Plactic algebra of rank 3

The structure of the algebra K[M] of the plactic monoid M of rank 3 over a field K is studied. The minimal prime ideals of K[M] are described. There are only two such ideals and each of them is a principal ideal determined by a homogeneous congruence on M. Moreover, in case K is uncountable and algebraically closed, the left and right primitive spectrum and the corresponding irreducible representations of the algebra K[M] are described. All these representations are monomial. As an application, a new proof of the semiprimitivity of K[M] is given.     

Strongly Prime Submodules

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. For an R-module M, the notion of strongly prime submodule of M is defined. It is shown that this notion of prime submodule inherits most of the essential properties of the usual notion of prime ideal. In particular, the Generalized Principal Ideal Theorem is extended to modules.     

On finiteness of multiplication modules

Our main aim in this note, is a further generalization of a result due to D. D. Anderson, i.e., it is shown that if R is a commutative ring, and M a multiplication R-module, such that every prime ideal minimal over Ann (M) is finitely generated, then M contains only a finite number of minimal prime submodules. This immediately yields that if P is a projective ideal of R, such that every prime ideal minimal over Ann (P) is finitely generated, then P is finitely generated. Furthermore, it is established that if M is a multiplication R-module in which every minimal prime submodule is finitely generated, then R contains only a finite number of prime ideals minimal over Ann (M).      

Invariance of minimal prime ideals of nonassociative rings under multiplicative isomorphisms

It is proved that the image of a minimal prime ideal under a multiplicative isomorphism in a nonassociative ring is also a minimal prime ideal and congruence with respect to its modulus is preserved.Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 175, pp. 90–92, 1989.     

On Isolated Submodules

Let R be a ring with identity and let M be a unital left R-module. A proper submodule L of M is radical if L is an intersection of prime submodules of M. Moreover, a submodule L of M is isolated if, for each proper submodule N of L, there exists a prime submodule K of M such that N ? K but L ? K. It is proved that every proper submodule of M is radical (and hence every submodule of M is isolated) if and only if N ∩ IM = IN for every submodule N of M and every (left primitive) ideal I of R. In case, R/P is an Artinian ring for every left primitive ideal P of R it is proved that a finitely generated submodule N of a nonzero left R-module M is isolated if and only if PN = N ∩ PM for every left primitive ideal P of R. If R is a commutative ring, then a finitely generated submodule N of a projective R-module M is isolated if and only if N is a direct summand of M.     

∗-Prime Group Algebras

An associative algebra R over a field K is said to be right ?-prime if for every nonzero r ? R, there exists a finitely generated subalgebra S of R such that rSt = 0 implies t = 0. Clearly, strongly prime implies ?-prime and ?-prime implies prime. A large number of examples of group algebras are given which show that the concept of ?-prime lies strictly between prime and strongly prime. A complete characterization of ?-prime group algebras is given. It is proved that a group algebra KG of the group G over the field K is ?-prime if and only if Λ⁺(G) = (1). Intersection theorems play an important role in the study. In the process, a new intersection theorem for ?-prime group algebras is obtained. Elementwise characterization of the ?-prime radical is given and its relation with some well-known radicals is discussed.     

On Pseudo-Almost Valuation Domains

Let R be an integral domain with quotient field K and integral closure R ^′. Anderson and Zafrullah called R an “almost valuation domain” if for every nonzero x ∈ K, there is a positive integer n such that either x ⁿ  ∈ R or x ^?n  ∈ R. In this article, we introduce a new closely related class of integral domains. We define a prime ideal P of R to be a “pseudo-strongly prime ideal” if, whenever x, y ∈ K and xyP ? P, then there is a positive integer m ≥ 1 such that either x ^m  ∈ R or y ^m P ? P. If each prime ideal of R is a pseudo-strongly prime ideal, then R is called a “pseudo-almost valuation domain” (PAVD). We show that the class of valuation domains, the class of pseudo-valuation domains, the class of almost valuation domains, and the class of almost pseudo-valuation domains are properly contained in the class of pseudo-almost valuation domains; also we show that the class of pseudo-almost valuation domains is properly contained in the class of quasilocal domains with linearly ordered prime ideals. Among the properties of PAVDs, we show that an integral domain R is a PAVD if and only if for every nonzero x ∈ K, there is a positive integer n ≥ 1 such that either x ⁿ  ∈ R or ax ^?n  ∈ R for every nonunit a ∈ R. We show that pseudo-almost valuation domains are precisely the pullbacks of almost valuation domains, we characterize pseudo-almost valuation domains of the form D + M, and we use this characterization to construct PAVDs that are not almost valuation domains. We show that if R is a Noetherian PAVD, then R has Krull dimension at most one and R ^′ is a valuation domain; we show that every overring of a PAVD R is a PAVD iff R ^′ is a valuation domain and every integral overring of R is a PAVD.     

On Lie Nilpotent Rings and Cohen's Theorem

We study certain (two-sided) nil ideals and nilpotent ideals in a Lie nilpotent ring R. Our results lead us to showing that the prime radical rad(R) of R comprises the nilpotent elements of R, and that if L is a left ideal of R, then L + rad(R) is a two-sided ideal of R. This in turn leads to a Lie nilpotent version of Cohen's theorem, namely if R is a Lie nilpotent ring and every prime (two-sided) ideal of R is finitely generated as a left ideal, then every left ideal of R containing the prime radical of R is finitely generated (as a left ideal). For an arbitrary ring R with identity we also consider its so-called n-th Lie center Z _n (R), n ≥ 1, which is a Lie nilpotent ring of index n. We prove that if C is a commutative submonoid of the multiplicative monoid of R, then the subring ?Z _n (R) ∪ C? of R generated by the subset Z _n (R) ∪ C of R is also Lie nilpotent of index n.     

Radical of submodules and symmetric algebra

A prime ideal of the symmetric algebra of an R-module N is associated to every prime submodule M ?N and this assignment is then used to obtain a new characterization of the radical of a submodule. Several applications of these results are also included.     

Subsets with Generalized Derivations Having Nilpotent Values on Lie Ideals

Let R be a prime ring, with no nonzero nil right ideal, Q the two-sided Martindale quotient ring of R, F a generalized derivation of R, L a noncommutative Lie ideal of R, and b ∈ Q. If, for any u, w ∈ L, there exists n = n(u, w) ≥1 such that (F(uw) ? bwu)ⁿ = 0, then one of the following statements holds:

1. F = 0 and b = 0;

2. R ? M₂(K), the ring of 2 × 2 matrices over a field K, b² = 0, and F(x) = ?bx, for all x ∈ R.

     

Saturations of Submodules

Abstract

Let N be a submodule of a module M over a commutative ring R such that M/N is finitely generated. It is shown that a submodule of M is a prime submodule minimal over N if and only if it is the saturation of N + pM for certain prime ideal p of R. The bearing of this result upon the M-radical of N is discussed.     

Differential rings and ore extensions: Brown-McCoy rings

We consider here a ringK, a derivationD ofK and the differential polynomial ringR=K[X;D]. The ringK is said to be a Brown-McCoy ring if the prime radical coincides with the Brown-McCoy radical in every homomorphic image ofK. AD-Brown-McCoy ring is defined in a similar way. We prove the following conditions are equivalent: (i)K is aD-Brown-McCoy ring; (ii)R is a Brown-McCoy ring and for every maximal idealM ofR,K/(MνK) is aD-simple ring with 1. In addition, we give some applications and examples on the study of the transfer of the property of being a Brown-McCoy ring betweenK andR. Further, we study the relation between the prime and theD-prime ideals of a differential intermediate extension of a liberal extension. This paper was supported by a fellowship awarded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil.     

Modules with Noetherian Spectrum

Let M be a module over a commutative ring R. A submodule P of M is called prime if P ≠ M and, whenever r ∈ R, e ∈ M, and re ∈ P, we have rM ? P or e ∈ P. We let Spec(M) denote the set of all prime submodules of M. Using a topology analogous to the Zariski topology for Spec(R), we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for Spec(M) to be a Noetherian space. We produce some examples of modules with Noetherian spectrum that have not appeared in the literature previously. In particular, Laskerian modules and faithfully flat modules over Laskerian rings have Noetherian spectra. (The term Laskerian is defined in Section 3.)     

Arithmetics of the numbers of orbits of the Fermat–Euler dynamical systems

Given positive integers a and n with (a,n)=1, we consider the Fermat–Euler dynamical system defined by the multiplication by a acting on the set of residues modulo n relatively prime to n. Given an integer M>1, the integers n for which the number of orbits of this dynamical system is a multiple of M form an ideal in the multiplicative semigroup of odd integers. We provide new results on the arithmetical properties of these ideals by using the topological properties of some directed graphs (the monads).      

Study on the Structure of Γ-Semihypergroups

In this article, we study Γ-semihypergroups introduced recently. We introduce the hyper versions of Green's relations in Γ-semihypergroups and give some related characterizations. We introduce the n-prime Γ-hyperideal and n-semiprime Γ-hyperideal of a Γ-semihypergroup and show that for any integer n ≥ 2, n-prime Γ-hyperideals are a generalization of prime Γ-ideals. We also give the relationship between n-prime Γ-hyperideals and Γ-hyperideal extensions in Γ-semihypergroups. Then, we deal with prime ideal and introduce the notion of prime radical in a Γ-semihypergroup M, and also, we obtain some results and relations among the prime radicals of M and S, where S is the left operator semihypergroup of M.     

{\sl M}-classification of Regular Semigroups

Abstract. On any regular semigroup S, the least group congruence σ, the greatest idempotent pure congruence τ and the least band congruence β are used to give the M -classification of regular semigroups as follows. These congruences generate a sublattice Λ of the congruence lattice C (S) of S. We consider the triples (Λ,K,T), where K and T are the restrictions of the K - and T -relations on {C (S) to Λ. Such triples are characterized abstractly and form the objects of a category M whose morphisms are surjective T -preserving homomorphisms subject to a mild condition. The class of regular semigroups is made into a category M whose morphisms are fairly restricted homomorphisms. The main result of the paper is the existence of a representative functor from M to M. Several properties of the classification of regular semigroups induced by this functor are established.     

Ideal Structure of Leavitt Path Algebras with Coefficients in a Unital Commutative Ring

For a (countable) graph E and a unital commutative ring R, we analyze the ideal structure of the Leavitt path algebra L _R (E) introduced by Mark Tomforde. We first modify the definition of basic ideals and then develop the ideal characterization of Mark Tomforde. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for the primeness and the primitivity of L _R (E), and we then determine prime graded basic ideals and left (or right) primitive graded ideals of L _R (E). In particular, when E satisfies Condition (K) and R is a field, they imply that the set of prime ideals and the set of primitive ideals of L _R (E) coincide.     

On congruence relations between the fundamental units of biquadratic fields

Given any distinct prime numbers p,q, and r satisfying certain simple congruence conditions, we display a congruence relation between the fundamental units for the biquadratic field , modulo a certain prime ideal of OK. This congruence in particular implies the validity of the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture formulated by Burns and Flach for the pair (h⁰(SpecK),Z[Gal(K/Q)]).     

Reduced multiplication modules

An R-module M is called a multiplication module if for each submodule N of M, N = IM for some ideal I of R. As defined for a commutative ring R, an R-module M is said to be reduced if the intersection of prime submodules of M is zero. The prime spectrum and minimal prime submodules of the reduced module M are studied. Essential submodules of M are characterized via a topological property. It is shown that the Goldie dimension of M is equal to the Souslin number of Spec(M)\mbox{\rm Spec}(M). Also a finitely generated module M is a Baer module if and only if Spec(M)\mbox{\rm Spec}(M) is an extremally disconnected space; if and only if it is a CS-module. It is proved that a prime submodule N is minimal in M if and only if for each x ∈ N, Ann(x) \not í (N:M).\mbox{\rm Ann}(x) \not \subseteq (N:M). When M is finitely generated; it is shown that every prime submodule of M is maximal if and only if M is a von Neumann regular module (VNM); i.e., every principal submodule of M is a summand submodule. Also if M is an injective R-module, then M is a VNM.