An integral operator connected with the Helmholtz equation

Let Lu be the integral operator defined by $\text{(L}{}_{\mathrm{k?}}\text{)(x, y) = ∝ s ∝ ?(x′, y′)(}\text{e}{}^{\mathrm{ik?}}\text{?}\text{) dx′ dy′, (x, y) ? S}$ where S is the interior of a smooth, closed Jordan curve in the plane, k is a complex number with Re k ? 0, Im k ? 0, and ?² = (x ?x′)² + (y ? y′)². We define $\text{q(x, y) = [}\text{dist}\text{((x, y), ?S)]}\text{1}\text{2}\text{, (x, y) ? S; L}{}_2\text{(q, S) = {? : ∝ s ∝ ¦ ?(x, y)¦}{}^2\text{q(x, y) dx dy < ∞}; W}{}_2{}^1\text{(q, S) = {? : ? ? L}{}_2\text{(q, S),}\text{??}\text{?x}\text{,}\text{?f}\text{?y}\text{? L}{}_2\text{(q, S)}}$, where in the definition of W₂¹(q, S) the derivatives are taken in the sense of distributions. We prove that L_k is a continuous 1-l mapping of L₂(q, S) onto W₂¹(q, S).     

Une condition suffisante d'existence d'un circuit hamiltonien dans un graphe oriente

In this article we prove that a sufficient condition for an oriented strongly connected graph with n vertices to be Hamiltonian is: (1) for any two nonadjacent vertices x and y

$\text{d}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{(x)+d}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{(x)+d}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{(y)+d}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{(y)?sn?1}$

.     

Lp estimates for the wave equation

Let u(x, t) be the solution of u_tt ? Δ_xu = 0 with initial conditions $\text{u(x, 0) = g(x)}\text{and}\text{u}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{(x, 0) = ?;(x)}$. Consider the linear operator $\text{T: ?; → u(x, t)}$. (Here g = 0.) We prove for t fixed the following result. Theorem 1: T is bounded in L^p if and only if . Theorem 2: If the coefficients are variables in C and constant outside of some compact set we get: (a) If n = 2k the result holds for $\text{¦ p}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{? 2}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{¦ < (n ? 1)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$. (b) If n = 2k ? 1, the result is valid for $\text{¦ p}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{? 2}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{¦ ? (n ? 1)}$. This result are sharp in the sense that for p such that $\text{¦ p}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{? 2}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{¦ > (n ? 1)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$ we prove the existence of $\text{?; ? L}{}^{\mathrm{P}}$ in such a way that $\text{T?; ? L}{}^{\mathrm{P}}$. Several applications are given, one of them is to the study of the Klein-Gordon equation, the other to the completion of the study of the family of multipliers $\text{m(ξ) = ψ(ξ) e}{}^{\mathrm{i¦\xi ¦}}\text{¦ ξ ¦}{}^{\mathrm{?b}}$ and finally we get that the convolution against the kernel $\text{K(x) = ?(x)(1 ? ¦ x ¦)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$ is bounded in H¹.     

A classifying invariant of knots,the knot quandle

The two operations of conjugation in a group, $\text{x?y=y}{}^{-1}\text{xy}$ and $\text{x?}{}^{-1}\text{y=yxy}{}^{-1}$ satisfy certain identities. A set with two operations satisfying these identities is called a quandle. The Wirtinger presentation of the knot group involves only relations of the form y^-1xy=z and so may be construed as presenting a quandle rather than a group. This quandle, called the knot quandle, is not only an invariant of the knot, but in fact a classifying invariant of the knot.     

An algorithm for the electromagnetic scattering due to an axially symmetric body with an impedance boundary condition

Let B be a body in R³ and let S denote the boundary of B. The surface S is described by $\text{S = {(x, y, z): (x}{}^2\text{+ y}{}^2\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= f(z), ?1 ? z ? 1}}$, where f is an analytic function that is real and positive on (?1, 1) and f(±1) = 0. An algorithm is described for computing the scattered field due to a plane wave incident field, under Leontovich boundary conditions. The Galerkin method of solution used here leads to a block diagonal matrix involving 2M + 1 blocks, each block being of order 2(2N + 1). If, e.g., N = O(M²), the computed scattered field is accurate to within an error bounded by $\text{Ce}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?cN</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$, where C and c are positive constants depending only on f.     

The optimal solution to the problem of complex extrapolation of a first-order scheme

Given the linear stationary first-order iterative scheme $\text{x(}{}^{\mathrm{m+1}}\text{= Tx(}{}^{\mathrm{m}}\text{+ c}$ for the solution of the linear complex system (I ? T)x = c, its extrapolated complex scheme $\text{x(}{}^{\mathrm{m+1}}\text{) = T}{}_{\mathrm{\omega }}\text{x(}{}^{\mathrm{m}}\text{) + ωc [T}{}_{\mathrm{\omega }}\text{≡ (1 ? ω)I + ωT]}$ is considered. The problem which is studied and solved is that of determining an optimum value for ω, over the set of complex numbers, such that the extrapolated scheme considered converges asymptotically as fast as possible.     

On the probability that k positive integers are relatively prime II

Given a set S of positive integers let $\text{Z}{}_{\mathrm{k}}{}^{\mathrm{S}}\text{(t)}$ denote the number of k-tuples 〈m₁, …, m_k〉 for which $\text{m}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{∈ S ? [1, t]}$ and (m₁, …, m_k) = 1. Also let $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{k}}{}^{\mathrm{S}}\text{(n)}$ denote the probability that k integers, chosen at random from $\text{S ? [1, n]}$, are relatively prime. It is shown that if P = {p₁, …, p_r} is a finite set of primes and S = {m : (m, p₁ … p_r) = 1}, then $\text{Z}{}_{\mathrm{k}}{}^{\mathrm{S}}\text{(t) = (td(S))}{}^{\mathrm{k}}\text{Π}{}_{\mathrm{\nu ?P}}\text{(1 ?}\text{1}\text{p}{}^{\mathrm{k}}\text{) + O(t}{}^{\mathrm{k?1}}\text{)}$ if k ≥ 3 and $\text{Z}{}_2{}^{\mathrm{S}}\text{(t) = (td(S))}{}^2\text{Π}{}_{\mathrm{p?P}}\text{(1 ?}\text{1}\text{p}{}^2\text{) + O(t}\text{log}\text{t)}$ where d(S) denotes the natural density of S. From this result it follows immediately that $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{k}}{}^{\mathrm{S}}\text{(n) → Π}{}_{\mathrm{p?P}}\text{(1 ?}\text{1}\text{p}{}^{\mathrm{k}}\text{) = (ζ(k))}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{Π}{}_{\mathrm{p\in P}}\text{(1 ?}\text{1}\text{p}{}^{\mathrm{k}}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$ as n → ∞. This result generalizes an earlier result of the author's where $\text{P = ?}$ and S is then the whole set of positive integers. It is also shown that if S = {p₁^x₁ … p_r^x_r : x_i = 0, 1, 2,…}, then $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{k}}{}^{\mathrm{S}}\text{(n) → 0}$ as n → ∞.     

Inequalities concerning numbers of subsets of a finite set

Let S(n) denote the set of subsets of an n-element set. For an element x of S(n), let Γx and Px denote, respectively, all (|x| ?1)-element subsets of x and all (|x| + 1)-element supersets of x in S(n). Several inequalities involving Γ and P are given. As an application, an algorithm for finding an x-element antichain $\text{X}{}^1$ in S(n) satisfying $\text{| YX}{}^1\text{| ? | YX |}$ for all x-element antichains X in S(n) is developed, where YX is the set of all elements of S(n) contained in an element of X. This extends a result of Kleitman [9] who solved the problem in case x is a binomial coefficient.     

The torsion group of a field defined by radicals

Let $\text{L}\text{F}$ be a finite separable extension, $\text{L}{}^1\text{= L{0}}$, and $\text{T(}\text{L}{}^1\text{F}{}^1\text{)}$ the torsion subgroup of $\text{L}{}^1\text{F}{}^1$. When $\text{L}\text{F}$ is an abelian extension $\text{T(}\text{L}{}^1\text{F}{}^1\text{)}$ is explicitly determined. This information is used to study the structure of $\text{T(}\text{L}{}^1\text{F}{}^1\text{)}$. In particular, $\text{T(}\text{F(α)}{}^1\text{F}{}^1\text{)}$ when a^m = a ∈ F is explicitly determined.     

A variant of inclusion-exclusion on semilattices

Let (S,∪) be a finite join-semilattice and (D, ∨, ∧) be a distributive lattice. Let $\text{?:S→D}$ be a map satisfying $\text{?(x ∪ y) ? ?(x) ∧ ?(y)}$ for each x and y in S. Then for any valuation v on D the following identity holds.

$\text{v}\text{?}\text{xυS}\text{f(x)}\text{=}\text{∑}\text{cυC}\text{(?1)}{}^{\mathrm{l(c)}}\text{v}\text{?}\text{xυc}\text{f(x)}$

where C is the set of all chains in S and l(c) denotes the length of a chain c. Also the theorem can be dualized.     

Integral transforms of analytic functions on abstract Wiener spaces

Let (H, B) be an abstract Wiener pair and p_t the Wiener measure with variance t. Let $\text{E}$_a be the class of exponential type analytic functions defined on the complexification [B] of B. For each pair of nonzero complex numbers α, β and f ? $\text{E}$_a, we define

$\text{F}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha ,\beta }}\text{f(y)=}\text{∫}\text{B}\text{f(αx+βy)p}{}_1\text{(dx) (y ?[B]).}$

We show that the inverse $\text{F}$_α,β^?1 exists and there exist two nonzero complex numbers α′,β′ such that

. Clearly, the Fourier-Wiener transform, the Fourier-Feynman transform, and the Gauss transform are special cases of $\text{F}$_α,β. Finally, we apply the transform to investigate the existence of solutions for the differential equations associated with the operator $\text{N}$_c, where c is a nonzero complex number and $\text{N}$_c is defined by

$\text{N}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{u(x)=?Δu(x)+c(x,Du(x))}$

where Δ is the Laplacian and (·, ·) is the $\text{B-B}{}^1$ pairing. We show that the solutions can be represented as integrals with respect to the Wiener measure.     

Determination of the conductivity of an isotropic medium

The positive but unknow coefficient a(y) in the partial differential equation $\text{a(y)}\text{?}{}^2\text{u}\text{?x}{}^2\text{+}\text{?}\text{?y(a(y)}\text{?u}\text{?y}\text{) = 0}\text{in}\text{0 < x, y < 1}$ is determined from a mixture of Dirichlet and Neumann data together with the additional specification of the “flux”: $\text{a(y)}\text{?u}\text{?x(0, y)}\text{= g(y)}$.     

Infinite-variate wide-sense Markov processes and functional analysis for bounded operator-forming vectors

Let p, q be arbitrary parameter sets, and let $\text{H}$ be a Hilbert space. We say that x = (xⁱ)_i?q, xⁱ ? $\text{H}$, is a bounded operator-forming vector (?$\text{H}$_F^q) if the Gram matrix 〈x, x〉 = [(xⁱ, x^j)]_i?q,j?q is the matrix of a bounded (necessarily ≥ 0) operator on $\text{l}{}_{\mathrm{q}}{}^2$, the Hilbert space of square-summable complex-valued functions on q. Let A be p × q, i.e., let A be a linear operator from $\text{l}{}_{\mathrm{q}}{}^2$ to $\text{l}{}_{\mathrm{p}}{}^2$. Then exists a linear operator ǎ from (the Banach space) $\text{H}$_F^q to $\text{H}$_F^p on $\text{D}$(A) = {x:x ? $\text{H}$_F^q, $\text{A〈x, x〉}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ is p × q bounded on $\text{l}{}_{\mathrm{q}}{}^2$} such that y = ǎx satisfies y^j?σ(x) = {space spanned by the xⁱ}, 〈y, x〉 = A〈x, x〉 and $\text{〈y, y〉 = A〈x, x〉}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(A〈x, x〉}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^1$. This is a generalization of our earlier [J. Multivariate Anal.4 (1974), 166–209; 6 (1976), 538–571] results for the case of a spectral measure concentrated on one point. We apply these tools to investigate q-variate wide-sense Markov processes.     

On the exponential map of classical Lie groups and linear differential systems with periodic coefficients

Let X and Y be Banach spaces, $\text{?: X → Y}{}^1\text{and}\text{P: X → Y}$; P is said to be strongly ?-accretive if $\text{〈Px ? Py, ?(x ? y)〉 ? c ¦|x ? y¦|}{}^2$ for some c > 0 and each x,y?X. These mappings constitute a generalization simultaneously of monotone mappings ($\text{when}\text{Y = X}{}^1$) and accretive mappings (when Y = X). By applying a theorem of 1. Ekeland, it is shown that a localized class of these mappings must be surjective under appropriate geometric assumptions on $\text{Y}{}^1$ and continuity assumptions on P. The results generalize two theorems of F. E. Browder and the proofs further refine the methodology for dealing with such mappings.     

An infinite class of generalized room squares

A generalized Room square $\text{G}$ of order n and degree k is an ${}^{\mathrm{n?1}}{}^{\mathrm{k?1}}\text{×}{}^{\mathrm{n?1}}{}^{\mathrm{k?1}}$ array, each cell of which is either empty or contains an unordered k-tuple of a set S, |S| = n, such that each row and each column of the array contains each element of S exactly once and $\text{G}$ contains each unordered k-tuple of S exactly once. Using a class of Steiner systems and a generalized Room square of order 18 and degree 3 constructed by ad hoc methods, an infinite class of degree 3 squares is constructed.