光谱响应对辐射光谱测温法的影响研究

针对光谱响应系数对辐射光谱测温法的影响问题，利用200～1 100和900～1 700 nm两种波段光纤光谱仪测量了不同温度下黑体炉辐射光谱，分析了不同波段高温黑体辐射光谱特征，确定了不同波段光谱分析适宜采用的有效响应波段，获得了不同温度下该波段光谱响应系数变化情况，详细分析了温度对光谱响应系数的影响，总结了辐射光谱法温度拟合时的波长范围以及响应系数选择原则，并分析了波长范围以及响应系数选择对测温的影响，这为提高辐射光谱测温法的测量精度具有重要价值。     

光谱响应对辐射光谱测温法的影响研究（英文）

针对光谱响应系数对辐射光谱测温法的影响问题,利用200~1 100和900~1 700nm两种波段光纤光谱仪测量了不同温度下黑体炉辐射光谱,分析了不同波段高温黑体辐射光谱特征,确定了不同波段光谱分析适宜采用的有效响应波段,获得了不同温度下该波段光谱响应系数变化情况,详细分析了温度对光谱响应系数的影响,总结了辐射光谱法温度拟合时的波长范围以及响应系数选择原则,并分析了波长范围以及响应系数选择对测温的影响,这为提高辐射光谱测温法的测量精度具有重要价值。     

高光谱技术结合特征波长筛选的牛肉品种多波段识别

利用可见/近红外(400～1 000 nm)及近红外(900～1 700 nm)高光谱成像技术结合特征波长筛选方法对安格斯牛、力木赞牛、西门塔尔牛3个品种的牛肉进行鉴别研究,且测定肉样的色泽、嫩度、pH值以及水分、脂肪、蛋白质含量。根据不同波段光谱的特点,分别对原始光谱进行预处理,并利用SPA、IRF和IRF-SPA方法筛选特征波长,建立基于全波段及特征波长下的PLS-DA牛肉品种鉴别模型。结果显示:400～1 000 nm波段采用SNV-IRF-SPA-PLS-DA方法建立的模型最优,校正集与预测集准确率分别为98.56%和97.12%,900～1 700 nm波段采用SG-SPA-PLS-DA方法建立的模型准确率为94.09%和96.04%,说明不同波段高光谱对牛肉品种识别均有较好的效果;400～1 000 nm波段的识别准确率优于900～1 700 nm,说明3种牛肉在色泽纹理上的差异比成分含量显著。研究表明,利用高光谱成像技术结合特征波长筛选方法能够获得较好的牛肉品种鉴别效果。     

用卤钨灯对激光诱导击穿光谱探测系统进行绝对效率标定（英文）

基于辐射度学理论搭建了用于激光诱导击穿光谱探测系统的绝对效率标定装置.用卤钨灯配备紫外玻璃滤光片和熔融石英漫射片作为标定的标准光源,标定了配备Czerny-Turner型紫外波段光谱仪的激光诱导等离子体光谱探测系统.测得了系统在310~385nm波长范围内的绝对光谱响应,不确定度小于7%(在标准偏差为2的条件下).绝对效率标定可为激光诱导击穿光谱探测系统硬件评估提供一种手段.     

基于超连续光源的InGaAs探测器相对光谱响应度定标技术

InGaAs光电探测器是近红外波段重要的光探测器件之一,具有高量子效率、低暗电流、宽带宽等特性,被广泛应用于光电测量、光通信及遥感等领域中。基于超连续白光激光器与双单色仪的光谱比较装置,利用标准InGaAs陷阱探测器对平面InGaAs探测器在900 nm～1600 nm波段进行了相对光谱响应度的定标,并与利用钨灯作为光源的响应度定标结果进行了比较。两种光源条件下,光谱响应度在900 nm～1600 nm波段最大相对差值小于0.2%,取得了较好的一致性。超连续光源的测量重复性最大值小于0.06%,远小于使用卤钨灯的测量重复性1%,降低了因测量重复性贡献的不确定度分量,验证了超连续激光器在探测器相对光谱响应度定标中的可行性。此外,还对被定标的平面探测器光谱响应度结果进行了测量不确定度分析。     

高光谱技术的羊肉品种多波段识别研究

利用可见/近红外(400~1 000nm)及近红外(900~1 700nm)高光谱成像技术对宁夏地区滩寒杂交、盐池滩羊、小尾寒羊三个品种羊肉进行识别研究。针对不同波段光谱特点,分别优选出Baseline及SG卷积平滑光谱预处理方法,并运用连续投影算法(SPA)提取特征波长,结合线性判别分析(LDA)及径向基核函数支持向量机(RBFSVM)模型进行全波段及特征波长识别分析。结果表明不同波段高光谱对羊肉品种识别均获得较好效果,其中400~1 000nm波段采用Baseline-Fullwave-RBFSVM及12个特征波长下准确率为100%与98.75%,900~1 700nm波段采用Baseline-Fullwave-RBFSVM及7个特征波长下准确率为96.25%与87.80%;RBFSVM非线性分类准确率高于LDA线性判别结果,400~1 000nm波段识别准确率优于900~1 700nm波段,说明三种羊肉在色泽纹理上差异比成分含量显著,利用高光谱成像技术结合RBFSVM方法能够获得较优的羊肉品种识别效果。     

宽波段高光谱成像技术在物证检验中的应用

高光谱成像技术在物证检验领域的应用具有非常重要的意义,其不仅能够记录物证的光谱特征用以分析物质成分,而且能够准确记录不同成分的空间分布情况,从而实现无损、快速、定位分析物证成分的功能。高光谱成像物证检验技术的光谱检测范围通常集中在可见-近红外区域,而现有基于高光谱成像技术的物证检测设备基本只能单独覆盖可见波段或者近红外波段,无法实现可见-近红外的宽波段检测需求。为了拓宽成像光谱仪的检测波段范围从而实现提高物证检验精度和增加物证检验种类的目的,首先分析了推扫式成像光谱仪的组成结构及工作原理,剖析了直接研制宽波段成像光谱仪的技术难度和高昂成本,最后提出了将短波段范围的400～1 000 nm可见高光谱成像仪和900～1 700 nm近红外高光谱成像仪相结合的方式实现宽波段范围的方法。通过2台高光谱成像设备线视场匹配将独立的2台设备联合作为1台设备使用,采用定标板辅助装调的方法实现2台高光谱成像仪线视场的像素级拼接,将设备拼接带来的误差降低到不影响输出结果的程度,最终研制出一种波段范围可达400～1 700 nm的可见-近红外宽波段高光谱物证检测设备。搭建实验系统,分别固定2台独立的短波段范围高光谱成像光谱仪,利用平移台带动检材沿着垂直于线视场的方向移动实现推扫,所获取的数据立方体具有400～1 700 nm的宽光谱范围, 400～1 000 nm的光谱分辨率为2.5 nm, 1 000～1 700 nm的光谱分辨率为4 nm。实验结果表明该方法的可行性,对于宽波段高光谱成像仪的研制具有指导意义,使高光谱成像仪在物证检验领域具有更高的应用价值和更广的应用范围。     

叶片滞尘对大叶黄杨光谱特征的影响及其滞尘量预测研究

大气颗粒物污染在全球范围内已成为严重的城市环境问题之一。为探究滞尘对叶片光谱特征的影响,并建立以高光谱数据为基础的叶面滞尘预测模型。以北京市常见绿化树种(大叶黄杨)为研究对象,设置高、中、低滞尘污染梯度,采集720个叶片样本,利用ASD Fildsoec Handheld光谱仪获取高光谱数据。结果表明:光谱反射峰分别在560和900 nm处,吸收谷分别在400～500, 600～700和1 000～1 050 nm范围内;有无滞尘的叶片反射率在不同波段表现出不同的规律,在400～760和760～1 100 nm范围内的光谱反射率大小分别表现为滞尘叶片除尘叶片、滞尘叶片除尘叶片;滞尘与除尘叶片在植被光谱曲线上的差异性较明显, 350～700和1 900～2 500 nm波段,滞尘叶片的光谱反射率略高于除尘叶片,而在780～1 400 nm范围内,滞尘叶片光谱反射率则显著低于除尘叶片,差异性表现为:重度污染区中度污染区轻度污染区;反射率在可见光波段(350～780 nm)随叶面滞尘量的增加而增大,而近红外波段(780～1 100 nm)的变化趋势则相反;粉尘对叶片的红边斜率影响较大,表现为滞尘叶片无尘叶片,而对红边位置没有显著影响。叶面滞尘量预测模型中,以叶面水含量指数、简单比值指数建立的二次多项式预测模型效果最好,分别为y=-1.18x~2+0.542 4x+0.991 7,y=-7.67x~2+3.692 4x+0.371 4。模型验证表明,R~2分别达到0.987 7和0.887 3,拟合效果较好,说明预测模型可有效地估测大叶黄杨叶面滞尘量。     

基于惠更斯点扩散函数的光谱响应函数仿真

针对实验方法获取光谱响应函数存在时效性差和过程复杂的特点,提出了一种基于惠更斯点扩散函数仿真光谱响应函数及光谱分辨率的方法,该方法综合考虑衍射及像差信息,在光学设计阶段即可获得任意标称波长处的精细光谱响应函数及光谱分辨率.对自行设计的工作范围为1 000nm~2 500nm的光栅光谱仪进行单波长及全谱段光谱响应函数仿真,并以几何光线追迹法作为对比.结果表明,基于惠更斯点扩散函数仿真的光谱响应函数带宽始终大于后者获得的带宽,在全波段范围内二者偏差介于2%~5%,且前者变化会同时受衍射及像差影响.两种方法对数坐标表示的光谱响应函数比较表明,相对强度在10-2~10-5时,衍射效应明显,而低于10-5时仿真结果中衍射的影响可以忽略.该方法对分辨率为10nm的光谱仪仿真过程中产生不确定度为0.25nm.     

基于混合光源的星模拟器光谱研究

提出了一种基于氙灯和卤钨灯混合光源的星模拟器光谱模拟方案.采用氙灯和卤钨灯组成宽光谱光源灯阵,并通过色温模拟与控制模块后射入积分球,为星模拟器提供理想光源,模拟出与特定色温3 900K,4 800K,6 500K相近的光谱曲线.通过对标准黑体光谱曲线的仿真,计算出滤光片各个微小波段最优透过率,并对微小波段区间的透过率进行区间合并处理,得到满足设计指标要求的滤光片透过率,实现对特定色温光谱曲线的模拟.仿真结果表明,采用本文方案能够满足微小波段匹配模拟误差在10%以内,用相对面积法验证匹配误差在4%以内,从而为星模拟器模拟特定色温的光谱曲线提供有效的方法.     

Interference of white light in tandem configuration of birefringent crystal and sensing birefringent fiber

Spectral interference of white-light beams propagating through a tandem configuration of birefringent crystal and sensing birefringent fiber is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The spectral interference law is expressed analytically under the condition of a Gaussian response function of a spectrometer taking into account the dispersion of birefringence in the crystal and in the fiber. Two types of spectral interferograms are modeled knowing dispersion characteristics of the sensing fiber and using a quartz crystal of the positive or a calcite crystal of the negative birefringence. The theoretical analysis is accompanied by two experiments employing a highly birefringent fiber and a birefringent quartz crystal of two suitable thicknesses. Within both experiments the spectral interference fringes are resolved in accordance with the theory with phases dependent on the fiber length.     

The Influence of the Temperature of Blackbody for Calibrating FTIR System on the Instrument Response Function∗

The instrument response function of Fourier transform infrared spectrometer is a very important parameter in infrared emission Spectroscopy to obtain infrared spectral radiance distribution of the desired sample, the concentrations of the components of combustion products in the flame etc. This paper gives the effect of the temperature of the standard blackbody for calibrating Fourier transform infrared spectrometer on the instrument response function. The result illustrates that the values of the instrument response functions decrease as the blackbody temperature increased, and tends to a limit. The paper points out that the condition must be observed for using instrument response function correctly.

     

Spectroscopic slope temperature measurements using a noncalibrated tungsten lamp as a reference light source

The spectroscopic slope method for temperature measurements requires the calibration of the spectrometer spectral response, unless the spectral lines or band components all occur in such a small wavelength interval that the response is constant. A calibrated tungsten lamp is generally used when a spectral response calibration is required. Accurately calibrated tungsten lamps are relatively expensive and generally do not have long term stability. To circumvent this problem, a method has been developed for which noncalibrated tungsten lamps may be used as reference light sources for calibrating the spectrometer wavelength response when the true tungsten filament temperature of the reference source is equal to the unknown source temperature. Then, a plot of the proper qualities vs the lower energy level of the spectral lines provides the source temperature. The absolute calibration of the tungsten lamp is not required.     

Dispersive white-light spectral two-beam interference under general measurement conditions

Spectral-domain interference of two beams from a white-light source is analysed theoretically and experimentally when the effects of both dispersion in an interferometer and the response function of a spectrometer are taken into account. The spectral interference law is expressed analytically under the condition of a Gaussian response function of a spectrometer. The theoretical analysis is accompanied by experiments employing a dispersive Michelson interferometer and a low-resolution spectrometer. Two experiments with different amounts of dispersion in the Michelson interferometer are realized giving rise to the spectral interference fringes resolved only in the vicinity of the so-called equalization wavelength, at which the group optical path difference between interfering beams is zero. The recorded spectral interferograms are in good agreement with the theoretical ones, which are modelled knowing dispersion in the interferometer and the bandpass of the spectrometer.     

Characterization of a high-power tapered semiconductor amplifier system

We have characterized a semiconductor amplifier laser system which provides up to 200 mW output after a single-mode optical fiber at 780 nm wavelength. The system is based on a tapered semiconductor gain element, which amplifies the output of a narrow-linewidth diode laser. Gain and saturation are discussed as a function of operating temperature and injection current. The spectral properties of the amplifier are investigated with a grating spectrometer. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) causes a spectral background with a width of 4 nm FWHM. The ASE background was suppressed to below our detection limit by a proper choice of operating current and temperature and by sending the light through a single-mode optical fiber. The final ASE spectral density was less than 0.1 nW/MHz, i.e. less than 0.2% of the optical power. Related to an optical transition linewidth of Γ/2π=6 MHz for rubidium, this gives a background suppression of better than -82 dB. An indication of the beam quality is provided by the fiber coupling efficiency of up to 59%. The application of the amplifier system as a laser source for atom-optical experiments is discussed. Received: 8 May 2000 / Revised version: 21 September 2000 / Published online: 7 February 2001     

超高温FTIR光谱发射率测量系统的线性度分析

为研究航天领域特种材料高温区域的光谱辐射特性,建立了基于傅里叶光谱仪的超高温光谱发射率测量系统。系统线性度是发射率测量精度的保证,通过测量多温度点黑体辐射的光谱信号,采用多温度点线性拟合方法求得每个光谱点的光谱信号值与黑体光谱辐射亮度的函数关系式,并结合仪器线性度测量理论,建立了光谱发射率测量系统的线性度测量方法。实验测量了黑体温度范围1 000～2 000℃和光谱范围3～20μm的光谱辐射信号,求得波长λ=4μm的理论直线与测量光谱值的线性关系。实验表明,仪器在4～18μm光谱范围响应较好,除CO2强吸收光谱区域,仪器的光谱线性度均优于1%。当测量系统线性度一定时,温度越高,光谱误差对发射率的影响越小。评定光谱发射率测量系统的线性度有利于剔除个别温度点光谱扰动带来的误差。     

光谱成像仪快速光谱定标方法研究

光谱定标是确定光谱仪器各通道中心波长的过程,为了获取光谱辐亮度,通常需要对光谱仪器进行辐射定标,将光谱仪器输出的数值,映射为物理量——辐亮度。不同的光谱仪器的光谱响应不同,因此还需要在光谱定标过程中确定各个通道的光谱响应。光谱成像仪可以看成是多个光谱仪组成的,需要对所有点的中心波长和光谱响应进行定标。自第一台成像光谱仪诞生以来,其定标方法逐渐固定,通常需要采用光谱分辨率较光谱成像仪更高的单色仪输出准单色光进行光谱定标,其准单色光的光谱带宽远小于光谱成像仪的光谱响应带宽,可以将准单色光抽象为脉冲函数。根据脉冲函数的特性,改变准单色光的波长,扫描光谱成像仪的响应波长范围,是对光谱响应函数进行间隔采样的过程,通过光谱定标数据可以直接得到光谱成像仪的中心波长和光谱响应函数。随着技术的发展,探测器的灵敏度越来越高,光谱成像仪的分辨率也越来越高,为了完成光谱定标,对光谱定标需要的准单色光提出了更高的要求。然而准单色光的带宽越窄,其能量越低,获取满足信噪比要求的数据需要更长的时间,使定标的效率降低。从光谱定标的目的出发,结合准单色光和光谱成像仪光谱响应近似高斯函数的特点,通过理论分析,提出一种利用宽带定标光进行光谱定标的方法,可以有效减少光谱定标的步骤,提高定标的效率,适用于光谱成像仪的快速定标。该方法用于某星载高光谱成像仪的光谱定标,待标定光谱成像仪采用棱镜分光,具有色散非线性的特点,光谱分辨率在2~18 nm之间变化,同时存在较大的谱线弯曲,导致每个像元的中心波长都不同,需要对每个像元进行光谱定标。为了避免分视场定标导致的相邻视场中心波长不连续现象,将单色仪发出的准单色光的光斑照亮整个狭缝,狭缝和单色仪之间放置柱透镜和毛玻璃,其中柱透镜用于汇聚垂直于狭缝方向的光线,提高能量利用率;毛玻璃用于匀化光照,毛玻璃的存在极大地减弱了进入光谱成像仪的能量,结合提出的方法,增加定标光的带宽,提高能量,最终完成了该光谱成像仪的快速定标,利用汞灯的特征光谱验证该成像光谱仪的光谱定标精度为0.23 nm。     

基于自发辐射光谱的超声速流场测速技术

等离子体状态参数测量是研究等离子体特性,开展等离子体模拟再入环境、等离子体隐身、等离子体减阻以及边界层控制等研究的重要基础。利用等离子体射流的自发辐射光谱,提出了一种基于光学多普勒频移效应的等离子体超声速射流测速的方法。首先,测量了等离子体中Ar原子产生的自发辐射光谱,选择696.54 nm的特征谱线,作为等离子体发生器测速实验的运动光源;其次,使用光谱仪、传能光纤、EMCCD相机和高光谱分辨法布里-珀罗（F-P）干涉仪,设计了高温等离子体速度测量光路;最后,在氩壁稳电弧等离子体发生器上,开展了超声速射流速度测量实验。实验中,同一测点的Ar原子产生的自发辐射光谱,分别被与等离子体射流运动方向成49°和90°夹角的收集透镜收集进入光谱仪,经光谱仪分光后仅保留特征谱线696.54 nm附近自发辐射光进入传能光纤,从而消除其他波长的自发辐射光的影响;光谱仪输出的特征辐射光谱,经光纤传输及透镜整形成平行光后,精细度30、自由光谱范围6.6 GHz的F-P干涉仪,形成多光束干涉圆环,并由EMCCD相机采集,实现对特征谱线的超高精度分辨;根据多普勒原理,不同角度收集的同一测点处Ar 696.54 nm特征谱线的频移将有所不同,EMCCD采集的干涉圆环半径也将不同,通过测量同一级次不同收集方向特征谱线形成的干涉圆环半径改变量,可测得高温等离子体射流流动速度。针对同一喷管开展了两车对比试验,实验测得两车射流轴向速度分别为791和783 m·s-1,具有较好的重复性。结果表明基于多普勒效应,利用高温气体自发辐射光谱,结合高光谱分辨F-P干涉仪,能够实现高温等离子体射流速度的精确测量,该方法属于非接触测量,不干扰流场,尤其适用于传统传感器难以应用的高温流场测量。     

Factors Analysis for CO2 Retrieval from the Ground-Based Hyperspectral Measurements in the Short Wave InfraredSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Ground-based CO2 inversion accuracy determines the understanding of CO2 source and sink. However the study about factors affecting ground-based CO2 inversion. In order to improve CO2 inversion accuracy, the effects from aerosol, spectral shift, spectral band selection, spectrometer response function type, half width and truncation error have been analyzed by using radiative transfer model. The results show that: (1) the multiple scattering of aerosol can be ignored when instrument field of view is less than 1.5 degrees and aerosol optical depth is less than 0.5. (2) The inversion results are smaller when there are spectral offsets. The inversion errors increase nonlinear with spectral offsets. And the higher the spectral resolution, the larger the effect of spectral shift. (3) Different spectral bands have various average signal-to-noise ratio, selecting channels with appropriate signal-to-noise ratio and enhancing instrument signal-to-noise ratio can reduce the effect of instrument noise. (4) The higher the instrument resolution, the more important the degree of accuracy of instrument line function for simulated spectrum. Therefore, for hyper-spectral observation, the constancy of environmental temperature is key of acquiring high precision inversion results. (5) For over-high spectral resolution, simulated spectrum is anamorphic due to crosstalk effect. Therefore the crosstalk effect must be considered when the spectrometer resolution is advanced.     

Direct measurement of group dispersion of optical components using white-light spectral interferometry

We present a simple white-light spectral interferometric technique employing a low-resolution spectrometer for a direct measurement of the group dispersion of optical components over a wide wavelength range. The technique utilizes an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a component under test inserted in one arm and the other arm with adjustable path length. We record a series of spectral interferograms to measure the equalization wavelength as a function of the path length difference. We measure the absolute group refractive index as a function of wavelength for a quartz crystal of known thickness and the relative one for optical fiber. In the latter case we use a microscope objective in front and a lens behind the fiber and subtract their group dispersion, which is measured by a technique of tandem interferometry including also a Michelson interferometer.