Intersections of curves on surfaces

The authors consider curves on surfaces which have more intersections than the least possible in their homotopy class. Theorem 1.Let f be a general position arc or loop on an orientable surface F which is homotopic to an embedding but not embedded. Then there is an embedded 1-gon or 2-gon on F bounded by part of the image of f. Theorem 2.Let f be a general position arc or loop on an orientable surface F which has excess self-intersection. Then there is a singular 1-gon or 2-gon on F bounded by part of the image of f. Examples are given showing that analogous results for the case of two curves on a surface do not hold except in the well-known special case when each curve is simple.     

Einstein-Weyl spaces and (1 , n) -curves in the quadric surface

Following the ideas of Hitchin on the twistoral approach to 3-dimensional Einstein-Weyl geometry we construct a series of complex surfaces containing rational curves with self-intersection number 2. These mini twistor spaces are obtained by taking an n-fold covering of a neighbourhood of a (1 , n)- curve in the quadric CP₁ x CP₁ branched along the curve. We describe the corresponding Einstein-Weyl geometry on the parameter space of curves.     

Simple loop conjecture for limit groups

There are noninjective maps from surface groups to limit groups that don’t kill any simple closed curves. As a corollary, there are noninjective all-loxodromic representations of surface groups to SL(2, ?) that don’t kill any simple closed curves, answering a question of Minsky. There are also examples, for any k, of noninjective all-loxodromic representations of surface groups killing no curves with self-intersection number at most k.     

Osculating Degeneration of Curves

Abstract

The main objects of this paper are osculating spaces of order mto smooth algebraic curves, with the property of meeting the curve again. We prove that the only irreducible curves with an infinite number of this type of osculating spaces of order mare curves in P ^m+1whose degree nis greater than m + 1. This is a generalization of the result and proof of Kaji (Kaji, H. (1986). On the tangentially degenerate curves. J. London Math. Soc.33(2):430–440) that corresponds to the case m = 1. We also obtain an enumerative formula for the number of those osculating spaces to curves in P ^m+2. The case m = 1 of it is a classical formula proved with modern techniques by Le Barz (Le Barz, P. (1982). Formules multisécantes pour les courbes gauches quelconques. In: Enumerative Geometry and Classical Algebraic Geometry. Prog. in Mathematics 24, Birkhäuser, pp. 165–197).     

Clark Representation for Local Times of Self-Intersection of Gaussian Integrators

Ukrainian Mathematical Journal - We prove the existence of multiple local times of self-intersection for a class of Gaussian integrators generated by operators with finite-dimensional kernels,,...     

Rational Surfaces with Many Nodes

We describe smooth rational projective algebraic surfaces over an algebraically closed field of characteristic different from 2 which contain n b ₂ –2 disjoint smooth rational curves with self-intersection –2, where b ₂ is the second Betti number. In the last section this is applied to the study of minimal complex surfaces of general type with p _g = 0 and K² = 8, 9 which admit an automorphism of order 2.     

On Lang's Conjecture for Surfaces of General Type

Abstract

Let m be a nonnegative integer. We explicitly bound the number of rational curves with arithmetic genus no greater than m on a surface of general type by geometric invariants of the surface. We also briefly discuss the possibility of bounding all rational curves lying on a surface of general type in ?³.     

Stochastic realization of a Gaussian stochastic control system

The stochastic realization problem is considered of representing a stationary Gaussian process as the observation process of a Gaussian stochastic control system. The problem formulation includes that the lastm components of the observation process form the Gaussian white noise input process to the system. Identifiability of this class of systems motivates the problem. The results include a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a stochastic realization. A subclass of Gaussian stochastic control systems is defined that is almost a canonical form for this stochastic realization problem. For a structured Gaussian stochastic control system an equivalent condition for identifiability of the parametrization is stated.The research of this paper is supported in part by the Commission of the European Communities through the SCIENCE Program by the projectSystem Identification with contract number SC1-CT92-0779.     

On the Sharp Constant in the Small Ball Asymptotics of Some Gaussian Processes under L 2-Norm

We find the sharp constant in the small L ₂-deviation asymptotics for a wide class of Gaussian processes including the m-times integrated Wiener process and the m-times integrated Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. Extremal properties of usual and Euler integration are proved. Bibliography: 19 titles.     

On the (−1)-curve conjecture of friedman and morgan

Summary We will prove that every differentiably embedded sphere with self-intersection –1 in a simply connected algebraic surface withp _g >0 is homologous to an algebraic class. If the surface has a minimal model with Picard number 1 or |K _min| contains a smooth curve, and eitherp _g orK _min ² is even, then every such sphere is homologous to a (–1)-curve, as conjectured by Friedman and Morgan.Oblatum 15-IV-1993Supported by Nederlandse organisatie voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek NWO, stipend 04-63.     

Rational surfaces having only a finite number of exceptional curves

We characterize the rational surfaces X which have a finite number of (-1)-curves under the assumption that -K_X is nef and having self-intersection zero.     

Whitney’s formulas for curves on surfaces

The classical Whitney formula relates the number of times an oriented plane curve cuts itself to its rotation number and the index of a base point. In this paper we generalize Whitney’s formula to curves on an oriented punctured surface Σ _{m, n} , obtaining a family of identities indexed by elements of π ₁(Σ _{m, n} ). To define analogs of the rotation number and the index of a base point of a curve γ, we fix an arbitrary vector field on Σ _{m, n} . Similar formulas are obtained for non-based curves.     

Encomplexed Brown invariant of real algebraic surfaces in ℝP 3

We construct an invariant of parametrized generic real algebraic surfaces in ?P ³ which generalizes the Brown invariant of immersed surfaces from smooth topology. The invariant is constructed using self-intersections, which are real algebraic curves with points of three local characters: the intersection of two real sheets, the intersection of two complex conjugate sheets or a Whitney umbrella. In Kirby and Melvin (Local surgery formulas for quantum invariants and the Arf invariant, in Proceedings of the Casson Fest, Geom. Topol. Monogr. 7, pp. 213–233, Geom. Topol. Publ., Coventry, 2004) the Brown invariant was expressed through a self-linking number of the self-intersection. We extend the definition of this self-linking number to the case of parametrized generic real algebraic surfaces.     

Points de petite hauteur sur les courbes modulaires X0(N)

Let N be a square free integer, prime to 6. Let φ the imbeding of X ₀(N) in its Jacobian relative to the point ∞. We show that the set is finite and that is infinite. This explicit form of the Bogomolov conjecture is obtained by an estimation of the self-intersection of the dualizing sheaf, in the sense of Arakelov theory, of modular curves. This result is obtained by estimating several quantities attached to the Arakelov metric on X ₀(N), starting with Petersson's trace formula Oblatum 1-I-1997 & 30-IV-1997     

Self-intersection local time for Gaussian ′( )-processes: Existence, path continuity and examples

In this paper we develop a criterion for existence or non-existence of self-intersection local time (SILT) for a wide class of Gaussian ′( ^d)-valued processes, we show that quite generally the SILT process has continuous paths, and we give several examples which illustrate existence of SILT for different ranges of dimensions (e.g., d ≤ 3, d ≤ 7 and 5 ≤ d ≤ 11 in the Brownian case). Some of the examples involve branching and exhibit “dimension gaps”. Our results generalize the work of Adler and coauthors, who studied the special case of “density processes” and proved that SILT paths are cadlag in the Brownian case making use of a “particle picture” approximation (this technique is not available for our general formulation).     

Convergence of random zeros on complex manifolds

We show that the zeros of random sequences of Gaussian systems of polynomials of in- creasing degree almost surely converge to the expected limit distribution under very general hypotheses. In particular,the normalized distribution of zeros of systems of m polynomials of degree N,orthonor- malized on a regular compact set K(?)C~m,almost surely converge to the equilibrium measure on K as N→∞.     

Integer points on curves and surfaces

Various upper bounds are given for the number of integer points on plane curves, on surfaces and hypersurfaces. We begin with a certain class of convex curves, we treat rather general surfaces in ³ which include algebraic surfaces with the exception of cylinders, and we go on to hypersurfaces in ⁿ with nonvanishing Gaussian curvature.Written with partial supports from NSF grant No. MCS-8211461.     

Invariant scale matrix hypothesis tests under elliptical symmetry

The usual assumption in multivariate hypothesis testing is that the sample consists of n independent, identically distributed Gaussian m-vectors. In this paper this assumption is weakened by considering a class of distributions for which the vector observations are not necessarily either Gaussian or independent. This class contains the elliptically symmetric laws with densities of the form f(X(n × m)) = ψ[tr(X ? M)′ (X ? M)Σ^?1]. For testing the equality of k scale matrices and for the sphericity hypothesis it is shown, by using the structure of the underlying distribution rather than any specific form of the density, that the usual invariant normal-theory tests are exactly robust, for both the null and non-null cases, under this wider class.     

Polynomial Vector Fields with Prescribed Algebraic Limit Cycles

For each non-singular real algebraic curve f = 0 of degree m we exhibit an explicit vector field of degree m which has precisely the bounded components of f = 0 as limit cycles. The degree of the system is optimal for a generic class of algebraic curves and improves the significantly the bounds given by Winkel.     

Converting homotopies to isotopies and dividing homotopies in half in an effective way

We prove two theorems about homotopies of curves on two-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. We show that, for any \({\epsilon > 0}\) , if two simple closed curves are homotopic through curves of bounded length L, then they are also isotopic through curves of length bounded by \({L + \epsilon}\) . If the manifold is orientable, then for any \({\epsilon > 0}\) we show that, if we can contract a curve \({\gamma}\) traversed twice through curves of length bounded by L, then we can also contract \({\gamma}\) through curves bounded in length by \({L + \epsilon}\) . Our method involves cutting curves at their self-intersection points and reconnecting them in a prescribed way. We consider the space of all curves obtained in this way from the original homotopy, and use a novel approach to show that this space contains a path which yields the desired homotopy.