识别非均质油田无效注采井和层的数学模型

多层砂岩油藏注水开发后期,在油水井之间形成了储层高渗透通道,导致注入水沿高渗透通道做无效循环,油井产量下降.为改善注入水驱油效果,必须对无效注采井层实施调剖、堵水等措施,而有效识别无效注采井层是解决问题的关键.优选出了识别无效注采油水井和无效注采层位的判定指标,并建立了用于识别无效注采油水井和无效注采层位的模糊综合评判数学模型.     

识别低效循环井和层的数学模型

油田到了注水开发后期、高含水甚至特高含水开发阶段,由于地质和开发两方面的原因,在油水井之间形成了低效循环通道,导致注入水沿低效循环通道长期做无效或低效循环,油井产量下降.为改善注水开发效果达到稳油控水目的,有必要对低效循环井层实施调剖、封堵等措施,而有效识别低效循环井层是问题的关键.优选出了识别低效循环油水井和低效循环层位的判定指标,并建立了用于识别低效循环井层的模糊综合评判数学模型.     

识别低效循环井的模糊综合评判法及Matlab实现

我国大部分高渗透油田已进入高含水开发期,注入水低效、无效循环加剧.为改善注水开发效果,需要对低效无效循环井采取调剖堵水措施,因此识别低效循环井的方法尤为重要.依据模糊数学基本理论,结合油水井的静态指标和动态指标以及各项指标的权重建立了识别低效循环井的模糊综合评判数学模型.应用Matlab软件对评判模型进行求解,通过实例分析表明,评价方法简便、实用.     

纵向非均质性对海上稠油油田水驱油开发效果的影响研究

为兼顾生产成本与开发效果,海上稠油油田开发大多采用多层合采,层内和层间的差异对水驱开发效果影响显著,针对纵向非均质严重的问题,基于不同渗透率级差、不同平均渗透率,建立了反韵律下9种非均质物理模型,研究层内和层间非均质性对海上稠油油田水驱开发效果的影响.研究结果表明:对于层内非均质模型,渗透率级差对开发效果影响更大,平均渗透率相近时,级差越大,层内非均质性越强,注入水沿高渗透层突进,油层下部驱替效果越差,采出程度越低;层内均质层间非均质时,级差越大采出程度越低,高渗层段注入水形成优势通道抑制低渗透层吸水,高渗透层最高采收率达77.4%,低渗层采收率可低至0.7%,使油层上下部驱替效果相差较大;层内和层间都非均质时,分层开采的开发效果好于多层合采,各层采收率变化幅度与分层开采时差异较大;利用综合影响因子表征层内和层间非均质性的综合影响,其值为0.08时对应采出程度为41.48%,综合影响因子越高,纵向非均质性越强,采出程度越低.     

应用模糊综合评判方法识别水驱优势渗流通道井和层

在油田注水开发过程中,由于储层平面非均质性、流体非均质性及开发条件的影响,在平面上会出现注入水突进的情况.注水井中的注入水向不同方向驱油,推进往往是不均匀的,一般总有一个方向突进最快,且经过长期水洗之后,这个方向有可能发展成大孔道,形成水驱优势渗流通道.建立应用模糊综合评判方法识别水驱优势渗流通道井和层的数学模型,应用水驱优势渗流通道分析判定软件,对河南双河油田ⅦⅣ油组主力油层(Ⅷ1、Ⅳ1、4、5)274口井进行了实例计算,识别出水驱优势渗流通道油水井共97口,其中水井43口,油井54口,识别出14个水驱优势渗流层位.通过油藏工程和数值模拟方法进行了验证,表明运用综合评判方法识别水驱优势渗流通道井和层是一种客观有效的方法,评价方法计算方便,易于操作和推广.     

应用模糊综合评判方法识别低效循环井

在油田注水开发过程中,由于储层平面非均质性、流体非均质性及开发条件的影响,在平面上会出现注入水突进的情况.注水井中的注入水向不同方向驱油,推进往往是不均匀的,一般总有一个方向突进最快,且经过长期水洗之后,这个方向有可能发展成"水道",形成注入水的低效循环.建立了应用模糊综合评判方法识别低效循环井的数学模型,通过实例分析表明,运用综合评判方法识别低效循环井是一种客观有效的方法,该评价方法计算方便,易于操作和推广.     

稠油油藏提高采收率技术数值模拟研究

渤海地区具有十分丰富的稠油资源,其油藏储层胶结疏松、渗透率高、非均质性严重并且边底水活跃,水驱采收率较低.因此,必须采取调剖、堵水和降黏组合技术措施来进行稠油开发,与其它稠油开发措施相比较,稠油乳化降黏技术具有操作简便和经济性好等优点,其中强化分散体系由于其良好的乳化降黏性以及简易的注入工艺受到石油科技工作者的高度重视.为使稠油乳化降黏技术尽快投入矿场试验,针对渤海普通稠油油藏开发实际需求,以油藏工程理论为指导,以数值模拟方法为技术手段,以正交试验原理安排实验,以A油田B1井组为试验平台,对比了不同开发方式对目标井组开发效果的影响.结果表明,单独注入强化分散体系4个月以上增油效果要好于单独调剖,而调剖与注强化分散体系联合作用效果要明显高于单独调剖与单独注强化分散体系之和,达到了"1+1"大于2的功效;高低浓度注入优于单一浓度段塞;水井调剖和油井堵水会明显增加强化分散体系增油有效期和增油量,推荐水井采取"调剖+强化分散体系高低浓度交替注入"组合措施,油井采取"堵水+强化分散体系吞吐"组合措施。     

边底水油藏提高采收率技术效果数值模拟研究——以吐哈红南油田为例

红南油田属于边底水油藏,于1996年投入开发,以衰竭式开发为主.经历长期稳产及加密调整开发后,2008年开始边底水锥进速度加快,含油面积快速收缩,油田产量大幅递减,亟待采取应对技术措施.拟以油藏工程理论为指导,以数值模拟方法为技术手段,以正交试验原理安排实验方案,对比了衰竭式、注入井作业(包括空白水驱开发及注入井凝胶调驱后聚驱开发)及注入井-油井联合作业(即注入井-油井共同凝胶调驱后聚驱开发)等不同开发方式对目标井组开发效果的影响.结果表明,对于含水率较高的边底水油藏,衰竭式开发效果好于水驱的开发效果;聚合物凝胶可以很好地控制边底水锥进,增强驱油效果;与水井单独控制边底水锥进措施效果相比较,水井-油井联合作业可以取得更好的技术经济效果.     

稠油油藏高温盐析调剖的孔渗表征方法研究

深层高温油藏在开采过程中,由于近井地带压力变化剧烈,地层水蒸发致使结晶盐析出,进而导致储层孔隙度、渗透率降低.为研究稠油油藏高温盐析调剖的孔渗变化规律,根据盐类溶解/沉淀原理及储层孔隙度渗透率关系和填砂管模型高温盐析实验结果,建立了考虑地层水蒸发、水中氯化钠析出和储层孔渗变化的综合盐析模型.研究结果表明:随着堵剂注入量增加,封堵率快速上升并趋于稳定;实验温度在200~500℃之间氯化钠堵剂具有较好的封堵效果;盐析调堵方法可以有效封堵储层气窜通道,改良吸气剖面,提高周期采油量.最后用实验结果对数学模型进行拟合修正,得到稠油油藏高温盐析调剖的孔渗表征方法.     

补孔措施目标井层优选方法

油井补孔措施就是增加射开新的油层,是保证油井高产、油田持续开发的重要增产措施.而补孔措施效果好坏,主要取决于目标井层的选择是否合适.分析了影响油井补孔措施效果的因素,认为主要包括两方面共7个因素,一方面是井因素,包括全井含水率和全井日产油量共2个因素,另一方面是小层因素,包括小层渗透率、小层孔隙度、小层有效厚度、小层含油饱和度和小层地层压力共5个因素.在此基础上,建立了油井补孔措施目标井层优选方法,该方法以模糊数学为基础,通过综合评判对侯选井层打分,从而优选补孔措施目标井层.实际应用结果表明,利用该方法优选补孔措施目标井层,可靠性高,补孔措施实施后效果好.这种方法具有较高的学术与实用价值.     

Exact analytical solution of a generalized multiple moving boundary model of one-dimensional non-Darcy flow in heterogeneous multilayered low-permeability porous media with a threshold pressure gradient

A nonlinear generalized multiple moving boundary model of one-dimensional non-Darcy flow in heterogeneous multilayered low-permeability porous media with a threshold pressure gradient is constructed, in which the total rate of fluid injection into the porous media remains constant. The number of layers in the model can be arbitrary, and thus the generalized model will be very suitable for describing the one-dimensional non-Darcy flow characteristics in low-permeability reservoirs with strong heterogeneity. Through the similarity transformation method, the exact analytical solution of the multiple moving boundary model is obtained, and the formula for the subrate of fluid injection into every layer is provided. Moreover, it is strictly proved that the exact analytical solution can reduce to the solution of Darcy flow as the threshold pressure gradient in different layers simultaneously tends to zero. Through the exact analytical solution, the effects of the layer threshold pressure gradient, the layer permeability ratio, and the layer elastic storage ratio on the moving boundaries, the spatial pressure distributions, the transient pressure, and the layer subrate in low-permeability porous media are discussed. Through comparison of the exact analytical solutions, it is also demonstrated that incorporation of the multiple moving boundary conditions is very necessary in the modeling of non-Darcy flow in heterogeneous multilayered porous media with a threshold pressure gradient, especially when the threshold pressure gradient is large. In particular, an explicit formula is presented for estimating the relative error of the transient pressure introduced by ignoring the moving boundaries in the modeling. All in all, solid theoretical foundations are provided for non-Darcy flow problems in stratified reservoirs with a threshold pressure gradient. They can be very useful for strictly verifying numerical simulation results, and for giving some guidance for project design and optimization of layer production or injection during the development of heterogeneous low-permeability reservoirs and heavy oil reservoirs so as to enhance oil recovery.     

On Robust, Multi-Input Sliding-Mode Based Control with a State-Dependent Boundary Layer

This paper proposes a nonlinear multi-input control law using sliding mode concepts for continuous-time, uncertain, linear systems. The control law introduces a state-dependent layer around the sliding mode plane to remove chattering. This layer combines two types of boundary layers: a constant layer and a sector-shaped layer. The states will always enter the state-dependent boundary layer and the choice of the sliding mode will be seen to determine the ultimate system performance. A proof of stability shows ultimate boundedness. The controller is applied to a nonlinear simulation model of a cart-pendulum and exhibits a high degree of robustness. The new boundary layer in connection with a novel dynamically changing, state-dependent gain can be used to obtain a narrow boundary-layer shape in the operating region of interest. This permits rejection of disturbances without chattering of the control and improves on the performance expected of a sliding-mode control with constant boundary layer. Communicated by M. Simaan The first author would like to acknowledge the support from the European Commission TMR Grant, Project FMBICT983463.     

油田高含水期稳产措施配置多层目标规划

措施规划对于延长油田稳产年限 ,提高采油速度及提高最终采收率是十分必要的 .有些学者建立了油田稳产措施规划的整体或区块规划模型 ,但没有考虑实际油田生产各生产层系的地质特性和所采取措施的差别 .本文针对油田开发实际中存在多层现象 ,以区块的各个生产层为基础 ,建立了油田措施的多层目标规划模型 ,并采用合理的算法进行求解 .应用结果表明 ,多层目标规划使措施配置更精细 ,更能反映生产实际 ,是解决油田措施配置问题的一项有力工具     

Reserving consecutive layers of inwards excess-of-loss reinsurance

Consider an excess-of-loss reinsurance arranged in a number of layers. A loss reserve is required for each layer. There are two major reasons why the independent application of some conventional loss reserving technique to each layer is inappropriate. First, the experiences in different layers in respect of a particular treaty year will be linked; favourable or adverse experience in one layer is likely to be reflected in favourable or adverse experience in the next. Second, experience data will typically become sparse in the higher layers, rendering analysis in isolation from other layers relatively uninformative. The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the linkages between the loss experiences of different layers, and apply these to obtain linked loss reserves. A numerical example is provided.     

Generalized cauchy singular integral for the boundary values of two-dimensional flows in an anisotropic-inhomogeneous layer of a porous medium

We consider the main boundary value problems of two-dimensional stationary flows in an anisotropic-inhomogeneous layer with an arbitrary (not necessarily symmetric) permeability tensor. We present Cauchy integrals and Cauchy type integrals whose kernels can be expressed via the fundamental solutions of the main equations and have a hydrodynamic meaning. This permits one to develop the method of singular integral equations for solving two-dimensional boundary value problems. The considered problems can be used as mathematical models, in particular, for the extraction of fluids (water, oil) from natural layers of soil with complicated geological structure.     

Self-Similarity and the Evaluation of Long-Time Nonhydrostatic Effects in Compositionally Driven Gravity Flows in Deep Surroundings

In the study of compositionally driven gravity currents involving one or more homogeneous fluid layers, it has been customary to adopt the hydrostatic assumption for the pressure field in each layer which, in turn, leads to a depth‐independent horizontal velocity field in each of these layers and significant simplifications to the governing equations. Under this hydrostatic paradigm, each layer will then have its motion governed by the well‐known reduced dimension shallow‐water equations. For the so‐called ‐layer or reduced gravity shallow‐water equations, similarity solutions for fixed volume gravity currents released in rectangular geometry have been found. Very few attempts have been made to evaluate contributions arising from the possible loss of hydrostatic balance in the context of the problems treated using the classic shallow‐water approach. Where such attempts have been pursued, they have usually been carried out in a time‐independent context or using layer‐averaged equations and very small amplitude disturbances. The vast majority of these studies into nonhydrostatic effects do not include any relevant numerical work to assess these effects. In this paper, we develop an approach for evaluating nonhydrostatic contributions to the flow field for bottom gravity currents in deep surroundings and rectangular geometry. Our approach makes no assumptions on the amplitudes of the disturbances and does not depend on layer‐averaging in the governing equations. We seek asymptotic expansions of the solutions to the Euler equations for a shallow fluid by using the small parameter δ², where δ is the aspect ratio of the flow regime. At leading order the equations enforce hydrostatic balance while those obtained at first order retain certain nonhydrostatic effects which we evaluate. Our method for evaluation of these first‐order contributions employs the self‐similar nature of the solution to the leading‐order equations in the new first‐order equations without any vertical averaging procedures being employed.     

油井分层注水倍数计算方法

运用水井纵向劈分方法,对B-Z油田3口水井对应5个小层进行劈分,将与油井连通的各水井水量劈分到连通层位上.运用水井平面劈分方法,对上述各区水井劈分到各层的产水量劈分到该层与水井连通的油井上,将各水井水量劈分到同一油井相同层位上的水量累加得到与水井连通油井的注水量.运用劈分结果计算出B-Z油田水井射开层位的累积注水倍数,对油田后续开发调整提供理论依据.     

New bounds for stabilizing Hele–Shaw flows

We consider the problem of displacement processes in a three-layer fluid in a Hele–Shaw cell modeling enhanced processes of oil recovery by polymer flooding. The middle layer sandwiched between water and oil contains polymer-thickened water. We provide lower bounds on the length of the intermediate layer and on the amount of polymer in the middle layer for stabilizing the leading front to a specified level. We also provide an upper bound on the growth rate of instabilities for a given viscous profile of the middle layer.