Random Fibonacci sequences and the number

For the familiar Fibonacci sequence (defined by , and for ), increases exponentially with at a rate given by the golden ratio . But for a simple modification with both additions and subtractions - the random Fibonacci sequences defined by , and for , , where each sign is independent and either or - with probability - it is not even obvious if should increase with . Our main result is that

with probability . Finding the number involves the theory of random matrix products, Stern-Brocot division of the real line, a fractal measure, a computer calculation, and a rounding error analysis to validate the computer calculation.

     

Nonexistence conditions of a solution for the congruence

We obtain nonexistence conditions of a solution for of the congruence , where , and are integers, and is a prime power. We give nonexistence conditions of the form for , , , , , and of the form for , , , . Furthermore, we complete some tables concerned with Waring's problem in -adic fields that were computed by Hardy and Littlewood.

     

An algorithm for evaluation of discrete logarithms in some nonprime finite fields

In this paper we propose an algorithm for evaluation of logarithms in the finite fields , where the number has a small primitive factor . The heuristic estimate of the complexity of the algorithm is equal to
, where grows to , and is limited by a polynomial in . The evaluation of logarithms is founded on a new congruence of the kind of D. Coppersmith, , which has a great deal of solutions-pairs of polynomials of small degrees.

     

Computing

Let denote the Von Mangoldt function and . We describe an elementary method for computing isolated values of . The complexity of the algorithm is time and space. A table of values of for up to is included, and some times of computation are given.

     

Families of irreducible polynomials of Gaussian periods and matrices of cyclotomic numbers

Given an odd prime we show a way to construct large families of polynomials , , where is a set of primes of the form mod and is the irreducible polynomial of the Gaussian periods of degree in . Examples of these families when are worked in detail. We also show, given an integer and a prime mod , how to represent by matrices the Gaussian periods of degree in , and how to calculate in a simple way, with the help of a computer, irreducible polynomials for elements of .

     

Perturbing polynomials with all their roots on the unit circle

Given a monic real polynomial with all its roots on the unit circle, we ask to what extent one can perturb its middle coefficient and still have a polynomial with all its roots on the unit circle. We show that the set of possible perturbations forms a closed interval of length at most , with achieved only for polynomials of the form with in . The problem can also be formulated in terms of perturbing the constant coefficient of a polynomial having all its roots in . If we restrict to integer coefficients, then the polynomials in question are products of cyclotomics. We show that in this case there are no perturbations of length that do not arise from a perturbation of length . We also investigate the connection between slightly perturbed products of cyclotomic polynomials and polynomials with small Mahler measure. We describe an algorithm for searching for polynomials with small Mahler measure by perturbing the middle coefficients of products of cyclotomic polynomials. We show that the complexity of this algorithm is , where is the degree, and we report on the polynomials found by this algorithm through degree 64.

     

Fast algorithms for discrete polynomial transforms

Consider the Vandermonde-like matrix , where the polynomials satisfy a three-term recurrence relation. If are the Chebyshev polynomials , then coincides with . This paper presents a new fast algorithm for the computation of the matrix-vector product in arithmetical operations. The algorithm divides into a fast transform which replaces with and a subsequent fast cosine transform. The first and central part of the algorithm is realized by a straightforward cascade summation based on properties of associated polynomials and by fast polynomial multiplications. Numerical tests demonstrate that our fast polynomial transform realizes with almost the same precision as the Clenshaw algorithm, but is much faster for .

     

New Fibonacci and Lucas primes

Extending previous searches for prime Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, all probable prime Fibonacci numbers have been determined for and all probable prime Lucas numbers have been determined for . A rigorous proof of primality is given for and for numbers with , , , , , , , , the prime having 3020 digits. Primitive parts and of composite numbers and have also been tested for probable primality. Actual primality has been established for many of them, including 22 with more than 1000 digits. In a Supplement to the paper, factorizations of numbers and are given for as far as they have been completed, adding information to existing factor tables covering .

     

Tables of linear congruential generators of different sizes and good lattice structure

We provide sets of parameters for multiplicative linear congruential generators (MLCGs) of different sizes and good performance with respect to the spectral test. For , we take as a modulus the largest prime smaller than , and provide a list of multipliers such that the MLCG with modulus and multiplier has a good lattice structure in dimensions 2 to 32. We provide similar lists for power-of-two moduli , for multiplicative and non-multiplicative LCGs.

     

Solving polynomials by radicals with roots of unity in minimum depth

Let be an algebraic number field. Let be a root of a polynomial which is solvable by radicals. Let be the splitting field of over . Let be a natural number divisible by the discriminant of the maximal abelian subextension of , as well as the exponent of , the Galois group of over . We show that an optimal nested radical with roots of unity for can be effectively constructed from the derived series of the solvable Galois group of over .