速度分布。以简支板声源进行仿真计算,当测量声压信噪比为30 dB时,低频的法向振动速度重建误差最低可达3.7%;以固支板声源在消声室中进行实验验证,131.5 Hz振动频率下的重建误差低于7%。该方法实现了只需要少量声压测量点即可精确重建板声源更高分辨率的法向振动速度分布。      

稀疏测点条件下的结构法向速度重建

为了实现稀疏测点条件下结构表面法向速度的准确重建,利用声辐射模态包含结构表面几何形状信息的性质,以声辐射模态作为基函数提出了一种稀疏测点条件下的结构法向振速重建方法。首先对结构表面的声辐射模态进行计算,并建立结构表面法向振动速度与声辐射模态之间的关系;在此基础上,由实际布置情况形成测点位置处的振速与其声辐射模态值的关系,并通过最小二乘法求得展开系数;最后由展开系数重建出结构表面的全部法向振速。利用两端封闭的双层钢质圆柱壳体在消声水池中进行了试验验证,分别开启激振器和转子台进行激励,两个试验的结果均表明,当测点数目较少时,所测的结果不能准确地表示结构的实际振动情况,在波数域内就表现为与振动相关的波数成份的丢失;利用所提出的方法,可以较为准确地重建和恢复结构的表面法向速度及其波数成份,由此验证了所提出方法的有效性。      

OPTIMAL GAIN DISTRIBUTION FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODAL TRANSDUCER AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION USING MULTI-LAYERED PVDF FILMS

Using finite element techniques to optimize the spatial gain distribution of PVDF film, we developed a modal transducer for specific modes to perform real-time vibration control of integrated smart structures. This method makes it possible to design the modal transducer for two-dimensional structure with arbitrary geometry and boundary conditions. As a practical means for implementation, the gain distribution was approximated by optimizing electrode patterns, lamination angles, and relative poling directions of the multi-layered PVDF transducer. This corresponds to the approximation of a continuous function using discrete values. A genetic algorithm was used in the optimization of the electrode pattern and lamination angle of each PVDF layer. For this purpose, the continuous value of the lamination angle was encoded into discrete values using binary 5-bit strings. Validity of the proposed concept was demonstrated experimentally. A modal sensor for the first and second modes of cantilevered composite plate was designed using two layers of PVDF films. The experimental results show that spillover signals by residual modes were successfully reduced using the optimized multi-layered PVDF sensor. The actuator was designed also using two layers of PVDF films to minimize the system energy in the control modes. Real-time vibration control system was successfully realized using the optimized sensor, actuator, and a discrete LQG controller. Closed-loop test showed that modal peaks of the first and second modes were reduced by amounts of 13 and 4 dB respectively.     

Experimental validation of a collocated PVDF volume velocity sensor/actuator pair

The active control of sound transmission through a rectangular panel is experimentally verified. The control system is based on a collocated volume velocity sensor/actuator pair which measures and excites the first radiation mode of the panel. Suppression of the first radiation mode is an efficient strategy to control the low frequency sound radiation from the panel. This configuration leads to a simple single-input single-output control system, to which feedback control can be applied.Two implementations of the volume velocity sensor/actuator pair are tested. First, a polyvinyledene fluoride polymer (PVDF) volume velocity actuator foil with shaped electrodes is used in combination with an identical PVDF volume velocity sensor foil. Due to the mechanical coupling between the PVDF sensor and actuator foil, it is shown that a direct velocity feedback control scheme is not feasible because higher order structural modes will be destabilized. Instead integral force feedback is applied, such that the open-loop transfer function has a roll-off towards higher frequencies. Experiments show that this control strategy results in a reduction of the sound pressure in the receiving room of 10 dB at the first structural resonance without spillover to higher order modes. Due to the roll-off towards high frequencies, the control over higher order modes remains limited. Second, a discrete volume velocity sensor is constructed by summing the signals from 12 point sensors placed on the panel. The volume velocity actuator consists of two PVDF foils, glued on each side of the panel and driven in opposite phase. Direct volume velocity feedback is applied to this system, which is minimum phase. This control system is capable of reducing the sound pressure in the receiving room below 300 Hz by 10-15 dB without spillover to higher order modes.     

Study on plate silencer with general boundary conditions

A plate silencer consists of an expansion chamber with two side-branch rigid cavities covered by plates. Previous studies showed that, in a duct, the introduction of simply supported or clamped plates into an air conveying system could achieve broadband quieting from low to medium frequencies. In this study, analytical formulation is extended to the plate silencer with general boundary conditions. A set of static beam functions, which are a combination of sine series and third-order polynomial, is employed as the trial functions of the plate vibration velocity. Green?s function and Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral are used to solve the sound radiation in the duct and the cavity, and then the vibration velocity of the plate is obtained. Having obtained the vibration velocity, the pressure perturbations induced by the plate oscillation and the transmission loss are found. Optimization is carried out in order to obtain the widest stopband. The transmission loss calculated by the analytical method agrees closely with the result of the finite element method simulation. Further studies with regard to the plate under several different classical boundary conditions based on the validated model show that a clamped-free plate silencer has the worst stopband. Attempts to release the boundary restriction of the plate are also made to study its effect on sound reflection. Results show that a softer end for a clamped–clamped plate silencer helps increase the optimal bandwidth, while the same treatment for simply supported plate silencer will result in performance degradation.     

Design of shaped piezoelectric modal sensor for beam with arbitrary boundary conditions by using Adomian decomposition method

The theory for designing distributed piezoelectric modal sensors is well established for beam structures. However, the current modal sensor theory is limited in scope in that it can only be applied in the case of classical boundary conditions (i.e., either clamped, free, simply supported or sliding). In this paper a solution to the problem of finding the shape of piezoelectric modal sensors for a beam with arbitrary boundary conditions is proposed, using the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). A general expression for designing the shape of a piezoelectric modal sensor is presented, in which the output signal of the designed sensor is proportional to the response of the target mode. Other modes are filtered out. The modal sensor shape is expressed as a function of the second spatial derivative of the structural mode shape function. Based on the ADM and employing some simple mathematical operations, the closed-form series solution of the second spatial derivative of the mode shapes can be determined. Then the shapes of the designed modal sensors are obtained. Finally, some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed modal sensors. It is shown that, for classical boundary conditions, the shapes of the modal sensors based on the ADM agree well with analytical and numerical results given in the literature. For general boundary conditions it is found that the shape of the modal sensors is influenced by the number of modes of interest because the second spatial derivatives of the mode shapes are not orthogonal to one another. The modal sensors for general boundary conditions can be considered as modal filters within a limited frequency band.     

基于声辐射模态的有源控制解耦在固定支承板上的研究

基于声辐射模态的主动控制理论,以固定支承板为例,通过四组作动器在固定支承板上的布放,使其能分别控制不同阶声辐射模态辐射的声功率,来使控制方程解耦,从而设计了比较简单与稳定的单输入/单输出控制系统,模拟计算取得了较好的控制效果。同时本文对控制过程中的溢出等问题进行了一定的探讨。     

Structure normal velocity reconstruction withsparse measurement points

To achieve normal velocity reconstruction of a vibrating surface with sparse measurement points, a reconstruction method is proposed by exploiting of acoustic radiation modes as expansion functions, which are capable of describing the geometric shape of a vibrating surface. Firstly, acoustic radiation modes of the vibrating surface are calculated and the relationship between normal velocity and acoustic radiation modes is built. Then actual measured normal velocity values are expressed by corresponding acoustic radiation modes and the expansion coefficients are calculated. Subsequently, all normal velocity values can be reconstructed by the obtained expansion coefficients. Experimental validations have been performed by a double-layer steel cylindrical shell with enclosed ends in.an anechoic water tank. Two cases with different wavenumber components distribution were designed by a vibration shaker and a rotor device respectively. Two experimental results both show that actual vibration distribution cannot be revealed exactly by the sparse measurement points, which corresponds to severe loss of vibration related wavenumber components. On the other hand, normal velocity and corresponding wavenumber components can be restored accurately in both two wavenumber components distribution cases according to the proposed method, which demonstrates obvious effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Vibro-acoustic analysis of a rectangular cavity bounded by a flexible panel with elastically restrained edges

A coupled system consisting of an acoustic cavity and an elastic panel is a classical problem in structural acoustics and is typically analyzed using modal approaches based on in vacuo structural modes and the rigidly walled acoustic modes which are pre-determined based on separate component models. Such modeling techniques, however, tend to suffer the following drawbacks or limitations: (a) a panel is only subjected to ideal boundary conditions such as the simply supported, (b) the coupling between the cavity and panel is considered weak, and (c) the particle velocity cannot be correctly predicted from the pressure gradient on the contacting interface, to name a few. Motivated by removing these restrictions, this paper presents a general method for the vibro-acoustic analysis of a three-dimensional (3D) acoustic cavity bounded by a flexible panel with general elastically restrained boundary conditions. The displacement of the plate and the sound pressure in the cavity are constructed in the forms of standard two-dimensional and 3D Fourier cosine series supplemented by several terms introduced to ensure and accelerate the convergence of the series expansions. The unknown expansions coefficients are treated as the generalized coordinates and determined using the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure based on the energy expressions for the coupled structural acoustic system. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated through numerical examples and comparisons with the results available in the literature.