A chord-stretching map of a convex loop is an isometry

Let ⁿ be n-dimensional Euclidean space, and let : [0, L] ⁿ and : [0, L] ⁿ be closed rectifiable arcs in ⁿ of the same total length L which are parametrized via their arc length. is said to be a chord-stretched version of if for each 0s tL, |(t)–(s)| |(t)–(s)|. is said to be convex if is simple and if ([0, L]) is the frontier of some plane convex set. Individual work by Professors G. Choquet and G. T. Sallee demonstrated that if were simple then there existed a convex chord-stretched version of . This result led Professor Yang Lu to conjecture that if were convex and were a chord-stretched version of then and would be congruent, i.e. any chord-stretching map of a convex arc is an isometry. Professor Yang Lu has proved this conjecture in the case where and are C ² curves. In this paper we prove the conjecture in general.     

Quasi-coherence of Hardy spaces in several complex variables

In this paper, we prove that the Hardy spaceH ^p (), 1p<, over a strictly pseudoconvex domain in ⁿ with smooth boundary is quasi-coherent. More precisely, we show that Toeplitz tuplesT with suitable symbols onH ^p () have property (). This proof is based on a well known exactness result for the tangential Cauchy-Riemann complex.     

On a Test Statistic for Linear Trend

Let {W(s)} _s 0 be a standard Wiener process. The supremum of the squared Euclidian norm Y (t)², of the R²-valued process Y(t)=(1/t W(t), {12/t ³ int_{0 t} s dW (s)– {3/t} W(t)), t [, 1], is the asymptotic, large sample distribution, of a test statistic for a change point detection problem, of appearance of linear trend. We determine the asymptotic behavior P {sup _t [, 1] Y(t)² > u as u , of this statistic, for a fixed (0,1), and for a moving = (u) 0 at a suitable rate as u . The statistical interest of our results lie in their use as approximate test levels.     

Isotropic random walks in a tree

Summary Let T be an infinite homogeneous tree of order a+1. We study Markov chains {X _n} in T whose transition functions p(x, y)=A[d(x,y)] depend only on the shortest distance between x and y in the graph. The graph T can be represented as a symmetric space of a p-adic matrix group; we prove a series of results using essentially the spherical functions of this symmetric space. Theorem 1. d(X _n,x) n a.s., where >0 if A(0) 1, X ₀=x. Assuming {X _n} is strongly aperiodic, Theorem 2. p ₂(x, y)CRⁿ/n^3/2 for fixed x, y where R=(d) A(d)<1, and if E[d(X₁, X₀)²]<, Theorem 3. R(1–u, x, y) = (1–u)ⁿp_n(x, y)=Ca^–d[exp(–du/)+o_d(1)] as d=d(x,y) uniformly for 0u2. Using Theorem 3, we calculate the Martin boundary Dirichlet kernel of p(x, y) on T, which turns out to be independent of {itA(d)}. We also consider a stepping-stone model of a randomly-mating-and-migrating population on the nodes of T. If initially all individuals are distinct, then in generation n approximately half of the individuals of a given type are within n of a typical one and essentially all are within 2n.This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number MCS 75-08098-A01For the academic year 1977–78: Department of Mathematics GN-50, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA     

Extremal problems in classes of univalent functions,omitting prescribed values

Section 1 of the paper is devoted to extremal problems in the classes of conformal homeomorphisms of the circle and the annulus, connected directly with the problem on the maximum of the conformal modulus in the family of doubly connected domains. In Secs. 2 and 3 one considers the class R of functions f()=c₁+c₂²+... regular and univalent in the circleU={||<1} and such that f(₁)f(₂)=1 for ₁₂U (the class of Bieberbach-Eilenberg functions). Here one solves the problem of the maximum of |f(₀)| in the class of functions f()R with a fixed value f(₀, where ₀ is an arbitrary point U, and of the maximum of |f(₀)| in the entire class R. For the proof one makes use of the method of the moduli of families of curves.Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova AN SSSR, Vol. 144, pp. 94–114, 1985.     

Imbedding of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds in a pseudo-euclidean space

It is proved that every pseudo-Riemannian manifold M _{(p, q)} ⁿ with the C^k metric (3k) has an isometric C^k imbedding in the large in E _{(p, q)} ^{n(n+1)(3n+11)/2} , p(n+1)², q(n+1)².Translated from Matematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 193–198, February, 1971.     

Remarks on ergodicity of stationary irreducible transient Markov chains

Summary Consider a stationary process {X _n(), – < n < . If the measure of the process is finite (the measure of the whole sample space finite), it is well known that ergodicity of the process {X _n(), - < n < and of each of the subprocesses {X _n(), 0 n < , {X _n(), – < n 0 are equivalent (see [3]). We shall show that this is generally not true for stationary processes with a sigma-finite measure, specifically for stationary irreducible transient Markov chains. An example of a stationary irreducible transient Markov chain {X _n(), - < n <} with {itX_n(), 0 n < < ergodic but {X _n(), < n 0 nonergodic is given. That this can be the case has already been implicitly indicated in the literature [4]. Another example of a stationary irreducible transient Markov chain with both {X _n(), 0 n < and {itX _n(),-< < n 0} ergodic but {X _n(), - < n < nonergodic is presented. In fact, it is shown that all stationary irreducible transient Markov chains {X _n(), - < n < < are nonergodic.This research was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research.John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellow.     

Positive Solutions for a Singular Nonlinear Problem on a Bounded Domain in R 2

For a bounded regular Jordan domain in R ², we introduce and study a new class of functions K() related on its Green function G. We exploit the properties of this class to prove the existence and the uniqueness of a positive solution for the singular nonlinear elliptic equation u+(x,u)=0, in D(), with u=0 on and uC(), where is a nonnegative Borel measurable function in ×(0,) that belongs to a convex cone which contains, in particular, all functions (x,t)=q(x)t ^–,>0 with nonnegative functions qK(). Some estimates on the solution are also given.     

Metrics with finite sets of primitive extensions

In this paper, we give a complete characterization for the class of rational finite metrics with the property that the set () of primitive extensions of is finite. Here, for a metric on a setT, a positive extensionm of to a setV T is calledprimitive if none of the convex combinations of other extensions of toV is less than or equal tom. Our main theorem asserts that the following the properties are equivalent: (i) () is finite; (ii) Up to an integer factor, is a submetric of the path metric d ^H of a graphH with |(d ^H )=1; (iii) A certain bipartite graph associated with contains neither isometrick-cycles withk6 nor induced subgraphsK _3,3 ^– . We then show that () is finite if and only if the dimension of the tight span of is at most two. We also present other results, discuss applications to multicommodity flows, and raise open problems.This research was supported by grant 97-01-00115 from the Russian Foundation of Basic Research and a grant from the Sonderforschungsbereich 343, Bielefeld Universität, Bielefeld, Germany.     

Dual-orthogonal polynomials

Let (x, ) and (x,) be two functions,x[a, b] and { _j } _j=1 and { _j } _j=1 be two sequences where _{i j} and _{i j} whenij. We define the vector spacesU _k =span{(x, _j )} _j=1 ^k andV _k =span{(x, _j )} _j=1 ^k where we assume thatdim(U _k )=dim(V _k )=k,k1. We then look for the generalized polynomialsp _m xU _m+1\U _m so that _a ^b p _m (x)(x, _j )d(x)=0,j=1,2,...,m. If such generalized polynomials exist for allm1 we say that {p _m } _m=1 is a dual-orthogonal polynomial sequence from {(x, _j )} _j=1 to {(x, _j )} _j=1 with respect to the distribution (x),x[a, b]. In this article we present existence theorems for dual-orthogonal polynomials, explicit formulae forp _m(x), theorems about the zeros ofp _m(x), and, in the end, a Gauss-type quadrature formula for dual-orthogonal polynomials.     

The asymptotic interrelation of the Cauchy problem solutions corresponding to parabolic and telegraph type equations

Mass and heat transport processes modelled by parabolic and telegraph type equations are discussed. In order to do this the fundamental solution of the Cauchy ProblemE(x, t) for the telegraph equation (²²/t ² + 2m /t–c ²)E(x, t)=0 (xR ⁿ ,m andc are positive constants, is assumed to be a small one, the boundaries are absent) is considered. It is shown that its support may be subdivided into 4 subrogions according to the type of the asymptotic expansion. Within two of them the asymptotics ofE(x, t) is equivalent to the Poisson kernel. It is shown that the telegraph equation may be used to solve the above mentioned problems if and only ifn=1 together with the conditionsu(x, 0) 0 and u(x, 0)/t=0 imposed on the initial values. Various types of solutions corresponding to the initial data of this kind are considered and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic transition to the traditional formalism based on parabolic equations are presented. Analogous results for the asymptotic expansion of the mass flow density are also given. It is shown that the presented methods are suitable to obtain an asymptotic expansion of the solution of the Cauchy problem if the initial data functions belong toL ₁(–, ) and their supports are compact. The connection of the considered methods with those of the probability theory is outlined as well.     

A solution of Hadwiger's covering problem for zonoids

For a convex body M ⁿ byb(M) the least integerp is denoted, such that there are bodiesM ₁, ...,M _p each of which is homothetic toM with a positive ratiok<1 andM ₁...M _p M. H. Martini has proved [7] thatb(M)<-3·2 ^n–2 for every zonotope M ⁿ , which is not a parallelotope.In the paper this Martini's result is extended to zonoids. In the proof some notions and facts of real functions theory are used (points of density, approximative continuity).     

The self-similar solutions to a fast diffusion equation

A quasilinear equation u -x·u/2+f(u)=0 is studied, wheref(u)=–u+u , > 0, 0<. <1, >1 andx R ⁿ. The equation arises from the study of blow-up self-similar solutions of the heat equation _t =+. We prove the existence and non-existence of ground state for various combination of , and . In particular, we prove that when / < forn=1,2 or / < (n + 2) /(n – 2) forn 3 there exists no non-constant positive radial self-similar solution of the parabolic equation, but for many cases where / > (n + 2)/(n – 2) there exists an infinite number of non-constant positive radial self-similar solutions.     

Convex independent sets and 7-holes in restricted planar point sets

For a finite setA of points in the plane, letq(A) denote the ratio of the maximum distance of any pair of points ofA to the minimum distance of any pair of points ofA. Fork>0 letc (k) denote the largest integerc such that any setA ofk points in general position in the plane, satisfying for fixed , contains at leastc convex independent points. We determine the exact asymptotic behavior ofc (k), proving that there are two positive constants=(), such thatk ^1/3c (k)k ^1/3. To establish the upper bound ofc (k) we construct a set, which also solves (affirmatively) the problem of Alonet al. [1] about the existence of a setA ofk points in general position without a 7-hole (i.e., vertices of a convex 7-gon containing no other points fromA), satisfying . The construction uses Horton sets, which generalize sets without 7-holes constructed by Horton and which have some interesting properties.     

An embedding theorem for a limiting exponent

We consider the function space B _p ^l () of functionsf(x), defined on the domain of a certain class and characterized by specific differential-difference properties in L_p(). We prove a theorem on the embedding B _p,q ^l () L_q in the case whenl=n/p –n/q >0 and its generalization for vectorl, p, q.Translated from Matematicheski Zametki, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 129–138, August, 1969.     

Asymptotics of the partial sums of a set of integral transforms

In this paper, we explore the asymptotic distribution of the zeros of the partial sums of the family of entire functions of order 1 and type 1, defined by G(,,z)=₀ ¹(t)t ^–1×(1–t)^–1e ^zt dt, where Re,Re>0, is Riemann-integrable on [0,1], continuous at t=0, 1 and satisfies (0)(1)0.     

The imaginary zeros of a mixed Bessel function

In the present work we study the existence and monotonicity properties of the imaginary zeros of the mixed Bessel functionM _v(z)=(z²+)J_v(z)+zJ_v(z). Such a function includes as particular cases the functionsJ _v(z)(==0), J_v(z)(=–v²,=1)x andH _v(z)=J_v(z)+zJ_v(z), whereJ _v(z) is the Bessel function of the first kind and of orderv>–1 andJ _v(z), J_v(z) are the first two derivatives ofJ _v(z). Upper and lower bounds found for the imaginary zeros of the functionsJ _v(z), J_v(z) andH _v(z) improve previously known bounds.

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Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel betrifft die Existenz und Monotonie von Eigenschaften imaginärer Nullen der gemischten BesselfunktionM _v(z)=(z²+)J_v(z)+zJ_v(z). Eine solche Funktion enthält als Spezialfall die FunktionenJ _v(z)(==0), J_v(z)(=–v²,=1) undH _v(z)=J_v(z)+zJ_v(z), woJ _v(z)die Besselfunktion von erster Art und Ordnungv>–1 andJ _v(z), J_v(z) sind die erste und zweite Ableitung vonJ _v(z). Untere und obere Schranken, die für die imaginären Nullen der FunktionenJ _v(z), J_v(z) undH _v(z) gefunden wurden, verbessern früher bekannte Resultate.

     

The Milnor–Totaro Theorem for Space Polygons

If denotes the curvature and the torsion of a closed, generic, and oriented polygonal space curve X in , then we show that _X (² + ²) ds = _X ds + _X | | ds > 4 if is positive. We also show that _X (² + ²) ds 2n if no four consecutive vertices lie in a plane and X has linking number n with a straight line. These extend theorems of Milnor and Totaro.     

Leaves in Representation Diagrams of Bipartite Distance-Regular Graphs

Let denote a bipartite distance-regular graph with diameter D 3 and valency k 3. Let ₀ > ₁ ··· > _D denote the eigenvalues of and let q ^h _ij (0 h, i, j D) denote the Krein parameters of . Pick an integer h (1 h D – 1). The representation diagram = _h is an undirected graph with vertices 0,1,...,D. For 0 i, j D, vertices i, j are adjacent in whenever i j and q ^h _ij 0. It turns out that in , the vertex 0 is adjacent to h and no other vertices. Similarly, the vertex D is adjacent to D – h and no other vertices. We call 0, D the trivial vertices of . Let l denote a vertex of . It turns out that l is adjacent to at least one vertex of . We say l is a leaf whenever l is adjacent to exactly one vertex of . We show has a nontrivial leaf if and only if is the disjoint union of two paths.     

The lyapunov equation and the problem of stability for linear bounded discrete-time systems in Hilbert space

This paper is devoted to a study of the properties of the equationA ^*FA–F=–G, where FL() is unknown, AL(), GL() is positive and is a Hilbert space. It is shown that necessary and sufficient (in some sense) conditions for the existence of positive definite solutions of this equation are directly connected with the stability of infinite dimensional linear systemx _k+1=Ax _k . The relationships between stability of such a system and stability of a continuous-time system generated by a strongly continuous semigroup are given also. As an example the case of the delayed system in Rⁿ is considered.This work was supported in part by the Polish Academy of Sciences under the contract Problem Miedzyresortowy I.1, Grupa Tematyczna 3 This paper was written while the author was with the Instytut Automatyki, the same university.