两层次延期支付且具有随机缺陷率产品的订购策略

传统的经济订货批量模型通常假设产品质量完好无损,但由于自然灾害、运输破损等不确定因素,因而实际情况非常少见,另外考虑了两层次延期支付,其中供货商提供给批发商延期支付期策略,同样批发商提供给零售商延期支付策略,建立了在商业信用条件下具有随机缺陷率产品的库存决策模型,然后得出批发商在不同情况下的最优订货周期、订购数量的简单判定方法.最后,通过算例说明了所得结论,并分析了参数变化对模型最优解的影响.     

等级信用支付策略下变质性产品的库存优化模型

基于两层次和等级信用支付策略构建了变质性产品的库存模型，即模型假设上游供应商给予下游零售商一个固定的信用支付期，同时零售商对客户实施带有等级区别的信用支付策略。零售商给予信用好的客户全额贸易信贷且不需要任何押金，相反对信用不好的客户不给予贸易信贷的优惠。讨论了模型最优解的存在性与唯一性，并提供了寻求系统最优订货策略的简单方法。最后，给出了具体数值算例和主要参数的灵敏度分析。     

二层信用支付下顾客细分的库存模型

已有的二层信用支付的库存模型忽略了顾客的个体特征[1-10].在实际销售过程中,零售商常根据顾客的需求量不同实行不同的销售策略.为研究零售商根据顾客的年需求量不同给予不同的信用期的库存问题,以零售商的平均相关成本的最小化为目标建立相应的数学模型.文中分析了最优订货周期的存在性.最后,用数值例子来说明本模型.     

基于二层信用策略的两货栈库存模型

假设供应商向零售商提供信用支付期的同时,零售商也向顾客提供信用支付期,研究了两货栈的变质物品库存模型,并讨论了模型最优解的唯一性,最后给出了最优订购策略的算法步骤与数值例子.     

二层信用策略下部分延期支付的多物品EPQ模型

基于二层信用策略的EPQ模型中,绝大多数的模型是考虑单物品的情形,由于需求的多样性,多物品库存模型越来越受库存管理者的关注.在二层信用条件下,假设零售商仅提供给它的顾客部分货款延期支付,建立了部分延期支付的多物品EPQ模型,并证明了模型存在唯一的最优解,最后给出数值例子验证模型的有效性.     

两货栈及延期支付和现金折扣情形下变质产品的最优订货策略

已有的两货栈库存模型通常不考虑将延期支付和现金折扣相结合的情形,但实际上,供应商在给予销售商延期支付政策的同时,也会实施现金折扣策略以激励销售商尽快付款,加快资金周转,减少坏账损失。为此,本文建立了延期支付和现金折扣情形下变质产品的两货栈库存模型,并对模型的最优解进行理论分析,给出了最优解的求解步骤。最后通过数值算例对模型的可行性进行了验证,并分析了模型参数变化对最优订货策略和最优付款时间的影响。     

基于信用支付和现金折扣的变质物品库存模型

本文在供应商提供给零售商定期信用支付和现金折扣情况下,研究了零售商的变质物品最优库存问题。基于信用支付和现金折扣的两种支付条件下,分四种情况建立库存模型,并给出了寻求变质物品最优订购周期和最优付款时间的有效算法。最后,给出算例以及最优解,以说明本模型及求解过程。     

弹性需求下可控提前期供应链库存优化的信用期机制

研究了弹性需求下可控提前期供应链库存优化的信用期机制,在一个固定订货间隔期模型中,假设需求与价格相依,且提前期可以通过额外的赶工成本进行压缩的情况下,分别考虑了买卖双方合作和不合作情形下的最优定价、订货和信用期决策.最后通过数值分析进行验证,并建立Nash协商模型进行利益分配.     

基于二层信用支付的变质物品库存模型

基于时变需求的库存问题一直是库存管理者关注的重点之一,大多数基于二层信用支付的库存模型都是假设需求率为常数.假设需求率是时间的指数函数,建立了二层信用支付条件下的变质物品库存模型,并证明了最优解是存在且唯一的,给出了确定最优补货策略的算法步骤,最后通过数值例子对主要参数进行了灵敏度分析.     

需求受库存影响下具有固定保质期物品的最优订货策略

带有固定保质期物品的订货是供应链终端销售系统的一个重要决策问题,假设需求依赖库存展示水平并考虑"后进先出"的销售策略而建立了相应的库存决策模型,其中物品在固定保质期内仍具有常数的变质速率.然后以系统平均利润最大化为目标讨论了模型最优解的存在性及唯一性,并提供了寻求模型整体最优解的简单方法.最后给出应用实例,并分析了模型参数变化对最优订货策略的影响.     

EOQ under Date-terms Supplier Credit

This paper examines EOQ under date-terms supplier credit, making explicit the separate effects on inventory policy of the two components of carrying cost-namely, financing cost and other variable holding costs. When a distinction between these types of holding costs is made, EOQ can no longer be expressed as a simple formula. Rather, optimal order quantity must be determined by search over a well-defined range of order quantities which encompasses the classical EOQ. The conclusion currently contained in the literature that the optimal order quantity under date terms is always given by an integer multiple of monthly demands no longer applies. In particular, a unique feature of date-terms credit is the possible existence of multiple EOQs.     

The optimal ordering policy of the EOQ model under trade credit depending on the ordering quantity from the DCF approach

This paper discusses the optimum order quantity of the EOQ model that is not only dependent on the inventory policy but also on firm’ credit policy. Here, the conditions of using a discounted cash-flows (DCF) approach and trade credit depending on the quantity ordered are discussed. We consider that if the order quantity is less than at which the delay in payments is permitted, the payment for the item must be made immediately. Otherwise, the fixed trade credit period is permitted.     

损耗性物品信用交易下的斯坦博格库存模型

目前众多的信用交易模型是在供应商给定的信用交易期限条件下，零售商确定最优订购数量或订购周期，而很少考虑供应商信用交易策略的制定问题。本文针对损耗性物品，在最终需求为价格的线性函数条件下，利用斯坦博格博弈模型给出了信用交易下供应商信用交易策略的制定和零售商的最优订购决策，最后通过算例对模型进行了验证。     

An incentive-compatible solution for trade credit term incorporating default risk

This paper studies the optimal trade credit term decision in an extended economic ordering quantity (EOQ) framework that incorporates a default risk component. A principal-agent bilevel programming model with costs minimization objectives is set up to derive the incentive-compatible credit term. The supplier determines the credit term as the leader in the first level programming, by balancing her/his financing capacity with the retailer’s default risk, order behavior and cost shifting. At the second level, the retailer makes decisions on ordering and payment time by reacting on the term offered by the supplier. A first order condition solution procedure is derived for the bilevel programming when credit term is confined within the practically feasible interval. Two key results are obtained – the condition to derive incentive-compatible credit term, and an equation system to derive threshold default risk criterion filtering retailers suitable for credit granting. Numerical experiments show that the capital cost of the supplier is the most important factor determining the credit term. Default risk acts like a filtering criterion for selecting retailers suitable for credit granting. Empirical evidence supporting our theoretical considerations is obtained by estimating three panel econometric models, using a dataset from China’s listed companies.     

The EOQ with defective items and partially permissible delay in payments linked to order quantity derived algebraically

Most researchers established their inventory lot-size models under trade credit financing by assuming that the supplier offers the retailer fully permissible delay in payments and the products received are all non-defective. However, in the real business environment, it often can be observed that the supplier offers the retailer a fully permissible delay in payments only when the order quantity is greater than or equal to the predetermined quantity Q _d . In addition, an arriving order lot usually contains some defective items due to imperfect production processes or other factors. To capture this reality, the paper extends Huang (2007) economic order quantity (EOQ) model with partially permissible delay in payments to consider defective items. We formulate the proposed problem as a profit maximization EOQ model in which the replenishment cycle time is the decision variable. Then we use the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality approach to determine the optimal solution under various situations. An algorithm to obtain the optimal solution is also provided. Finally, the numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the results.     

The EOQ model with defective items and partially permissible delay in payments linked to order quantity derived analytically in the supply chain management

A lot of researchers develop their inventory models under trade credit by assuming that the supplier offers the retailer fully permissible delay in payments and the products received are all non-defective. However, from the viewpoint of practice, it can often be found that the supplier offers the retailer a fully permissible delay in payments only when the order quantity is greater than or equal to the specific quantity. Furthermore, the products received usually contain some defective items. This paper establishes the EOQ model with defective items and partially permissible delay in payments linked to order quantity. It also uses the rigorous method of mathematics to derive the solution procedure to locate the optimal solution. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate all theoretical results in this paper.     

Some modified mathematical analytic derivations of the annual total relevant cost of the inventory model with two levels of trade credit in the supply chain system

Several recent studies in supply chain system and related areas explored various economic order quantity (EOQ) models for noninstantaneous deteriorating items with imperfect quality and trade credit financing. In particular, in the year 2007, Teng et al investigated an EOQ model in which the supplier offers the retailer the permissible delay period M and the retailer, in turn, provides the trade credit period N (with ) to his/her customers. The main purpose of this article is twofold: (a) It modifies the annual total relevant cost TVC(T) in the study of Teng et al and presents the correct derivations of TVC(T) by applying mathematical analytic tools and techniques. (b) It exposes some logical and mathematical problems in the proof of Theorem 1 in Teng et al. It also corrects and overcomes all of the errors and shortcomings by systematically presenting the complete and mathematical solution procedures in order to locate all optimal solutions for the model in Teng et al.     

An EOQ model for deteriorating items under trade credits

In the classical inventory economic order quantity (or EOQ) model, it was assumed that the supplier is paid for the items immediately after the items are received. However, in practices, the supplier may simultaneously offer the customer: (1) a permissible delay in payments to attract new customers and increase sales, and (2) a cash discount to motivate faster payment and reduce credit expenses. In this paper, we provide the optimal policy for the customer to obtain its minimum cost when the supplier offers not only a permissible delay but also a cash discount. We first establish a proper model, and then characterize the optimal solution and provide an easy-to-use algorithm to find the optimal order quantity and replenishment time. Furthermore, we also compare the optimal order quantity under supplier credits to the classical economic order quantity. Finally, several numerical examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results.     

Retailer’s optimal ordering policy for deteriorating items with maximum lifetime under supplier’s trade credit financing

Many products such as fruits, vegetables, pharmaceuticals, volatile liquids, and others not only deteriorate continuously due to evaporation, obsolescence, spoilage, etc. but also have their expiration dates (i.e., a deteriorating item has its maximum lifetime). Although numerous researchers have studied economic order quantity (EOQ) models for deteriorating items, few of them have taken the maximum lifetime of a deteriorating item into consideration. In addition, a supplier frequently offers her/his retailers a permissible delay in payments in order to stimulate sales and reduce inventory. There is no interest charge to a retailer if the purchasing amount is paid to a supplier within the credit period, and vice versa. In this paper, we propose an EOQ model for a retailer when: (1) her/his product deteriorates continuously, and has a maximum lifetime, and (2) her/his supplier offers a permissible delay in payments. We then characterize the retailer’s optimal replenishment cycle time. Furthermore, we discuss a special case for non-deteriorating items. Finally, we run several numerical examples to illustrate the problem and provide some managerial insights.     

A note on an EOQ model for deteriorating items under supplier credit linked to ordering quantity

This paper explores the inventory replenishment policy for deteriorating items in which the supplier provides a permissible delay to the purchaser if the order quantity is greater than or equal to a predetermined quantity. As a matter of fact, the inventory system discussed by this paper is the same as that of Chang et al. [C.T. Chang, L.Y. Ouyang, J.T. Teng, An EOQ model for deteriorating items under supplier credit credits linked to ordering quantity, Appl. Math. Model. 27 (2003) 983–996]. However, their approach in solving the problems needs further analysis. This article deals with an alternative approach to present a simple procedure in order to determine the optimal ordering policy when the supplier provides a permissible delay in payments linked to order quantity. Numerical examples reveal that the solution algorithm described in this paper is accurate and rapid.