基于替代航路的进场航班排序优化方法

针对机场终端区航班延误日益严重的现状,为减轻空中交通管制员工作负荷,缓解航班延误,研究了进场航班排序优化问题.通过引入替代进近航路和时间偏差成本的概念,建立了进场航班排序模型;基于调度窗口和冻结范围概念,提出了动态优化方法;结合进场航班排序模型与动态优化方法,以国内某机场的运行数据进行了仿真验证.仿真结果表明:与实际运行相比,基于替代航路的进场航班排序优化方法优化效果显著,减少了约25%的进场航班延误,提高了机场终端区航空器的运行效率.优化方法可以即时获得最优方案,辅助空中交通管制员做出决策.     

搜寻成本下可替代产品的定价策略与库存决策

为探寻存在搜寻成本情况下消费者购买可替代产品时的定价与库存问题,从消费者效用出发,对厂商收益构建了基于马尔可夫决策过程的优化模型。在消费者方面,分析了其购买与继续搜寻的条件,并分别在搜寻成本不变和搜寻成本边际递减的情况下研究了消费者保留效用的变化情况以及购买相应产品的概率。此外,与很多相关文献不同的是,由于搜寻成本的存在,该情形下的消费者并不一定会在完成购买之前搜寻完所有的产品。在厂商方面,根据实际情况构建不同搜寻顺序下的收益模型并求解出最优定价策略与库存策略,并将定价模型与库存策略扩展到了动态的环境,为厂商制定价格及库存方案提供相应的决策支持。     

计及需求响应不确定性的综合能源系统多目标优化调度管理

需求响应作为电力系统的重要调节手段,可显著提升系统灵活性和经济性。利用价格弹性构建了包含价格与激励措施的需求响应模型,并在此基础上考虑需求响应的不确定性,以综合能源系统经济性和环保性为优化目标,构建了综合能源系统多目标优化调度模型。利用E约束法将多目标优化模型转化为单目标优化模型,得到Pareto最优解集,运用模糊决策法从中选取最优方案。基于实际案例进行测算,结果表明价格型与激励型需求响应手段的结合能够实现削峰填谷,有效降低系统的运行成本和碳排放量。     

分布式光伏微电网P2P电能交易策略研究

分布式光伏微电网是吸纳和利用清洁太阳能资源的有效技术,由于政策的支持、科技的发展以及光伏装机量的提升,基于微电网的电力交易具有一定的应用和研究潜力,并且有利于提高用户的经济效益.考虑光伏发电剩余电量和用电量的随机性,研究在允许两轮讨价还价的交易模式下,微电网之间进行电力交易的最优计划交易量以及最优计划交易单价.构建相应的博弈模型,得到买卖双方微电网不同优先行动顺序下两轮交易中双方的最优策略、达到的最优收益,并且分析最优交易量、最优收益等与光伏上网电价、电网售电电价、贴现因子等模型参数之间的关系,同时给出具有优先行动优势的条件.最后,构建算例,分析研究结论的有效性.     

具有违约风险的人寿保险的最优定价

本文探讨具有违约风险的人寿保险的最优定价.我们从Black-Scholes的期权定价模型出发,考虑风险管理和准备金的要求,根据一次支付和均衡支付这两种不同的假设分别建立两个优化模型,并且借助于优化技术获得最优解.数量化分析结果表明,两个模型的最优价格对于利息率参数以及非索赔成本的变化都不敏感.这说明这两个模型是稳定的,而且是实用的.     

基于学习效应的质量经济性动态最优化模型

随着市场竞争的日益加剧,企业越来越关注质量作为竞争武器所带来的经济效益.然而目前关于质量经济性的研究多集中于质量成本的概念和理论.为了克服质量成本模型的局限性,将产品制造过程中的学习效应引入质量经济性模型中,通过分析产品质量的提高所带来的学习效应,研究了产品质量与利润现值之间的定量关系,得出最优产品质量水平及相应的最优产量和最优价格随时间的变化轨迹,说明了在竞争条件下企业逐步改进质量降低价格的合理性.     

考虑多能需求响应的电热互联系统协同调度优化模型

为应对中国严峻的弃风问题,讨论风电参与电采暖的运行优化策略,以协调满足电负荷和热负荷.首先,将风电场、蓄热式电锅炉和燃气轮机整合为电热互联系统,并考虑激励型需求响应和价格型需求响应对系统运行的优化效应.然后,选择最大化运行收益和和最小化运行风险作为目标函数,考虑风险不确定性的影响,构造电热互联系统(Electro-thermal interconnect system,EST)最优电热耦合调度模型;最后,通过对所提模型进行算例分析,结果表明:1)若决策者能够适当承受一定风险,利用风电满足终端用于热负荷,会极大提升风电并网空间,带来显著的增量经济效益;2)价格型需求响应能够平缓电热负荷需求曲线,促进风电并网的同时降低系统运行风险;3)激励型需求响应能为风电提供更多的备用服务,实现集中式和分散式协同互补供暖,取得最佳的系统运行结果.因此,所提电热互联系统调度运行模型有利于促进风电发电并网,能够为电热互联系统的最优运行提供决策支撑.     

基于峰谷分时电价机制的节能发电调度优化模型

为减少能源消耗,电力工业在发电侧推行节能发电调度,而在用电侧则施行需求侧管理。事实上,发电侧与用电侧可以通过联合优化实现更好的节能效果。峰谷分时电价将改变原有系统负荷的分布,发电侧机组发电调度的安排将随之改变,发电煤耗水平也将相应地变动。有鉴于此,首先分别构建了需求侧峰谷分时电价响应分析模型以及发电侧节能发电调度的机组组合模型;其次,为了实现分时电价响应向机组煤耗效益的传递,以机组发电煤耗与启停煤耗最少为目标构建了需求侧与发电侧的联合优化模型;最后,通过算例分析发掘模型的节能效益,借助GAMS求解上述模型,优化结果表明分时电价的优化将有助于改进发电侧的节能调度效果,同时将实现一定的环境效益。     

城市中心路内停车最优容量研究

城市中心停车供需矛盾诱发的不规范路内停车是导致交通拥堵恶化的原因之一.基于用户出行成本,在考虑了城市中心过境车辆的影响下,建立了以社会剩余最大化为目标的优化模型.在路内停车容量固定时,给出了路内停车最优流率的求解算法;进一步,在路内停车容量可变时,给出了路内停车最优容量的求解算法.数值算例表明了算法的有效性和可行性.研究结果可以用来在给定交通需求下,计算和分析城市中心最优路内停车容量,为停车管理和决策提供理论支撑.     

考虑老年人感知满意度的社区居家养老护理人员调度策略研究

近年来,随着人口老龄化进程不断加快,社区居家养老模式越来越受到社会各界的高度关注。为了向社区居家养老服务中心护理人员调度提供决策支持,研究考虑老年人感知满意度的护理人员调度问题。以社区居家养老预约服务为背景,首先融合前景理论和模糊理论分别从老年人等待时间、老年人对护理人员偏好和老年人对服务价格偏好三个方面建立老年人感知满意度函数;其次确定主要目标为最大化老年人综合感知满意度,次要目标为最小化社区居家养老服务中心运营成本的优化调度问题,并且构建了相应的混合整数非线性规划数学模型;最后综合应用遗传算法和模拟植物生长算法(PGSA)对该模型进行求解,其中遗传算法用于求解护理人员的服务顺序,PGSA用于求解护理人员调度方案,并且利用MATLAB软件进行仿真,同时引入粒子群算法与PGSA进行计算对比,发现PGSA在性能参数和计算时间方面都有明显的优势。通过算例验证分析,结果表明该模型在考虑老年人感知满意度的基础上,能够获得最优的护理人员调度方案,证明了上述优化模型和算法的可行性和有效性。     

电子市场与期权合约市场并存下的供应链优化

在电子市场与期权合约市场并存条件下,构建供应商的生产成本函数模型,找出供应商的最优产能决策,分销商的最优期权订货量决策,集成化供应链的最优产能决策等.然后借助数值分析,找出供应商的最优期权合约参数,及各最优解的变化规律.分析得到,电子市场准入程度的增大、电子市场价格的增大都会促使供应商提高产能;电子市场价格的增大、供应商期权预订价格的降低、期权执行价格的降低、终端市场需求的增大都会促使分销商增大期权订货量和期权执行量,供应商应选择(期权预定价格较小,期权执行价格较大)的优化决策,并针对不同的市场风险选择不同的期权合约参数组合.     

Price markdown scheme in a multi-echelon supply chain in a high-tech industry

This paper studies the price markdown scheme in a supply chain that consists of a supplier, a contract manufacturer (CM), and a buyer (retailer). The buyer subcontracts the production of the final product to the CM. The CM buys the components from the supplier and charges the buyer a service fee for the final product produced. The price markdown is made possible by the supplier with the development of new manufacturing technologies that reduce the production cost for the sourced component. Consequently, the buyer adjusts the retail price in order to possibly stimulate stronger demand that may benefit both the supplier and the buyer. Under this scenario, we identify the optimal discount pricing strategies, capacity reservation, and the stocking policies for the supplier and the buyer. We also investigate the optimal inventory decision for the CM to cope with the price discount by considering both demand and delivery uncertainties. Our results suggest that higher production cost accelerates the effects of higher price sensitivity on lowering the optimal capacity and stocking policies in the supply chain. The effect of mean demand error on the optimal prices is relatively marginal compared with that from price sensitivity. We also found that increasing the standard deviation of the random demand does not necessarily increase the stocking level as one would predict. The results show that delivery uncertainty plays an important role in the inventory carried beyond the price break. We discuss potential extensions for future research.     

双重约束下野生动物资源的动态均衡管理研究

野生动物资源功能用途的复合性使得其受到生物系统及经济系统双重约束,在传统生物均衡模型基础上,分别构建经济系统和生物系统的联立方程组模型,然后根据目标函数形成野生动物资源动态均衡管理的理论模型及实证应用分析,得出结论：1）野生动物资源最优种群水平不仅受种群内禀增长率和栖息环境最大承载量的影响,也受到市场价格,维持及收获的成本及税费,产品利用率以及社会平均折现率的影响.但长期来看,环境承载量是影响种群水平的最终决定性因素.2）经济系统的各项变量并不影响野生动物最优种群水平的最终结果,而只影响其趋向最终结果的路径.3）最优猎捕收获量主要取决于最优种群水平以及环境承载量和种群内禀增长率.4）麝类资源的生物系统、经济系统的各个因素的影响方向和影响力大小,并不完全和一般假设相同.     

Analyzing online B2B exchange markets: Asymmetric cost and incomplete information

This research applies the discriminating auction to analyze the online B2B exchange market in which a single buyer requests multiple items and several suppliers having equal capacity and asymmetric cost submit bids to compete for buyer demand. In the present model, we examine the impact of asymmetric cost and incomplete information on the participants in the market. Given the complete cost information, each supplier randomizes its price and the lower bound of the price range is determined by the highest marginal cost. In addition, the supplier with a lower marginal cost has a larger considered pricing space but ultimately has a smaller equilibrium one than others with higher marginal costs. When each supplier’s marginal cost is private information, the lowest possible price is determined by the number of suppliers and the buyer’s reservation price. Comparing these two market settings, we find whether IT is beneficial to buyers or suppliers depends on the scale of the bid process and the highest marginal cost. When the number of suppliers and the difference between the highest marginal cost and the buyer’s reservation price are sufficiently large, each supplier can gain a higher profit if the marginal costs are private information. On the contrary, when the highest marginal cost approaches the buyer’s reservation price, complete cost information benefits the suppliers.     

The impact of dynamic pricing on the economic order decision

This paper analyzes the impact of dynamic pricing on the single product economic order decision of a monopolist retailer. Items are procured from an external supplier according to the economic order quantity (EOQ) model and are sold to customers on a single market without competition following the simple monopolist pricing problem. Coordinated decision making of optimal pricing and ordering is influenced by operating costs – including ordering and inventory holding costs – and the demand rate obtained from a price response function. The retailer is allowed to vary the selling price, either in a fixed number of discrete points in time or continuously. While constant and continuous pricing have received much attention in the literature, problems with a limited number of price changes are rather rare. This paper illustrates the benefit of dynamically changing prices to achieve operational efficiency in the EOQ model, that is to trigger high demand rates when inventories are high. We provide structural properties of the optimal time instants when the price should be changed. Taking into account costs for changes in price, it provides numerical guidance on number, timing, and size of price changes during an order cycle. Numerical examples show that the benefits of dynamic pricing in an EOQ framework can be achieved with only a few price changes and that products being unprofitable under static pricing may become profitable under dynamic pricing.     

Optimal order lot sizing and pricing with free shipping

Companies, especially those in e-business, are increasingly offering free shipping to buyers whose order sizes exceed the free shipping quantity. In this paper, given that the supplier offers free shipping, we determine the retailer’s optimal order lot size and the optimal retail price. We explicitly incorporate the supplier’s quantity discount, and transportation cost into the model. We analytically and numerically examine the impacts of free shipping, quantity discount and transportation cost on the retailer’s optimal lot sizing and pricing decisions. We find that free shipping can benefit the supplier, the retailer, and the end customers, and can effectively encourage the retailer to order more of the good, to the extent of ordering a few times of the optimal order lot size without free shipping. The order lot size will increase and the retail price will decrease if the supplier offers proper free shipping.     

Inventory control problem with freight cost and stochastic demand

This paper generalizes the standard newsboy model to the case including freight cost, in which the capacity of one container is the limit and the freight cost is proportional to the number of the containers used. We show that the optimal ordering quantity is either the newsboy solution or some multiple of the container’s capacity. We also propose an algorithm to compute the optimal policy. Furthermore, we generalize these results to the case in which the inventory and the price are determined jointly with emergency purchase.     

The economics of water resources for the generation of electricity and other uses

An optimal control approach is used to analyze the tradeoff between the use of water resources for electricity generation versus other economic uses (irrigation, industry, etc.). For that purpose, a dynamic model is presented which establishes relationships between economic growth, water resources management, and energy policy in the context of the aforementioned tradeoff, in an economy whose energy matrix is heavily dependent upon hydroelectric power. Among other results, the analysis establishes that in the market, the price of water for non-energy uses should be twice the price of the energy goods, indicating the necessity of substituting other sources of energy for hydroelectric power.     

可变产量的理性产出范围研究

本从机会成本损失最小化的角度出发，对可变立量的三个阶段的两种划分方法所确定的两种不同的理性产出范围进行了分析，分析结果表明。可变产量的理性产出范围应在最小边际成本所对应的产出量到边际成本与产品的预期价格相等所对应的产出量之间。     

Optimal internal pricing and capacity planning for service facility with finite buffer

An economic model is developed for exploring optimal internal pricing and capacity planning for service facility with finite buffer capacity. Because of the limited buffer capacity, jobs finding the system full upon their arrival would be rejected. Such rejections create a gap between the value collectively perceived by users and the actual achievement of the organizational value. This gap, called a loss externality, has never been studied before and plays an important role for designing optimal pricing scheme. In general, the underlying economic structure may involve multiple equilibria and it is unclear whether or not the system can be controlled through internal pricing. In this regard, a sufficient condition is given under which the system administrator can find two separate prices for accepted and rejected users at any demand level to be desired so that the desired demand level becomes the unique equilibrium of the system. For a short-run problem, it is shown that the optimal pricing scheme can be expressed as the sum of the congestion and the loss externalities. For a long-run problem, the optimal pricing scheme is expressed in a unified manner so that a structural relationship between the short-run problem and the long-run problem at optimality can be readily observed. A necessary and sufficient condition is also given for the marginal capacity pricing to be optimal, i.e., the optimal long-run pricing consists of the marginal cost for processing capacity and the marginal cost for buffer capacity without involving any externality at all.