An invariant deflation for lower banded matrices

Using an eigenvector of a complex matrix A, a unitary matrix U is constructed, so that U^HAU deflates A, and this deflation preserves some special structural properties of A, e.g., the Hessenberg form, the lower banded structure, and the symmetry (in case A is real).     

Spin Leonard pairs

Let ${\mathbb K}$ denote a field, and let V denote a vector space over ${\mathbb K}$ of finite positive dimension. A pair A, A* of linear operators on V is said to be a Leonard pair on V whenever for each B∈{A, A*}, there exists a basis of V with respect to which the matrix representing B is diagonal and the matrix representing the other member of the pair is irreducible tridiagonal. A Leonard pair A, A* on V is said to be a spin Leonard pair whenever there exist invertible linear operators U, U* on V such that UA = A U, U*A* = A*U*, and UA* U ^?1 = U*^?1 AU*. In this case, we refer to U, U* as a Boltzmann pair for A, A*. We characterize the spin Leonard pairs. This characterization involves explicit formulas for the entries of the matrices that represent A and A* with respect to a particular basis. The formulas are expressed in terms of four algebraically independent parameters. We describe all Boltzmann pairs for a spin Leonard pair in terms of these parameters. We then describe all spin Leonard pairs associated with a given Boltzmann pair. We also describe the relationship between spin Leonard pairs and modular Leonard triples. We note a modular group action on each isomorphism class of spin Leonard pairs.     

On simultaneous diagonalization of one Hermitian and one symmetric form

It is remarked that if A, B ? M_n(C), A = A^t, and B? = B^t, B positive definite, there exists a nonsingular matrix U such that (1) ū^tBU = I and (2) U^tAU is a diagonal matrix with nonnegative entries. Some related actions of the real orthogonal group and equations involving the unitary group are studied.     

Upper triangularization of matrices by permutations and lower triangular similarity transformations

Let A be an arbitary (square) matrix. As is well known, there exists an invertible matrix S such that S^-1AS is upper triangular. The present paper is concerned with the observation that S can always be chosen in the form S=∏L, where ∏ is a permutation matrix and L is lower triangular. Assuming that the eigenvalues of A are given, the matrices ∏, L, and U=L^-1∏^-1A∏L are constructed in an explicit way. The construction gives insight into the freedom one has in choosing the permutation matrix ∏. Two cases where ∏ can be chosen to be the identity matrix are discussed (A diagonable, A a low order Toeplitz matrix). There is a connection with systems theory.     

Hermitian pencils with a cubic minimal polynomial

Let A be an n × n complex matrix and write A = H + iK, where H and K are Hermitian matrices. We show that if the minimal polynomial of the pencil xH + yK has degree 3, then there is a unitary matrix U such that U^-1AU is block diagonal with blocks of size 3 × 3 or smaller. This is a special case of a conjecture made by Kippenhahn in 1951.     

3×3 Orthostochastic matrices and the convexity of generalized numerical ranges

Let $\text{U}$₃ be the set of all 3 × 3 unitary matrices, and let A and B be two 3 × 3 complex nor?al matrices. In this note, the authors first give a necessary and sufficient condition for a 3 × 3 doubly stochastic matrix to be orthostochastic and then use this result to consider the structure of the sets $\text{W}$ (A) = {Diag UAU¹ : U ∈ $\text{U}$₃} and W(A,B) = {Tr UAU¹B: U ∈ $\text{U}$₃}, where ¹ denotes the transpose conjugate.     

Tor gives the inverse to the Hilbert function of a graded algebra

The Hilbert generating function of Tor^U(A, A) gives the inverse of the Hilbert generating function of U where U is a graded A algebra.     

Pointwise bounded approximation and Dirichlet algebras

Those open sets U of S² for which A(U) is pointwise boundedly dense in H^∞(U) are characterized in terms of analytic capacity. It is also shown that the real parts of the functions in A(U) are uniformly dense in C_R(∂U) if and only if each component of U is simply connected and A(U) is pointwise boundedly dense in H^∞(U).     

Nonintegral criterion for oscillations of linear Hamiltonian matrix systems

In this paper we present nonintegral criteria for oscillation of linear Hamiltonian matrix system U^′=A(x)U+B(x)V, V^′=C(x)U−A^*(x)V under the hypothesis (H): A(x), B(x)=B^*(x)>0, and C(x)=C^*(x) are 2×2 matrices of real valued continuous functions on the interval I=[a,∞),(−∞<a). These criteria are conditions of algebraic type only. Our results are also useful for the detection of the oscillation of particular matrix differential systems.     

The Log-effect for 2 by 2 hyperbolic systems

In the present paper we are interested to extend the Log-effect from wave equations with time-dependent coefficients to 2 by 2 strictly hyperbolic systems t_∂U−A(t)x_∂U=0. Besides the effects of oscillating entries of the matrix A=A(t) and interactions between the entries of A we have to take into consideration the system character itself. We will prove by tools from phase space analysis results about H^∞ well- or ill-posedness. The precise loss of regularity is of interest. Finally, we discuss the cone of dependence property.     

Some observations on the Youla form and conjugate-normal matrices

Two square complex matrices A, B are said to be unitarily congruent if there is a unitary matrix U such that A = UBU^T. The Youla form is a canonical form under unitary congruence. We give a simple derivation of this form using coninvariant subspaces. For the special class of conjugate-normal matrices the associated Youla form is discussed.     

Norms of certain Jordan elementary operators

Let H be a complex Hilbert space and let B(H) denote the algebra of all bounded linear operators on H. For A,B∈B(H), the Jordan elementary operator UA,B is defined by UA,B(X)=AXB+BXA, ∀X∈B(H). In this short note, we discuss the norm of UA,B. We show that if dimH=2 and ‖UA,B‖=‖A‖‖B‖, then either AB^∗ or B^∗A is 0. We give some examples of Jordan elementary operators UA,B such that ‖UA,B‖=‖A‖‖B‖ but AB^∗≠0 and B^∗A≠0, which answer negatively a question posed by M. Boumazgour in [M. Boumazgour, Norm inequalities for sums of two basic elementary operators, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 342 (2008) 386-393].     

Inverse matrix representation with one triangular array

We describe a technique that permits the representation of the inverse of a matrix A with only one additional triangular array. Let $\text{L1A = U}$, with L lower and U upper triangular arrays of order N. Algorithms are presented that use A and L to compute the matrix-vector products $\text{A}{}^{-1}\text{1b}$ and $\text{b}{}^{\mathrm{T}}\text{1A}{}^{-1}$ with N² multiplications and additions. The array L can be computed, with N³/3 multiplications, with a technique that avoids the computation of U. Standard Gaussian elimination simultaneously computes L and U as follows: start with $\text{I1A = A}$, where I is the identity matrix; perform identical linear combinations of rows on I and on the right hand side array A; gradually transform I into L and A into U. At an intermediate stage, where A has not yet been fully triangularized, we have $\text{L′1A = U′.L′}$ and Ú represent one of the pairs of arrays present before each linear combination of rows is performed. The key observation is that we only need two elements of Ú to compute each linear combination of rows of ?. Compute them with a scalar product of the appropriate rows of ? and columns of A. Instead of storing the arrays Ú, recompute their few needed elements whenever necessary.     

Sufficiency of Favard's condition for a class of band-dominated operators on the axis

The purpose of this paper is to show that, for a large class of band-dominated operators on ?^∞(Z,U), with U being a complex Banach space, the injectivity of all limit operators of A already implies their invertibility and the uniform boundedness of their inverses. The latter property is known to be equivalent to the invertibility at infinity of A, which, on the other hand, is often equivalent to the Fredholmness of A. As a consequence, for operators A in the Wiener algebra, we can characterize the essential spectrum of A on ?p(Z,U), regardless of p∈[1,∞], as the union of point spectra of its limit operators considered as acting on ?^∞(Z,U).     

The LU-factorization of totally positive matrices

An n × n real matrix A is an STP (strictly totally positive) matrix if all its minors are strictly positive. An n × n real triangular matrix A is a ΔSTP matrix if all its nontrivial minors are strictly positive. It is proved that A is an STP matrix iff A = LU where L is a lower triangular matrix, U is an upper triangular matrix, and both L and U are ΔSTP matrices. Several related results are proved. These results lead to simple proofs of many of the determinantal properties of STP matrices.     

An integrality theorem of Grosshans over arbitrary base ring

We revisit a theorem of Grosshans and show that it holds over arbitrary commutative base ring k. One considers a split reductive group scheme G acting on a k-algebra A and leaving invariant a subalgebra R. Let U be the unipotent radical of a split Borel subgroup scheme. If R ^U = A ^U then the conclusion is that A is integral over R.     

Jordan zero-product preserving additive maps on operator algebras

Let Φ:A→B be an additive surjective map between some operator algebras such that AB+BA=0 implies Φ(A)Φ(B)+Φ(B)Φ(A)=0. We show that, under some mild conditions, Φ is a Jordan homomorphism multiplied by a central element. Such operator algebras include von Neumann algebras, C^∗-algebras and standard operator algebras, etc. Particularly, if H and K are infinite-dimensional (real or complex) Hilbert spaces and A=B(H) and B=B(K), then there exists a nonzero scalar c and an invertible linear or conjugate-linear operator U:H→K such that either Φ(A)=cUAU⁻¹ for all A∈B(H), or Φ(A)=cUA^∗U⁻¹ for all A∈B(H).     

Floquet operators without singular continuous spectrum

Let U be a unitary operator defined on a infinite-dimensional separable complex Hilbert space H. Assume there exists a self-adjoint operator A on H such that

U^∗AU−A?cI+K     

On the Schur multiplier norm of matrices

The Schur product of two n×n complex matrices A=(a_ij), B=(b_ij) is defined by A°B=(a_ijb_ij. By a result of Schur [2], the algebra of n×n matrices with Schur product and the usual addition is a commutative Banach algebra under the operator norm (the norm of the operator defined on $\text{C}$ⁿ by the matrix). For a fixed matrix A, the norm of the operator B?A°B on this Banach algebra is called the Schur multiplier norm of A, and is denoted by ∥A∥^m. It is proved here that $\text{∥A∥=∥U}{}^1\text{AU∥}{}_{\mathrm{m}}$ for all unitary U (where ∥·∥ denotes the operator norm) iff A is a scalar multiple of a unitary matrix; and that ∥A∥_m=∥A∥ iff there exist two permutations P, Q, a p×p (1?p?n) unitary U, an (n?p)×(n?p)1 contraction C, and a nonnegative number λ such that

$\text{A=λP}\text{U}\text{0}\text{0}\text{C}\text{Q;}$

and this is so iff $\text{∥A°}\text{A}\text{?}\text{∥=∥A∥}{}^2$, where ā is the matrix obtained by taking entrywise conjugates of A.     

Two-sided hyperbolic SVD

In this paper, we propose the two-sided hyperbolic SVD (2HSVD) for square matrices, i.e., A=UΣV^[∗], where U and V^[∗] are J-unitary (J=diag(±1)) and Σ is a real diagonal matrix of “double-hyperbolic” singular values. We show that, with some natural conditions, such decomposition exists without the use of hyperexchange matrices. In other words, U and V^[∗] are really J-unitary with regard to J and not some matrix which is permutationally similar to matrix J. We provide full characterization of 2HSVD and completely relate it to the semidefinite J-polar decomposition.