CO2的腔增强吸收与高灵敏吸收光谱研究

腔增强吸收光谱(CEAS)是在衰荡吸收光谱的基础上发展起来的一种新型的直接吸收光谱技术.文章报道了用中心输出波长为1.573μm的窄线宽连续可调谐半导体激光器(DFB封装)作光源,用两块高反射率平凹透镜(在1.573μm附近,凹面反射率R～99.4%,曲率半径r～1 m)组成对称共焦腔作吸收池的腔增强吸收光谱系统.采用扫描腔长的方法改变谐振腔的模式,当激光器的输出频率与谐振腔的某一腔模之间满足共振匹配关系时,激光被耦合到谐振腔内,用探测器接收透过谐振腔的光信号,同时用波长计精确测量激光器的输出波长.在33.5 cm长的吸收池内测量了吸收强度为1.816×10-23cm-1·(molecule·cm-2)-1的二氧化碳分子的弱吸收谱线,探测灵敏度达到了6.78×10-7 cm-1.实验结果表明,腔增强吸收光谱具有灵敏度高,装置简单,易于操作等优点.     

基于半导体激光的腔增强吸收光谱技术研究

用近红外可调谐分布反馈(DFB)半导体激光器作光源,用反射率为99.7%左右的平凹镜组成的稳定光学谐振腔作吸收池,建立了一套腔增强吸收光谱(CEAS)系统.根据系统工作时激光器与谐振腔的工作状态,将CEAS技术分为三类:控制波长法,控制腔长法及同时扫描波长和腔长法.以二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)为主要样品气体,用控制腔长法和控制波长法CEAS技术对CO2分子在1.573μm附近的吸收光谱做了测量;用扫描腔长和波长法CEAS技术对CH4气体在1.316μm附近的吸收光谱做了测量;考察了三种方法的探测灵敏度和在定量分析方面的能力.实验结果表明,CEAS技术是一种装置简单,操作方便,灵敏度高,稳定性好的定量吸收光谱技术,探测灵敏度达1.15×10-7cm-1.     

基于扫描激光的腔增强吸收光谱研究

介绍了一种建立在半导体激光扫描基础上的腔增强吸收光谱技术。简要介绍了从衰荡吸收光谱技术向腔增强吸收光谱的发展及腔增强吸收光谱的实验装置,实验证明能够将 DFB 型半导体激光与高精密光学谐振腔相结合,用简单的实验装置进行高灵敏、高分辨直接吸收光谱测量。实验中,激光器的输出波长用一台波长计精确测量,当激光器的输出频率与某一腔模的频率共振时,激光被耦合到一个用两块高反射率平凹透镜(在 1.572μm 附近,R~0.994)组成的 34cm 长的高精密光学谐振腔,通过测量激光透过谐振腔后的光强,得到了二氧化碳分子在6358.654cm-1附近的吸收光谱,探测灵敏度达到了 1.2×10-5cm-1。     

利用离轴腔增强吸收光谱技术探测实际大气中的二氧化碳

以1.573μm窄线宽可调谐半导体激光器作光源,结合高精细度光学谐振腔的离轴腔增强吸收光谱技术,选择CO2在6 357.311 6cm-1的吸收谱线,对实际大气CO2分子进行了测量。为了得到更准确的有效方程,对谐振腔吸收程长的标定方法进行了研究,给出了一种简单、实用的标定方法。实验结果表明,高精密度光学谐振腔的有效吸收程长为～1 195.73m,测得实际大气CO2的浓度为～388.3ppm(S/N≈22),最小可探测浓度为17.65ppm。将波长调制技术与OA-CEAS技术结合后,最终将CO2分子的最小可探测浓度提高到0.36ppm(S/N≈1 064)。     

1.315μm区域高分辨力水汽吸收光谱研究

水汽吸收特性的研究对评估激光通讯和激光传输等具有重要的意义,因此水汽吸收光谱的研究在理论和工程方面都有重要应用。用工作在室温下,窄线宽、宽调谐范围分布反馈(DFB)二极管激光器作光源,结合光程可调、最长光程为1097m、可控温的改进型千米级怀特(White)池,精确地测量了水汽在1．315μm附近的高分辨力、高灵敏度吸收光谱,得到了水汽分子1．315μm附近31条主要吸收线的位置、谱线强度、压力自加宽系数等参量,测量结果与HITRAN数据库中的值很好地一致。实验中使用先进的电子技术和计算机控制技术,大大提高了实验的效率,确保了实验结果的可靠性。     

N_2O的离轴腔增强吸收光谱检测技术

基于离轴腔增强光谱检测技术,以可调谐近红外半导体激光器作激光光源,以反射率为99.97%平凹镜组成的光学谐振腔作吸收池,建立了高灵敏度离轴腔增强光谱污染气体检测系统,获得了N2O气体在6 561.39cm-1的吸收光谱.通过对不同浓度N2O样品气体吸收光谱测量,建立了气体浓度与光谱线强度的关系,讨论了气体压强与光谱线宽、检测灵敏度等问题.研究结果表明,离轴腔增强光谱检测技术的检测极限达到了86ppm,是一种设备成本低、操作方便、灵敏度较高、稳定性良好的吸收光谱技术,可以很好地实现微量气体的快速检测.     

采用离轴入射的腔增强吸收光谱研究

为了改善腔增强吸收光谱的探测灵敏度和光谱分辨率,通过将激光光束离轴注入光学谐振腔中,减小了谐振腔内振荡,提高了模式密度,使得谐振腔被近似看作为“怀特池”。采用记录波长在扫描过程中实际变化的方法,对光谱数据进行了非线性校正,省去了参考光路的布置,简化了实验光路。对二氧化碳在1．572μm处的一条弱吸收谱线进行了测量,得到了大小为1．98×10^-7cm^-1的最小探测灵敏度。实验结果表明同等实验条件下,光束离轴入射时比正轴入射时的腔增强吸收光谱具有更高的信噪比和光谱分辨率。     

一种中红外腔增强甲醛检测系统的研制

介绍了研制的一种基于共轴锁模腔增强吸收光谱技术的中红外甲醛气体检测系统。系统采用了发射中心波长为3.6 μm的带间级联激光器为光源,以高精度F-P谐振腔作为气体反应池,通过激光在谐振腔内的多次反射极大地提高了有效吸收路径。为了实现甲醛检测,利用Pound-Drever-Hall（PDH）技术将激光频率和腔谐振频率锁定至波长为3 599.08 nm的甲醛吸收峰上。实验发现,谐振腔腔长容易受到外界环境的影响产生变化,导致系统失去锁定,产生测量误差;为了抑制这一现象,提高系统的准确性和抗干扰性,采用了动态PDH锁定技术,通过低频锯齿波信号对腔长进行小范围内的周期性调制,使得腔谐振频率在目标气体吸收峰附近缓慢来回变化;通过选择合适的扫描范围使得在扫描过程中激光与谐振腔保持频率锁定。系统通过光电探测器采集谐振腔透射光强信号,通过对腔透射信号进行拟合计算来确定甲醛浓度。为了验证检测系统的有效性、评估系统的性能,采用质量流量计配备了6种不同浓度的甲醛气体样品并开展了甲醛吸收光谱测量实验、系统标定实验和稳定性实验。实验结果显示,在0～10 mL·L-1范围内,腔透射信号拟合值与甲醛浓度之间呈现出良好的线性关系;通过Allan方差分析得到当积分时间为1 s时系统检测下限为52.8 nL·L-1,积分时间为14 s时检测下限可以降至3.3 nL·L-1。此外,通过增加谐振腔的腔镜反射率和腔长可以提高有效吸收路径,进一步降低检测下限。该系统灵敏度高、响应速度快,具有较好的抗干扰性和长期稳定性,在痕量甲醛检测方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

高灵敏度离轴积分腔输出光谱技术

利用离轴积分腔输出光谱技术,采用同时扫描激光和谐振腔腔长的方法,使用分布反馈布拉格二极管激光器探测了1.573μm附近CO2的吸收光谱,得到很好的信噪比和灵敏度,探测灵敏度达到4×10-8cm-1(信噪比为2,1 s积分时间)。用非线性最小二乘拟合吸收谱线方法对积分腔输出光谱已经不再适用,会造成自加宽系数变宽为实际自加宽系数的2.39倍左右,对空气加宽系数测量影响较小。为了得到正确的谱线线宽参量,应该对吸收系数进行拟合,该结论从理论和实验上得到了证明。     

基于调谐二极管激光吸收光谱的燃气管道泄漏探测研究

根据可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱及谐波探测的原理,建立以分布反馈式半导体激光器为可调谐光源,利用多次反射池进行点式采样的实验装置.基于甲烷分子1653.7nm附近的吸收线,实验研究二次谐波信号对甲烷浓度的响应线性,并实现空气中甲烷本底含量的测量.研究结果表明可调谐二极管激光气体检测技术可为城市燃气管道泄漏探测提供了一种灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强的有效手段.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.