On lightly and countably compact spaces in ZF

Abstract

Given a topological space X = (X, T ), we show in the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory ZF that:

1. Every locally finite family of open sets of X is finite iff every pairwise disjoint, locally finite family of open sets is finite.

2. Every locally finite family of subsets of X is finite iff every pairwise disjoint, locally finite family of subsets of X is finite iff every locally finite family of closed subsets of X is finite.

3. The statement “every locally finite family of closed sets of X is finite” implies the proposition “every locally finite family of open sets of X is finite”. The converse holds true in case X is T₄ and the countable axiom of choice holds true.

   We also show:

4. It is relatively consistent with ZF the existence of a non countably compact T₁ space such that every pairwise disjoint locally finite family of closed subsets is finite but some locally finite family of subsets is infinite.

5. It is relatively consistent with ZF the existence of a countably compact T₄ space including an infinite pairwise disjoint locally finite family of open (resp. closed) sets.

     

On HCO spaces. An uncountable compactT 2 space,different from ℵ1+1, which is homeomorphic to each of its uncountable closed subspaces,which is homeomorphic to each of its uncountable closed subspaces

LetX be an Hausdorff space. We say thatX is a CO space, ifX is compact and every closed subspace ofX is homeomorphic to a clopen subspace ofX, andX is a hereditarily CO space (HCO space), if every closed subspace is a CO space. It is well-known that every well-ordered chain with a last element, endowed with the interval topology, is an HCO space, and every HCO space is scattered. In this paper, we show the following theorems: Theorem (R. Bonnet):

1. Every HCO space which is a continuous image of a compact totally disconnected interval space is homeomorphic to β+1 for some ordinal β.
2. Every HCO space of countable Cantor-Bendixson rank is homeomorphic to α+1 for some countable ordinal α.

Theorem (S. Shelah):Assume \(\diamondsuit _{\aleph _1 } \) . Then there is a HCO compact space X of Cantor-Bendixson rankω ₁} and of cardinality ?₁ such that:

1. X has only countably many isolated points,
2. Every closed subset of X is countable or co-countable,
3. Every countable closed subspace of X is homeomorphic to a clopen subspace, and every uncountable closed subspace of X is homeomorphic to X, and
4. X is retractive.

In particularX is a thin-tall compact space of countable spread, and is not a continuous image of a compact totally disconnected interval space. The question whether it is consistent with ZFC, that every HCO space is homeomorphic to an ordinal, is open.     

Tychonoff products of compact spaces in ZF and closed ultrafilters

Let {(X_i, T_i): i ∈I } be a family of compact spaces and let X be their Tychonoff product. ??(X) denotes the family of all basic non‐trivial closed subsets of X and ??_R(X) denotes the family of all closed subsets H = V × ΠX_i of X, where V is a non‐trivial closed subset of ΠX_i and Q_H is a finite non‐empty subset of I. We show: (i) Every filterbase ?? ? ??_R(X) extends to a ??_R(X)‐ultrafilter ? if and only if every family H ? ??(X) with the finite intersection property (fip for abbreviation) extends to a maximal ??(X) family F with the fip. (ii) The proposition “if every filterbase ?? ? ??_R(X) extends to a ??_R(X)‐ultrafilter ?, then X is compact” is not provable in ZF. (iii) The statement “for every family {(X_i, T_i): i ∈ I } of compact spaces, every filterbase ?? ? ??_R(Y), Y = Π_{i ∈I}Y_i, extends to a ??_R(Y)‐ultrafilter ?” is equivalent to Tychonoff's compactness theorem. (iv) The statement “for every family {(X_i, T_i): i ∈ ω } of compact spaces, every countable filterbase ?? ? ??_R(X), X = Π_{i ∈ω}X_i, extends to a ??_R(X)‐ultrafilter ?” is equivalent to Tychonoff's compactness theorem restricted to countable families. (v) The countable Axiom of Choice is equivalent to the proposition “for every family {(X_i, T_i): i ∈ ω } of compact topological spaces, every countable family ?? ? ??(X) with the fip extends to a maximal ??(X) family ? with the fip” (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

ADDITIVE PROPERTIES OF SETS OF REAL NUMBERS AND AN INFINITE GAME

Abstract

1. If X has strong measure zero aid if Y is contained in an F _σ, set of measure zero, then X + Y has measure zero (Proposition 9).

2. If X is a measure zero set with property s ₀ and Y is a Sierpinski set, then X + Y has property s ₀ (Theorem 12).

3. If X is a meager set with property s ₀ and Y is a Lusin set, then X + Y has property s ₀ (Theorem 17).

An infinite game is introduced, motivated by additive properties of certain classes of sets of real numbers.     

Canonical subbase-compactness of topological products

For topological products the concept of canonical subbase-compactness is introduced, and the question analyzed under what conditions such products are canonically subbase-compact in ZF-set theory.Results: (1) Products of finite spaces are canonically subbase-compact iff AC(fin), the axiom of choice for finite sets, holds.(2) Products of n-element spaces are canonically subbase-compact iff AC(<n), the axiom of choice for sets with less than n elements, holds.(3) Products of compact spaces are canonically subbase-compact iff AC, the axiom of choice, holds.(4) All powers XI of a compact space X are canonically subbase compact iff X is a Loeb-space.These results imply that in ZF the implications

     

Preservation of the Borel class under countable-compact-covering mappings

The aim of this note is to prove the following result: “Assume that X is a metric Borel space of class ξ, that is continuous, that every fiber f⁻¹(y) is complete and that every countable compact subset of Y is the image by f of some compact subset of X. Then Y is Borel and moreover of class ξ”. We give also an extension to the case where the fibers are only assumed to be Polish.     

The γ-borel conjecture

In this paper we prove that it is consistent that every -set is countable while not every strong measure zero set is countable. We also show that it is consistent that every strong -set is countable while not every -set is countable. On the other hand we show that every strong measure zero set is countable iff every set with the Rothberger property is countable.Thanks to Boise State University for support during the time this paper was written and to Alan Dow for some helpful discussions and to Boaz Tsaban for some suggestions to improve an earlier version.     

Helly Spaces and Radon Measures on Complete Lines

We work in the set theory without the Axiom of Choice ZF. Given a linearly ordered set X, the (closed) subset H(X,[0,1]) of the product topological space [0,1] ^X consisting of the isotonic mappings u:X ??[0,1] is (Loeb-)compact. The compactness of $H(\mathbb R,L)$ where L is the lexicographic order [0,1] ×{0,1} is not provable (in ZF). Radon measures on a complete linearly ordered set X are studied: they are of Radon?CStieltjes type; moreover, the ??dual ball?? of the Banach space C(X) is (Loeb-)compact in the weak* topology, and the Banach space C(X) satisfies the (effective) continuous Hahn?CBanach property.     

Amorphe Potenzen kompakter Räume

A set is amorphous, if it is not a union of two disjoint infinite subsets. The following variants of the Tychonoff product theorem are investigated in the hierarchy of weak choice principles. TA1: An amorphous power of a compactT ₂ space is compact. TA2: An amorphous power of a compactT ₂ space which as a set is wellorderable is compact. In ZF⁰TA1 is equivalent to the assertion, that amorphous sets are finite. RT is Ramsey's theorem, that every finite colouring of the set ofn-element subsets of an infinite set has an infinite homogeneous subset and PW is Rubin's axiom, that the power set of an ordinal is wellorderable. In ZF⁰RT+PW implies TA2. Since RT+PW is compatible with the existence of infinite amorphous sets, TA2 does not imply TA1 in ZF⁰. But TA2 cannot be proved in ZF⁰ alone. As an application, we prove a theorem of Stone, using a weak wellordering axiomD ₃ (a set is wellorderable, if each of its infinite subsets is structured) together with RT.

Diese Arbeit ist Teil der Habilitationsschrift des Verfassers im Fachgebiet Mathematische Analysis an der Technischen Universität Wien.     

Nagata's conjecture and countably compact hulls in generic extensions

Nagata conjectured that every M-space is homeomorphic to a closed subspace of the product of a countably compact space and a metric space. Although this conjecture was refuted by Burke and van Douwen, and A. Kato, independently, but we can show that there is a c.c.c. poset P of size ω² such that in VP Nagata's conjecture holds for each first countable regular space from the ground model (i.e. if a first countable regular space X∈V is an M-space in VP then it is homeomorphic to a closed subspace of the product of a countably compact space and a metric space in VP). By a result of Morita, it is enough to show that every first countable regular space from the ground model has a first countable countably compact extension in VP. As a corollary, we also obtain that every first countable regular space from the ground model has a maximal first countable extension in model VP.     

Normality in products with a countable factor

The class of normal spaces that have normal product with every countable space is considered. A countably compact normal space X and a countable Y such that X×Y is not normal is constructed assuming CH. Also, ? is used to construct a perfectly normal countably compact X and a countable Y such that X×Y is not normal. The question whether a Dowker space can have normal product with itself is considered. It is shown that if X is Dowker and contains any countable non-discrete subspace, then X² is not normal. It follows that a product of a Dowker space and a countable space is normal if and only if the countable space is discrete. If X is Rudin's ZFC Dowker space, then X² is normal. An example of a Dowker space of cardinality ℵ₂ with normal square is constructed assuming .     

Characterization of Abelian groups with a minimal generating set

Abstract

We characterize Abelian groups with a minimal generating set: Let τ A denote the maximal torsion subgroup of A. An infinitely generated Abelian group A of cardinality κ has a minimal generating set iff at least one of the following conditions is satisfied:

1. dim(A/pA) = dim(A/qA) = κ for at least two different primes p, q.

2. dim(t A/pt A) = κ for some prime number p.

3. Σ{dim(A/(pA + B)) ∣ dim(A/(pA + B)) < κ} = κ for every finitely generated subgroup B of A.

Moreover, if the group A is uncountable, property (3) can be simplified to (3') Σ{dim(A/pA) ∣ dim(A/pA) < κ} = κ, and if the cardinality of the group A has uncountable cofinality, then A has a minimal generating set iff any of properties (1) and (2) is satisfied.     

Remarks on ω-domination of discrete subspaces

Abstract

Given a space X, we will say that a class of subsets of X is dominated by a class ? if for any A ∈ , there exists a B ∈ ? such that A ? . In particular, all (closed) discrete subsets of X are countably dominated (which we frequently abbreviate as ω-dominated) if, for any (closed) discrete set D ? X, there exists a countable set B ? X such that D ? . In this paper, we investigate the topological properties of spaces in which (closed) discrete subspaces are dominated either by countable subsets or by Lindelöf subspaces.     

On countably uniform closed-spaces

Abstract

Let X be a topological space and C_c(X) be the functionally countable subalgbera of C(X). We call X to be a countably uniform closed-space, briefly, a CU C-space, if C_c(X) is closed under uniform convergence. We investigate that countably uniform closedness need not closed under finite intersection and infinite product. It is shown that if X is a countable union of quasi-components, then X is a CU C-space. We characterize C_c-embedding and also -embedding in CU C-spaces. A subset S of X is called Z_c-embedded, if each Z ∈ Z_c(S) is the restriction of a zero-set of Z_c(X). It is observed that in a zero-dimensional CU C-space, each Lindelöf subspae is Z_c-embedded. Moreover, it is shown that in CU C-spaces, each Lindelöf subspace is C_c-embedded if and only if it is c-completely separated from each zero-set, which is disjoint from it. Also in latter spaces, it is observed that for each S ? X, C_c-embedding, -embedding and Z_c-embedding coincide, when S belongs to Z_c(X) or it is a c-pseudocompact space. Finally, when X is both a CU C-space and a CP-space, then each Z_c-embedded subspace is C_c-embedded (-embedded) in X.     

New approach to optimal control of stochastic Volterra integral equations

ABSTRACT

We study optimal control of stochastic Volterra integral equations (SVIE) with jumps by using Hida-Malliavin calculus.

• We give conditions under which there exist unique solutions of such equations.

• Then we prove both a sufficient maximum principle (a verification theorem) and a necessary maximum principle via Hida-Malliavin calculus.

• As an application we solve a problem of optimal consumption from a cash flow modelled by an SVIE.

     

The existence of free ultrafilters on ω does not imply the extension of filters on ω to ultrafilters

Let X be an infinite set and let and denote the propositions “every filter on X can be extended to an ultrafilter” and “X has a free ultrafilter”, respectively. We denote by the Stone space of the Boolean algebra of all subsets of X. We show:

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On the S 2-Fication of Some Toric Varieties

In this article we prove the following:

1. Some results on the Cohen–Macaulayness of the canonical module;

2. We study the S ₂-fication of rings which are quotients by lattices ideals;

3. Given a simplicial lattice ideal of codimension two I, its Macaulayfication is given explicitly from a system of generators of I.

     

Different versions of a first countable space without choice

We show that two versions of a first countable topological space which are equivalent in ZFC set theory split in the absence of the Axiom of Choice AC. This answers in the negative a related question from Gutierres “What is a first countable space?”.