共查询到10条相似文献,搜索用时 110 毫秒
1.
Stephen Morris 《International Journal of Game Theory》1999,28(3):385-408
Suppose we replace “knowledge” by “belief with probability p” in standard definitions of common knowledge. Very different notions arise depending on the exact definition of common knowledge
used in the substitution. This paper demonstrates those differences and identifies which notion is relevant in each of three
contexts: equilibrium analysis in incomplete information games, best response dynamics in incomplete information games, and
agreeing to disagree/no trade results. 相似文献
2.
Moshe Koppel 《Israel Journal of Mathematics》1985,50(3):207-218
Any sequence of events can be “explained” by any of an infinite number of hypotheses. Popper describes the “logic of discovery”
as a process of choosing from a hierarchy of hypotheses the first hypothesis which is not at variance with the observed facts.
Blum and Blum formalized these hierarchies of hypotheses as hierarchies of infinite binary sequences and imposed on them certain
decidability conditions. In this paper we also consider hierarchies of infinite binary sequences but we impose only the most
elementary Bayesian considerations. We use the structure of such hierarchies to define “confirmation”. We then suggest a definition
of probability based on the amount of confirmation a particular hypothesis (i.e. pattern) has received. We show that hypothesis
confirmation alone is a sound basis for determining probabilities and in particular that Carnap’s logical and empirical criteria
for determining probabilities are consequences of the confirmation criterion in appropriate limiting cases. 相似文献
3.
J. Sakalauskaitė 《Lithuanian Mathematical Journal》2007,47(3):266-276
In this paper, we consider branching time temporal logic CT L with epistemic modalities for knowledge (belief) and with awareness operators. These logics involve the discrete-time linear
temporal logic operators “next” and “until” with the branching temporal logic operator “on all paths”. In addition, the temporal
logic of knowledge (belief) contains an indexed set of unary modal operators “agent i knows” (“agent i believes”). In a language of these logics, there are awareness operators. For these logics, we present sequent calculi with
a restricted cut rule. Thus, we get proof systems where proof-search becomes decidable. The soundness and completeness for
these calculi are proved.
Published in Lietuvos Matematikos Rinkinys, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 328–340, July–September, 2007. 相似文献
4.
Recent contributions have questioned the meaningfulness of the Common Prior Assumption (CPA) in situations of incomplete
information. We characterize the CPA in terms of the primitives (individuals' belief hierarchies) without reference to an
ex ante stage. The key is to rule out “agreeing to disagree” about any aspect of beliefs. Our results also yield a generalization
of single-person Bayesian updating to situations without perfect recall. The entire analysis is carried out locally at the “true state”, using beliefs only, rather than beliefs-plus-knowledge. We discuss the role of truth assumptions on
beliefs for a satisfactory notion of the CPA, and point out an important conceptual discontinuity between the case of two
and many individuals. 相似文献
5.
Nikola Kompa 《Acta Analytica》2005,20(1):16-28
The basic idea of conversational contextualism is that knowledge attributions are context sensitive in that a given knowledge
attribution may be true if made in one context but false if made in another, owing to differences in the attributors’ conversational
contexts. Moreover, the context sensitivity involved is traced back to the context sensitivity of the word “know,” which,
in turn, is commonly modelled on the case either of genuine indexicals such as “I” or “here” or of comparative adjectives
such as “tall” or “rich.” But contextualism faces various problems. I argue that in order to solve these problems we need
to look for another account of the context sensitivity involved in knowledge attributions and I sketch an alternative proposal. 相似文献
6.
Aviad Heifetz 《International Journal of Game Theory》1993,21(4):329-338
In a game with incomplete information, a player may have beliefs about nature, about the other players' beliefs about nature, and so on, in an infinite hierarchy. We generalize a construction of Mertens & Zamir and show, that if nature is any Hausdorff space, and beliefs are regular Borel probability measures, then the space of all such infinite hierarchies of the players is a product of nature and the types of every player, where a type of a player is a belief about nature and the other players' types. 相似文献
7.
Andrej Ule 《Acta Analytica》2004,19(33):9-30
I analyze some classical solutions of the skeptical argument and some of their week points (especially the contextualist solution).
First I have proposed some possible improvement of the contextualist solution (the introduction of the explicit-implicit belief
and knowledge distinction beside the differences in the relevance of some counter-factual alternatives). However, this solution
does not block too fast jumps of the everyday context (where empirical knowledge is possible) into skeptical context (where
empirical knowledge is impossible). Then I analyze some formal analogies between some modal arguments on the contingency of
empirical facts (and the world as whole) and the skeptical arguments against empirical knowledge. I try to show that the skeptical
conclusion “Empirical knowledge does not exist” is logically coherent with the thesis that they are empirical facts and that
we have true belief on them. In order to do that without contradictions I have to accept a non-classical definition of knowledge:
S knows that p:= S is not justified to allow that non-p. Knowledge and justified allowance function here as some pseudo-theoretical
concepts which allow only some partial and conditional definitions by some “empirical” terms and logical conditions. 相似文献
8.
This column is a forum for discussion of mathematical communities throughout the world, and through all time. Our definition
of “mathematical community” is the broadest. We include “schools” of mathematics, circles of correspondence, mathematical
societies, student organizations, and informal communities of cardinality greater than one. What we say about the communities
is just as unrestricted. We welcome contributions from mathematicians of all kinds and in all places, and also from scientists,
historians, anthropologists, and others. 相似文献
9.
Marjorie Senechal 《Mathematical Intelligencer》2008,30(1):6-6
This column is a forum for discussion of mathematical communities throughout the world, and through all time. Our definition
of “mathematical community” is the broadest. We include “schools” of mathematics, circles of correspondence, mathematical
societies, student organizations, and informal communities of cardinality greater than one. What we say about the communities
is just as unrestricted. We welcome contributions from mathematicians of all kinds and in all places, and also from scientists,
historians, anthropologists, and others. 相似文献
10.
This column is a forum for discussion of mathematical communities throughout the world, and through all time. Our definition
of “mathematical community” is the broadest. We include “schools” of mathematics, circles of correspondence, mathematical
societies, student organizations, and informal communities of cardinality greater than one. What we say about the communities
is just as unrestricted. We welcome contributions from mathematicians of all kinds and in all places, and also from scientists,
historians, anthropologists, and others. 相似文献