An analytic derivation of admissible efficient frontier with borrowing

The admissible efficient portfolio selection problem for risky assets has been discussed by Zhang and Nie. In this paper, the admissible efficient portfolio model is proposed under the assumption that there exists the borrowing (money or a risk free asset) case. The admissible efficient frontiers are developed by the spreads of expected return and risk from admissible errors. The analytic forms of the admissible efficient frontiers when short sales are not allowed on all risky assets are derived from two cases: the borrowing with an upper bound constraint, or without an upper bound constraint. The influence on the admissible efficient frontier is explained under the different interest rates of the borrowing. The differences between the results with the borrowing and the results without the borrowing is revealed by a real numerical example.     

The efficient frontier for bounded assets

This paper develops a closed form solution of the mean-variance portfolio selection problem for uncorrelated and bounded assets when an additional technical assumption is satisfied. Although the assumption of uncorrelated assets is unduly restrictive, the explicit determination of the efficient asset holdings in the presence of bound constraints gives insight into the nature of the efficient frontier. The mean-variance portfolio selection problem considered here deals with the budget constraint and lower bounds or the budget constraint and upper bounds. For the mean-variance portfolio selection problem dealing with lower bounds the closed form solution is derived for two cases: a universe of only risky assets and a universe of risky assets plus an additional asset which is risk free. For the mean-variance portfolio selection problem dealing with upper bounds, the results presented are for a universe consisting only of risky assets. In each case, the order in which the assets are driven to their bounds depends on the ordering of their expected returns.     

协方差矩阵退化情形均值-CVaR模型的有效边界

本文利用CVaR方法代替方差或CVaR来度量风险,建立了均值-CVaR模型,首先利用等CVaR线的方法研究了包含无风险资产的均值-CVaR模型的有效边界,然后在无套利假设下研究了当风险资产的协方差矩阵是奇异时的均值-CVaR模型,并得到了正态情形下模型的有效边界及其解析表达式.     

Portfolio selection with a minimax measure in safety constraint

In this paper, we attempt to design a portfolio optimization model for investors who desire to minimize the variation around the mean return and at the same time wish to achieve better return than the worst possible return realization at every time point in a single period portfolio investment. The portfolio is to be selected from the risky assets in the equity market. Since the minimax portfolio optimization model provides us with the portfolio that maximizes (minimizes) the worst return (worst loss) realization in the investment horizon period, in order to safeguard the interest of investors, the optimal value of the minimax optimization model is used to design a constraint in the mean-absolute semideviation model. This constraint can be viewed as a safety strategy adopted by an investor. Thus, our proposed bi-objective linear programming model involves mean return as a reward and mean-absolute semideviation as a risk in the objective function and minimax as a safety constraint, which enables a trade off between return and risk with a fixed safety value. The efficient frontier of the model is generated using the augmented -constraint method on the GAMS software. We simultaneously solve the ratio optimization problem which maximizes the ratio of mean return over mean-absolute semideviation with same minimax value in the safety constraint. Subsequently, we choose two portfolios on the above generated efficient frontier such that the risk from one of them is less and the mean return from other portfolio is more than the respective quantities of the optimal portfolio from the ratio optimization model. Extensive computational results and in-sample and out-of-sample analysis are provided to compare the financial performance of the optimal portfolios selected by our proposed model with that of the optimal portfolios from the existing minimax and mean-absolute semideviation portfolio optimization models on real data from S&P CNX Nifty index.     

t-分布与不同风险度量下有效投资组合及其边缘的相互关系研究

In order to study the effect of different risk measures on the efficient portfolios (frontier) while properly describing the characteristic of return distributions in the stock market, it is assumed in this paper that the joint return distribution of risky assets obeys the multivariate t-distribution. Under the mean-risk analysis framework, the interrelationship of efficient portfolios (frontier) based on risk measures such as variance, value at risk (VaR), and expected shortfall (ES) is analyzed and compared. It is proved that, when there is no riskless asset in the market, the efficient frontier under VaR or ES is a subset of the mean-variance (MV) efficient frontier, and the efficient portfolios under VaR or ES are also MV efficient; when there exists a riskless asset in the market, a portfolio is MV efficient if and only if it is a VaR or ES efficient portfolio. The obtained results generalize relevant conclusions about investment theory, and can better guide investors to make their investment decision.     

STUDY ON THE INTERRELATION OF EFFICIENT PORTFOLIOS AND THEIR FRONTIER UNDER t DISTRIBUTION AND VARIOUS RISK MEASURES

In order to study the effect of different risk measures on the efficient portfolios (frontier) while properly describing the characteristic of return distributions in the stock market, it is assumed in this paper that the joint return distribution of risky assets obeys the multivari-ate t-distribution. Under the mean-risk analysis framework, the interrelationship of efficient portfolios (frontier) based on risk measures such as variance, value at risk (VaR), and expected shortfall (ES) is analyzed and compared. It is proved that, when there is no riskless asset in the market, the efficient frontier under VaR or ES is a subset of the mean-variance (MV) efficient frontier, and the efficient portfolios under VaR or ES are also MV efficient; when there exists a riskless asset in the market, a portfolio is MV efficient if and only if it is a VaR or ES efficient portfolio. The obtained results generalize relevant conclusions about investment theory, and can better guide investors to make their investment decision.     

A Portfolio Approach to Capital Budgeting: An Application to the Expansion to Additional Product Lines

The importance of the covariance of returns between capital assets is one of the basic principles of modern portfolio theory. An investor should seek capital assets which have negative covariance of returns, or if such capital assets are not available, capital assets with low covariance should be sought for a portfolio. From the variance-covariance structure of returns of the capital assets and the expected returns for each capital asset, a risk-reward trade-off or efficient frontier can be generated. The trade-off represents the minimum risk, as measured by portfolio variance, that could be incurred to realize a desired rate of return for the portfolio. This concept applies to a portfolio of capital budgeting projects as well as to a portfolio of securities. This paper demonstrates how this concept of portfolio diversification can be applied to a capital budgeting problem. The problem involves an actual problem faced by a U.S. distributor who must decide whether to expand sales into one of two industries. Quadratic programming is used to generate the risk-reward relationships and it is shown that the entry into one industry clearly provides a superior risk-reward relationship than entry into the other industry and compared to the company's present sales policy.     

STUDY ON THE INTERRELATION OF EFFICIENT PORTFOLIOS AND THEIR FRONTIER UNDER t DISTRIBUTION AND VARIOUS RISK MEASUREgS

In order to study the effect of different risk measures on the efficient portfolios （fron- tier） while properly describing the characteristic of return distributions in the stock market, it is assumed in this paper that the joint return distribution of risky assets obeys the multivariate t-distribution. Under the mean-risk analysis framework, the interrelationship of efficient portfolios （frontier） based on risk measures such as variance, value at risk （VaR）, and expected shortfall （ES） is analyzed and compared. It is proved that, when there is no riskless asset in the market, the efficient frontier under VaR or ES is a subset of the mean-variance （MV） efficient frontier, and the efficient portfolios under VaR or ES are also MV efficient; when there exists a riskless asset in the market, a portfolio is MV efficient if and only if it is a VaR or ES efficient portfolio. The obtained results generalize relevant conclusions about investment theory, and can better guide investors to make their investment decision.     

限制卖空证券组合有效边缘的灵敏度分析

本文利用参数二次规划对偶性理论讨论了限制卖空的证券组合有效边缘的性质。分析的结果表明：有限制卖空的证券组合的有效边缘是一条连续的、凸的、分片二次函数连接而成的曲线。应用三元分割技术可以得到,在可选择证券空间上,有些证券从不会作为投资选择的对象。     

Non-separation in the mean–lower-partial-moment portfolio optimization problem

With a number of advantages, lower partial moments (LPM) serve as alternatives to variance as measures of portfolio risk. For two specific targets, a separation property holds in the context of mean–LPM portfolio optimization that allows investors to separate the decision about investment proportions among risky assets from the decision about how much to invest in risky versus risk-free assets. For other targets, however, separation is not guaranteed, and this case has not received much attention in the literature. We show in the case of non-separation that investment curves are not common to all optimizing investors, but that they are convex in (mean, LPM) space and their lower envelope is the efficient frontier. We consider the interesting behavior of investment curves and optimal risky portfolios. We also show empirically that an investor who mistakenly assumes separation holds will not experience significant excess portfolio risk in all practical cases.     

基于高频波动率模型与R-vine copula的行业资产组合风险测度研究

相较于低频波动率模型,高频波动率模型在单资产的波动和风险预测中均取得了更好效果,因此如何将高频波动率模型引入组合风险分析具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文以沪深300指数中的6种行业高频数据为例,运用滚动时间窗技术建立9类已实现波动率异质自回归(HAR-RV-type)模型刻画行业指数波动,同时使用R-vine copula模型描述行业资产间相依结构,进一步结合均值-CVaR模型优化行业资产组合投资比例,构建组合风险的预期损失模型,并通过返回测试比较不同风险模型的精度差异。研究结果表明:将HAR族高频波动率模型引入组合风险分析框架,能够有效预测行业资产组合风险状况;高频波动率预测的准确性将进而影响组合风险测度效果,跳跃、符号跳跃变差以及符号正向、负向跳跃变差均有助于提高行业组合风险的预测精度。     

Simultaneous pursuit of out-of-sample performance and sparsity in index tracking portfolios

Index tracking is a passive investment strategy in which a fund (e.g., an ETF: exchange traded fund) manager purchases a set of assets to mimic a market index. The tracking error, i.e., the difference between the performances of the index and the portfolio, may be minimized by buying all the assets contained in the index. However, this strategy results in a considerable transaction cost and, accordingly, decreases the return of the constructed portfolio. On the other hand, a portfolio with a small cardinality may result in poor out-of-sample performance. Of interest is, thus, constructing a portfolio with good out-of-sample performance, while keeping the number of assets invested in small (i.e., sparse). In this paper, we develop a tracking portfolio model that addresses the above conflicting requirements by using a combination of L0- and L2-norms. The L2-norm regularizes the overdetermined system to impose smoothness (and hence has better out-of-sample performance), and it shrinks the solution to an equally-weighted dense portfolio. On the other hand, the L0-norm imposes a cardinality constraint that achieves sparsity (and hence a lower transaction cost). We propose a heuristic method for estimating portfolio weights, which combines a greedy search with an analytical formula embedded in it. We demonstrate that the resulting sparse portfolio has good tracking and generalization performance on historic data of weekly and monthly returns on the Nikkei 225 index and its constituent companies.     

不完全市场中动态资产分配

在不完全市场条件下,通过确定方差-最优鞅测度,给出了动态均值-方差有效策略和有效前沿的解析表达式．动态均值-方差有效策略是二基金的买入-持有策略．基金一仅投资于无风险资产,基金二是动态调整的投资组合．应用资产的动态参数清楚地刻画了投资者持有二基金的数量和二基金的动态投资组合．并且证明了均值-方差有效前沿在期望收益-标准差空间是直线．     

基于集成学习的在线高维投资组合策略

文章结合机器学习中的交叉验证、在线学习和集成学习方法,对基于不同高维协方差估计量的投资策略权重进行动态组合,以获得优于传统投资组合策略的样本外表现.基于这一目标,文章对机器学习中比较前沿的在线加权集成(online weighted ensemble,OWE)算法的样本更新方式、学习模型和目标函数进行了替换和修改,改进后的mixed-OWE算法能够更好地适用于多组合的动态混合策略投资.通过数值模拟,文章将mixed-OWE应用在基于二次效用目标函数的投资问题上,结果表明其样本外表现优于传统静态方法.随后,文章进一步使用A股近10年的数据作为样本对mixed-OWE进行了全局最小方差组合投资,经过一定的参数调整后,mixed-OWE策略实现的组合方差优于其成分组合以及等权重组合.     

共同基金和无风险资产投资的最优策略

利用均值-方差模型,分析了非线性交易成本下的共同基金与无风险资产投资组合的有效边界和在一般的效用函数下讨论了投资者的最优投资策略.     

含有资本结构因子、交易成本和风险偏好的模糊最优化投资模型

建立了含有资本结构因子、交易成本和风险偏好的模糊最优化投资模型,在允许卖空条件下,给出最优投资策略及有效边界;在不允许卖空条件下,给出了确定其有效边界的算法,并分析了风险偏好、无风险利率和交易成本对有效边界的影响,最后通过示例进行了分析.     

跳扩散市场投资组合研究

研究了连续时间动态均值-方差投资组合选择问题.假设风险资产价格服从跳跃-扩散过程且具有卖空约束.投资者的目标是在给定期望终止时刻财富条件下,最小化终止时刻财富的方差.通过求解模型相应的Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellmen方程,得到了最优投资策略及有效前沿的显示解.结果显示,风险资产的卖空约束及价格过程的跳跃因素对最优投资策略及有效前沿的是不可忽略的.     

Portfolio optimization based on downside risk: a mean-semivariance efficient frontier from Dow Jones blue chips

To create efficient funds appealing to a sector of bank clients, the objective of minimizing downside risk is relevant to managers of funds offered by the banks. In this paper, a case focusing on this objective is developed. More precisely, the scope and purpose of the paper is to apply the mean-semivariance efficient frontier model, which is a recent approach to portfolio selection of stocks when the investor is especially interested in the constrained minimization of downside risk measured by the portfolio semivariance. Concerning the opportunity set and observation period, the mean-semivariance efficient frontier model is applied to an actual case of portfolio choice from Dow Jones stocks with daily prices observed over the period 2005–2009. From these daily prices, time series of returns (capital gains weekly computed) are obtained as a piece of basic information. Diversification constraints are established so that each portfolio weight cannot exceed 5 per cent. The results show significant differences between the portfolios obtained by mean-semivariance efficient frontier model and those portfolios of equal expected returns obtained by classical Markowitz mean-variance efficient frontier model. Precise comparisons between them are made, leading to the conclusion that the results are consistent with the objective of reflecting downside risk.     

证券数增加情形下证券组合有效边缘特征灵敏度分析

本文较为详细地讨论了当证券市场不存在无风险收益证券且允许卖空时证券数的增加对 M-V证券组合有效边缘及其特征的影响 ,给出了有效边缘、渐近线斜率、全局最小方差证券组合及其协方差、最小方差证券组合的投资权数等的变化模式